Laser metal deposition (LMD) is an advanced manufacturing technology combining rapid prototyping and laser cladding technology, which has been applied to manufacture high performance parts with complex structure. In this study, Inconel-steel functionally graded materials (FGMs) with composition transitioning from 100% 316 L incrementally graded to 100% Inconel718 by different composition gradients

Reverse osmosis (RO) has been increasingly applied for impaired water reuse in arid areas. However, enhancing RO recovery from scarce water resources is limited by energy demand for overcoming elevated brine osmotic pressure, and membrane scaling caused by concentrated poorly soluble salts. In this study, we present a hybrid ion exchange desalination process (HIX-Desal) as multifunctional RO pretreatment

A laboratory-made high-performance thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane supported by a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) support was firstly employed to treat the effluent produced by an anaerobic fluidized bed bioreactor (AFBR). Synthetic wastewater was prepared to operate the AFBR, which produced the effluent for the FO process as post-treatment. The performance of the FO membrane was characterized

Formation of thin amorphous shear bands has been recently shown to enable plastic flow in crystalline SmCo5 in the absence of dislocations. To bring insights into the criteria for when this mechanism can be active, here we analyze energetics and atomic structure of deformation-induced shear bands in SmCo5. We find that the formation energy of amorphous shear bands is significantly lower than cleavage

There is a significant demand for Cu-based materials with high strength and high electrical conductivity for a wide range of applications. However, the long-standing trade-off between mechanical properties and electrical conductivity often inhibits the development of such high-performance Cu materials. Cu-based metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) are promising to mitigate this trade-off, but it is

Intercritical treatments within the dual-phase (α+γ) region were applied on HSLA pipeline steels, for acquiring a low yield ratio (YR) well balanced with desirable strength. Intercritical cooling treatment (ICT), step cooling treatment (SCT) as well as direct cooling treatment (DCT) after full austenization were designed to obtain an optima multiphase microstructure. Effects of cooling rate in DCT

Gradient structured metals have shown unique mechanical properties, such as high strength and good ductility. In this study, a gradient TWIP steel was fabricated by surface mechanical grinding treatment. The subsequent gradient structures consist of an outermost nanolaminate layer, a layer of deformation twins mixed with shear bands, and a deformation twinned layer. Tensile studies reveal that the

In this work, the effect of built direction on the small-scale mechanical properties and microstructure of a novel maraging stainless steel (SS-CX) manufactured through the selective laser melting (SLM) process was studied. Advanced electron microscopy and nanoindentation techniques were utilized to evaluate retained austenite fraction and micro-mechanical properties, respectively. Different thermal

This paper explores the application of the Arps’ hyperbolic relation beyond the rate-decline analysis for reserves assessment in conventional reservoirs. Although intended for the late-time boundary-dominated flow, the hyperbolic approach appears to work well for both the transient temperature and -pressure responses to attain the equilibrium condition. Given the simplicity and ease of use, this approach

To better evaluate the reservoir quality and optimize shale gas extraction, it is necessary to quantitatively characterize pore structure in shale reservoirs using complementary methods. Conventional tools that have been used extensively for pore characterization include gas physisorption, mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Small- and ultra-small-angle scattering

Leakage from pipes is a major issue in both the oil and gas sectors, not only in environmental and economic terms, because of wasting important natural resources, but importantly from a safety perspective. Optical fibre technology offers the possibility of continuous acoustic monitoring of pipelines and remote detection of leaks. In this paper we present results from gas leak measurements made on a

Recently, the switchable wetting surfaces between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity have been widely studied. However, for almost all existing surfaces, especially inorganic responsive smart surfaces (TiO2, ZnO, etc.), their surface microstructures are easily damaged under external force, thus resulting in the loss of superwetting switching and corresponding functions. Realizing the restoration

Among the novel system configurations that remove organic matter and nitrogen simultaneously, the structured bed reactor with recirculation and intermittent aeration (SBRRIA) can be mentioned. Studies addressing the SBRRIA have shown high efficiency of organic matter and nitrogen removal, as well as low sludge production. However, operational parameters such as the recirculation rate, intermittent

Sustainable bio-based monomer isobornyl methacrylate (IBOMA) was evaluated as an alternative to traditional petroleum-based methyl methacrylate (MMA) as hard monomer in the application of acrylic latex pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA). The influence of bio-based IBOMA on the viscosity and particle size of the latexes and the gel content, sol molecular weight (Mw, Mn) and adhesive properties (loop

In YB carbonate gas reservoirs, taking acidizing measures for horizontal wells is a common practice. In heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs, the acid injection profile of a horizontal well determines the acid distribution along the horizontal well. However, the present methods are not suitable for reservoirs with high temperatures and strong heterogeneity such as YB carbonate gas reservoirs. This work

The lower part of the third member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation (Es3L) is one of the most important petroleum exploration targets in the Bohai Bay Basin. Source-controlled carbonate deposits are widely distributed in the Es3L unit of the Shulu Sag and display strong vertical and horizontal variations in lithofacies, geochemical, and reservoir characteristics. Based on core data, thin-section petrography

This study reports the efficacy of quartz particles extracted from sand for the destabilization of crude oil emulsions and efficient water removal. Demulsification performance of quartz concentrates obtained from stacked sieves with openings: 75, 125, 250 and 300 μm and quartz quantity varying from 1% to 7% were investigated using the bottle test technique at a temperature of 90 °C. The breaking mechanism

Polymer flooding is a well-established enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique for mobility control. However, several factors affect a successful application of polymer at field-scale including injectivity and retention. The latter two parameters can lead to poor polymer performance. This work investigates the flow behavior of an ATBS-based polymer in carbonate reservoirs under high-temperature and high-salinity

Variability in object appearance is common in everyday experience and this variability can generally be attributed to the relationships between viewing conditions and the composition of an object's spectral reflectances. This paper proposes that objects, illuminants, and observers can be evaluated using a Wpt (Waypoint) shift manifold (WSM), which is defined as a set of Wpt points associated with one

In this work, we built a multi‐primary display model based on the new quantum dots (QD) technology to enlarge the display color gamut. In this way, first the emission spectral radiance curves of the three RGB channels of a commercial QD display were fitted to a four‐parameter function. From this modeling, it is possible to gain new theoretical color primaries by selecting new spectral peaks (cyan,

This work is concerned with the prediction of visual colour difference between pairs of palettes. In this study, the palettes contained five colours arranged in a horizontal row. A total of 95 pairs of palettes were rated for visual difference by 20 participants. The colour difference between the palettes was predicted using two algorithms, each based on one of six colour‐difference formulae. The best

Although an image can consist of myriad different colors, due to the limitations of the human visual system and the mechanism of selective visual attention, only a limited number of them are prominent, that is, they stand out or are noticeable at first sight. In this article, a framework for building a model for extracting image prominent colors based on machine learning is presented. The model is

Polychrome alabaster carvings, representing religious scenes, constitute England's major contribution to European mediaeval sculpture. During the period between 1350 and 1550, large number of alabaster carvings were produced in the Midlands. Despite their massive destruction during the English Reformation (ca.1534), more than 2500 of them still survive, either legally exported or sold clandestinely

Color therapy, healing through color, supposedly works through the physical exposure to color. In two studies, we assessed stress and anxiety reduction after color exposure using a commercially available relaxation‐through‐color routine. Participants either completed the routine by looking at the accompanying color disks or at a white patch. In study 1 (longitudinal), 60 participants completed the

There is abundant research indicating the existence of a stable mechanism of correspondence between semantic units and color. Researchers usually refer to it as synesthesia. This mechanism inspired the creation of a cross‐media mapping model (between semantics and color) to execute semantics‐color interaction and design, and a method to generate corresponding color combinations by semantic imagery

In this study, a viscose/polyester fabric was printed by disperse and vat dyes to match the reflectance characteristics of the NATO black and green hues with forest environment in the visible/near‐infrared (Vis‐NIR) reflection spectrum. The black and activated carbon nanoparticles were also added to the printing paste to match the reflectance of hues. Color components and Vis‐NIR reflective behavior

This article proposed a novel approach to color measurement of a single yarn using hyperspectral imaging system (HIS). Due to the size of a single yarn, it is impossible for spectrophotometers to measure its color directly. The HIS can acquire the spectral reflectance of continuous bands within a region of interest on a yarn sample, which can achieve color measurement of a single yarn compared with

Versatile smart packages provide information on the freshness of the content and help protect the content from microorganisms. In this sense, in this study both natural antimicrobial properties and pH sensitive natural dyes were obtained from red beet. Inks were prepared and printed using this dye and their suitability for smart packaging was investigated. For this purpose, red beet was cut into small

Color, as one of the most important dimensions of vision, plays a key role in place identity and people's experience in the environment. This study aims to investigate people's visual experience of seasonal color change in the environment, and proposes an approach for analyzing and communicating environmental colors by combining color analysis and information visualization. Employing crowdsourced Flickr

This study aims to explore the specific impact of a color's hue, saturation, and brightness value on people's evaluation, behavior, and emotions in the public space of existing shopping malls. Following a field investigation, color composition and distribution characteristics in the public spaces of shopping malls are summarized. In the real scenes, the hues of colors are mainly warm colors, with some

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of signboard‐building color combinations on color harmony and legibility. Two hundred and three participants rated 54 signboard‐building color combinations against two scales of color harmony and legibility. In this article, the terms “brick,” “stone,” and “glass” refer to three types of building exteriors used in the experiment (ie, brick masonry

With the continuous progress of urbanization, China's urban color planning has begun to receive attention, but there are still many problems in the quality of color environment. In order to clarify further the urban color positioning of our country, the detailed urban color planning objectives are set up, and the opinions of residents with different attributes are included in the consideration scope

Increased waste production is a by‐product of economic growth, and that is why countries worldwide are working on turning waste into useful resources and enhancing recycling effectiveness. Aside from using symbols and words for identifying which recycle bins for which types of recyclable materials, color is also a useful code and visual element in recycle bin design. This study conducted questionnaire

A detailed knowledge of the metastable zone width (MSZW) and nucleation kinetics is vital for the design of batch cooling crystallization processes. Factors such as cooling rate and impeller speed affect the MSZW and nucleation kinetics. In this study, crystallization and dissolution temperatures were measured as a function of cooling rate and impeller speed during the batch cooling crystallization

Supercritical fluid crystallization is an efficient method for manipulating the solid‐state properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to overcome the drawbacks of conventional methods. The solubility of solid APIs in supercritical fluids is a major thermodynamic criterion for selection and screening of microparticle generation processes. To develop an efficient method for solubility prediction

Computationally efficient and tactile workflows to examine solid‐state and solvation intermolecular interactions can guide crystallisation scientists to a deeper understanding of phenomenon seen during crystallisation, such as polymorphism, crystallisability and morphology variation.Here we interpret the solvent dependent polymorphism of the active pharmaceutical material (API) carbamazepine, from

Abstract 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), one of the key building block for replacing petroleum-derived tereph-thalic acid, is utilized as the source of bioplastics, pharmaceuticals. Herein, free-standing Cu(OH)2 and CuO nanowires as electrode were examined to disclose the effects of crystal structure and chemical formation based on copper oxide in electrocatalytic 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation

Abstract Bio-inspired micro- and nanostructures are emerging as novel dry adhesives owing to their high aspect ratio micropillar structure, resulting in collective van der Waals attraction between the adhesive and the substrate. Specifically, gecko-inspired structures exhibit great adhesive properties on smooth surfaces; however, the pull-off strength of micropillars in gecko-inspired surfaces can

Abstract 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol (CDNR) is detrimental to the environment and human health owing to its high toxicity and poor biodegradability. To demonstrate the feasibility of photocatalytic degradation of CDNR from industrial salty wastewater by borosilicate glass supported TiO2 under UV light irradiation, borosilicate glass supported TiO2 was prepared successfully by a novel sol-gel route

Abstract The present work describes the electroless deposition of Ni nanoparticles on micron sized (10 μm) boron carbide particles at room temperature. The weight of the boron carbide particles varied in relation to the other parameters during electroless deposition. A uniform and continuous nanolayer of Ni nanoparticles changed into a discontinuous layer, with irregular distribution and insignificant

Abstract Mesoporous Cr2O3 microspheres with improved pore structure were prepared by spray pyrolysis method. A precursor solution was nebulized into fine droplets containing chromium salt and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which were then pyrolyzed to Cr2O3/Cx microspheres inside a tubular furnace, followed by post-heat treatment to eliminate the carbonaceous material. The produced Cr2O3 particles

Abstract Cobalt hydroxide has been emerging as a promising catalyst for the electrocatalytic oxidation reactions, including the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and glucose oxidation reaction (GOR). Herein, we prepared cobalt hydroxide nanoparticles (CoHP) and cobalt hydroxide nanosheets (CoHS) on nickel foam. In the electrocatalytic OER, CoHS shows an overpotential of 306 mV at a current density of