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In this study, the maximum power extraction condition for a direct-drive wave energy converter in irregular waves in the time domain was proven and described using the variational method. Thus, a real-time optimal power control law was proposed, which contained a noncausal part. To determine this law, a classical controller requires information about the future wave excitation force. The prediction

Large-scale photovoltaic (PV) generation's uncertainties significantly affect power system planning and operations. Thus, a stochastic PV power simulation method, which can accurately capture such uncertainties, is urgently needed to provide a foundation for further uncertain studies on power systems with PV stations. This paper proposes a nested Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method incorporated

Inverter connected single-phase AC loads cause second-order oscillations in source currents and DC bus voltage. These oscillations degrade the efficiency and reliability of the dc microgrid. In this paper, an adaptive sliding mode control based output impedance shaping (ASMC-OIS) methodology is proposed for voltage regulation, proportional load sharing, and second-order ripple management in a dc microgrid

The incorporation of ancillary services on distributed generators (DGs) at utility level has imposed several challenges on the existing distribution networks. To address one of such problem, this paper discusses the impact of ancillary services, mainly the voltage ride through (VRT) capability and active power curtailment control (APCC) of DGs on their anti-islanding protection scheme (AIPS). In this

Microgrids can effectively integrate distributed generation (DG) to supply power to local loads. However, uncertainties from renewable DG and loads may lead to increased operating costs or operating constraint violations. To solve these issues, this paper proposes a two-stage coordination approach of price-based demand response (PBDR) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) to minimize the total

As awareness of human footprint grows, solutions are investigated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). To reduce the carbon intensity of electricity production, a massive deployment of renewable energy sources (RESs) has become a mandatory goal. A significant challenge behind the deployment of RESs is the frequency regulation of such systems due to the high penetration of inverters based on energy

This article presents a new control for the multi-functional operation of a grid-connected solar power conversion system (SPCS). It is a combination of several generalized integrals for grid synchronization as well as fundamental load current component extraction. This multiple generalized integral (MGI) control is designed to overcome the demerits of conventional integral controllers with inadequate

The increasing penetration of distributed generators (DGs) exacerbates the voltage violations in active distribution networks (ADNs). The commonly used centralized voltage control may aggravate the burden of computation and communication. Local voltage control can realize fast response to frequent voltage fluctuations. However, effective local control for DGs still needs to be further investigated

The ever-increasing penetration of Distributed Generators (DGs) in distribution networks suggests to enable their potentials in better fulfilling the restoration objective. The objective of the restoration problem is to resupply the maximum energy of loads considering their priorities using minimum switching operations. Basically, it is desired to provide a unique configuration that is valid regarding

This article presents a new and comprehensive modeling framework to carry out system-wide dynamic studies of DFIG-based wind farms embedded in multi-terminal VSC-HVDC power grids. Contrary to existing, well-developed simulation frameworks for similar studies, using electromagnetic transient (EMT) solutions, this is an RMS-type formulation which maintains a high-degree of fidelity while enabling much

Quaternary pumped storage hydropower (Q-PSH) technology, as one of the new advanced-PSH technology, has been developed by taking advantage of Conventional-PSH (C-PSH) and Adjustable Speed-PSH (AS-PSH). By combining adjustable-speed pump unit and conventional hydropower turbine unit in the quaternary configuration, Q-PSH has the more competitive capability of providing fast power support in the future

This paper investigates the low frequency ( $< $ 30 Hz) oscillations in isolated microgrids (IMGs) with smart loads (SLs) alongside converter-interfaced distributed generators (CDGs) fuelled by renewable energy resources (e.g. wind, solar) with battery energy storage. In an IMG with normal loads (active or passive), such oscillations are typically associated with the droop control of the CDGs operating

Virtual power plants (VPPs) have become an effective technique to manage a growing number of flexible resources, which have posed great technical challenges to distribution system operators (DSOs). This article proposes a bi-level programming approach for the collaborative management of an active distribution network (ADN) with multiple VPPs by designing comprehensive prices for active and reactive

The increasing penetration of variable distributed generation causes the transmission lines to operate closer to their design thermal limits. In this context, Dynamic Thermal Rating is a very promising technique, since it permits a better exploitation of the real capability margins of the infrastructures and eliminate network congestions. In this vein, the article proposes a novel control strategy

The stable operation of conventional power systems greatly depends on coherent impedances of the bulk power networks’ elements. However, penetration of inverter interfaced distributed generation (IIDG) units put the stability of modern power systems into a risk due the vague and arbitrary output impedance of IIDG units. Besides, the impedance specification of IIDGs can only be established by means

The inverter-interfaced distributed generation (IIDG) units are operated either in grid-forming or grid-feeding modes. To this end, the inner control loops are embedded into the inverters’ control system to achieve the control objectives. However, the dynamic performance of IIDG units are greatly affected by their control system and also by the grid's impedance characteristics. Optimal voltage regulator

As a response to rapidly increasing penetration of wind power generation in modern electric power grids, accurate prediction models are crucial to deal with the associated uncertainties. Due to the highly volatile and chaotic nature of wind power, employing complex intelligent prediction tools is necessary. Accordingly, this article proposes a novel improved version of empirical mode decomposition

This article presents a short-term decision-making model for an electricity retailer using bilevel stochastic programing. In the proposed model, a liberalized distributed renewable energy (DRE) market in which the retailer competes with other load serving entities (LSEs) for procuring DRE is proposed. The retailer, in the upper level, decides its level of involvement in the day-ahead and real-time

Hydrogen fueling stations (HFSs) will proliferate in the near future as they are prerequisites for the fast developing hydrogen-powered vehicles (HVs). The HFSs can utilize cheap renewable energy from, e.g., wind turbines (WTs), to generate and store hydrogen on site locally. Conventional studies usually ignore the independence of the WT and HFSs and perform joint operation optimization to them. This

With electrical performance similar to that of energy storage systems, electric vehicles (EVs) show great potential for demand response to facilitate higher penetration of distributed renewable energy. Therefore, this article presents a look-ahead scheduling model for EVs to offer a load curtailment service in a distribution network, with the aim of smoothing out the power fluctuations caused by distributed

This article proposes a power-smoothing scheme for a variable-speed wind turbine generator (WTG) that can maintain the frequency within a narrow range under normal operations. The proposed scheme uses an additional control loop based on the frequency deviation that operates in conjunction with maximum power point tracking (MPPT). To improve the energy-absorbing capability in the overfrequency section

Data-driven approaches have gained increasing interests in fault detection of photovoltaic systems due to the availability of sensor data. However, the noise introduced by environmental variations and measurement variabilities pose significant challenges on effective fault detection. Furthermore, the change in electrical signal magnitude of a faulty photovoltaic component is usually small, making it

This article presents a comprehensive design procedure for isolated microgrids with a high penetration of nonlinear loads. The proposed microgrid planning approach simultaneously determines the sizes, locations and types of distributed generators (DGs) and shunt capacitor banks (CBs). The presence of nonlinear loads along with the capacitors of CBs or DGs’ output filters may cause severe voltage distortions

An islanding operation refers to the phenomenon in which a part of a power system composed of one or more power sources and loads is separated from the rest of the system for a certain period. An unintentional islanding operation may cause system instability and lead to human accidents, so it should be detected to prevent problems. Conventional various methods for determining islanding operation detect

Due to the continuous development of renewable energy as well as the emerging high-efficiency energy conversion techniques, the interdependencies among the heterogenous energy systems, such as power, natural gas, and district heating, are strengthening, which gradually forms the concept of integrated energy systems (IESs) and has drawn much attention from academia and industry. However, few research

A Linear Time Invariant (LTI) energy-maximising control strategy for Wave Energy Converters (WECs) is proposed in this paper. Using the fundamental requirement of impedance-matching, the controller is tuned to maximise the energy obtained under polychromatic wave excitation. Given the LTI nature of the proposed controller, the design and implementation procedure is significantly simpler than well-established

In this article, a methodology based in Voronoi decomposition is proposed to spatially aggregate small-scale solar generation. The locations of relevant electrical infrastructure are used to manage the uncertainty on locating solar photovoltaic installations. The known coordinates of step-down high- to medium-voltage electrical substations (i.e. bulk supply points) are used to divide the territory

Most traditional Var compensation-based voltage regulation methods are developed following the single-phase Volt-Var response rule. These methods typically have competent voltage regulation performance with balanced photovoltaic (PV) integration. However, certain randomness of single-phase rooftop PV installation may lead to significant PV power imbalance across three phases, especially in low voltage

For the future development of an integrated energy system (IES) with ultra-high penetration of renewable energy, a planning model for an electricity-hydrogen integrated energy system (EH-IES) is proposed with the considerations of hydrogen production and storage technologies. In this EH-IES, a reasonable power to heat and hydrogen (P2HH) model with startup/shutdown constraints and a novel model of

The need to limit climate change has led to policies that aim for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Often, a trade-off exists between reducing emissions and associated costs. In this article, a multi-objective optimization framework is proposed to determine this trade-off when operating a Community Energy Storage (CES) system in a neighbourhood with high shares of photovoltaic (PV) electricity

District heating systems (DHS) that generate/consume electricity are increasingly used to provide flexibility to power grids. The quantification of flexibility from a DHS is challenging due to its complex thermal dynamics and time-delay effects. This article proposes a three-stage methodology to quantify the maximum flexibility of a DHS. The DHS is firstly decomposed into multiple parallel subsystems

This article proposes a tidal resource evaluation-based planning method for profitable and reasonable allocations of tidal current generation farms (TCGFs). The directionality and variability of tidal current velocity (TCV) and their correlation are addressed. First, a TCGF power output model is developed. The correlations between tidal current directions and the probability distributions of TCV magnitudes

An improved maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on the fusion firefly algorithm (FFA) with a novel simplified propagation process (SPP) for photovoltaic (PV) systems under partial shading conditions (PSCs) is proposed in this study. By integrating the neighborhood attraction firefly algorithm (NaFA) and simplified firefly algorithm (SFA), the proposed FFA is capable of tracking the

Concentrating solar power (CSP) has been advocated as a promising technology to mitigate the uncertainty in variable renewables generation due to its thermal storage capability. In deregulated markets, however, it remains an open question as to how to identify different CSP plants’ contributions to uncertainty mitigation, and incentivize their participation in joint offering with variable renewable

The deepening penetration of renewable power generation is challenging how the minute balancing of supply and demand is carried out by power system operators. Several proposals to short-term operational planning rely on robust optimization to offer guarantees on the ability of the operator to meet a wide array of possible scenarios. The main downside of these approaches is their conservative results

Energy flow calculation (EFC) plays an important role in steady-state analysis of multi-energy systems (MESs). However, the independent management of sub-energy systems (subsystems) poses a considerable challenge to solve the high-order nonlinear energy flow model due to the limited information exchange between these subsystems. In this article, a fixed-point based distributed method is proposed for

This article addresses a new approach to investigating the impact of demand response (DR) on the generation adequacy by considering customers’ willingness to participate in DR. Firstly, to characterize psychological behaviors of the customer, we design a general reference-dependent utility (RU) function, and select the hyperbolic absolute risk aversion (HARA) function as the fundamental function to

As wind energy penetration is expected to grow in the future, wind resource assessment becomes important in modern power grid operations. Selecting an appropriate wind farm site can benefit from understanding nonstationary characteristics of wind speeds. In particular, wind speed exhibits a diurnal pattern and the pattern varies, day-by-day and site-by-site. The goal of this article is to develop a

Power-to-gas (P2G) technology is an effective way to provide additional flexibility to electricity systems with high penetration of renewable energy. Effective P2G bidding strategies in electricity markets can bring in arbitrage opportunities. This article proposes a coordinated bidding strategy for wind farms and P2G facilities using a cooperative game approach. A coordination framework for optimizing

This article presents a novel maximum point searching design for Photovoltaic (PV) systems using a Maximum Power Point Scanning (MPPS) technique. The MPPS is integrated into an online or off-line tester and finds out the Maximum Power Points (MPPs) automatically. The MPPS shows powerful sampling capacity with the hardware support—a Controlled Voltage Source (CVS). The performance of PV power sources

The high penetration of wind energy in electrical power systems presents challenges for all operators. For the wind farm (WF) planners, one of these challenges is optimizing its layout with a set of constraints. This paper proposes a bi-hierarchy optimization scheme to determine the capacity and layout of a grid-connected WF. The environmental impacts involved by the installation of a WF have been

As wind power reaches a high penetration in power systems, inertia control is required in grid codes to improve the system frequency dynamics. This supplemental control will couple the mechanical system of wind turbines (WTs) with the electrical system, causing torsional vibration in drivetrains. However, the impact of inertia control on this torsional vibration can be rarely seen in literature. This

Recent analyses have shown that the grid-integration of offshore wind farms through MTDC systems has brought low inertia and small-signal stability issues, in which the dynamics of phase-locked-loop (PLL) play a crucial role. To address this issue, this article proposes a control strategy for the multi-terminal VSCs aiming at PLL-less synchronization and autonomous frequency response of the MTDC system

Owing to the increasing penetration of renewable power generation, the modern power system faces great challenges in frequency regulations and reduced system inertia. Hence, renewable energy is expected to take over part of the frequency regulation responsibilities from the gas or hydro plants and contribute to the system inertia. In this article, we investigate the feasibility of frequency regulation

As the primary heat source in the district heating systems (DHSs), combined heat and power (CHP) units are playing an increasingly significant role in electricity generation. Considering that, this paper innovatively proposes an integral generation expansion planning (GEP) framework, which enables competition to occur among conventional power plants (CPPs) of the GENCOs and CHP units of the DHSCOs

In a real wind farm, complex airflow conditions result in complexities of wind speed and direction, with possibly significant intermittency and fluctuations. This problem can be alleviated if the wind speed distribution over a wind farm is known in advance. In this article, a new method is proposed for real-time wind field reconstruction for large areas, based on the idea of a “virtual time”, i.e.

This article proposes a distributed multi-period multi-energy operational model for the multi-carrier energy system. In this model, energy hubs function as distributed decision-makers and feature the synergistic interactions of generation, delivery, and consumption of coupled electrical, heating, and natural gas energy networks. The multi-period multi-energy scheduling is a challenging optimization

The increasing integration of renewable energy has highlighted the importance of interchange trading in multi-area power systems (MAPS). In some existing multi-area electricity markets, the marginal-pricing (MP) mechanism is adopted. However, this mechanism is known to lose market efficiency when profit-maximizing units strategically bid to manipulate electricity prices. To elicit truthful bids from

Renewable-based integrated energy system (IES) is considered a viable energy supply alternative in many off-grid and remote regions of the world. However, high costs of islanded IESs with large-size batteries challenge further deployments of IESs. Considering the variable nature of renewable energy and distinctive characteristics of abundant biomass energy in remote regions, this article proposes a