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One of the proven approaches to achieve optimal operation in a microgrid is through network reconfiguration. The work presented in this article aims to carry out optimal reconfiguration on an islanded system. Optimal sizing and siting is generally done with an assumption of full availability of the apparent power of the distributed generator. However, the power available in a generator or inverter

Due to the fast response capabilities, combined-cycle units could provide valuable flexibilities to cope with uncertainties from the renewable energy resources. However, combined-cycle units intensify the coupling between power and gas networks, so operational constraints of the two networks should be explicitly considered simultaneously. Indeed, neglecting the impact of any network may lead to infeasible

The massive amounts of spatio-temporal data collected in today's wind farms have created a necessity for accurate spatio-temporal models. Despite the growing recognition for non-separable spatio-temporal models, a significant reliance on separable, symmetric models is still the norm in today's renewable industry. We discover that the broad use of separable models is due to the handling of wind data

In this paper, we study the optimal sizing planning of renewable distributed generation (RDG) in distribution networks to minimize the long-term cost, including the investment cost, maintenance cost, and operating cost. In particular, the operating cost itself is optimized by solving an optimal power flow (OPF) problem at each time $t$ based on uncertain time-varying RDG output and load demand. As

Soft open points (SOPs) can transfer active power between feeders and compensate reactive power. These features help increase the integration capacity of distributed generation (DG), but the installation location and capacity of SOPs will affect DG planning. In addition, the distribution networks are usually unbalanced due to asymmetric line parameters, unbalanced loads, and DG. Converter-based DG

The objective of this paper is to propose a photovoltaic charger with multi charging methods and dynamic energy regulation (DER) strategies. A dc-dc boost converter with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) feature is utilized for the PV charger. Besides, three charging methods are realized by the converter: 1) the constant current charging, 2) the pulse-ripple-current charging and 3) the sinus

Energy management systems (EMS) are viable techniques to reduce the customers billing cost as well as enhancing the grid reliability and efficiency. Uncertainty and information privacy of users are serious concerns in designing EMS of a residential nanogrid with renewable energy resources. This paper addresses a decentralized energy management algorithm for day-ahead scheduling of residential nanogrids

A MILP program for integrated global optimization of electrical cables systems in Offshore Wind Farms (OWFs) is presented. Electrical cables encompass the cable layout in collection systems to interconnect Wind Turbines (WTs), and transmission systems to couple Offshore Substations (OSSs) to the Onshore Connection Point (OCP). The program is solved through a modern branch-and-cut solver, demonstrating

This paper presents an improved method to estimate the available inertia in an islanded AC microgrid. Inertia estimation is carried out based on measured frequency response for any arbitrary disturbance that occurs in the system. Modifications are made to the conventional swing equation-based curve-fitting method to obtain an accurate estimate for a system with high penetration of renewable generations

The increasing presence of photovoltaic (PV) generation in the energy mix demands improved forecasting tools which can be updated in an almost continuous basis. Satellite-based information lends itself naturally to this purpose and here it is used to nowcast hourly PV energy production for horizons up to six hours over Peninsular Spain and two islands, Majorca in the Mediterranean Sea and Tenerife

Variable renewable energy (VRE) has undergone rapid development worldwide. Currently, VRE is gradually accepted as a regular power source to participate in the power market. However, due to the fluctuating and uncertain nature, the strategic offering behaviors of VRE generation companies (GENCOs), especially in terms of available capacity withholding, are difficult to supervise and regulate. To explore

A hybrid ac/dc microgrid, which consists of alternating current (ac) subgrid(s) and direct current (dc) subgrid(s), can efficiently integrate ac and dc loads, distributed generators (DGs) with minimum conversion stages. The ac and dc subgrids are connected by the bidirectional power converter (BPC) to realize power interaction between them. This paper proposes a decentralized economic operation control

With the increasing integration of renewable and sustainable energy in microgrids, the prediction errors of these energy resources may degrade the economic efficiency of a microgrid because there is a time-scale gap between the large time-scale economic dispatch and the small time-scale frequency restoration control. In this paper, a distributed event-triggered secondary control method is proposed

This paper addresses the optimal allocation of battery energy storage systems (BESS) in radial distribution systems for bus voltage regulation and energy cost reduction. A hierarchical planning model is proposed to obtain the optimal configuration (number, locations, and sizes) of BESS. The three interacting levels in the proposed model are: (1) determination of the optimal BESS number; (2) use of

Decentralized renewable energy systems can be low-carbon power sources, and promoters of local economies. It is often argued that decentralized generation also helps reducing transmission costs, as generation is closer to the load, thus utilizing the transmission system less. The research presented here addresses the question whether or not, or under what circumstances this effect of avoided transmission

With the continuous development of microgrids (MGs), a hybrid structure consisting of single-phase MGs and three-phase MGs has been widely promoted. When each submicrogrid (SMG) pursues its economic benefit, it can easily cause a three-phase power unbalance for a grid-connected three/single-phase hybrid multimicrogrid (MMG). To address this problem, an optimization model based on the multileader and

Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) can play a key role in mitigating the intermittency and uncertainty associated with adding large amounts of renewable energy to the bulk power system (BPS). Two BESS technologies that have gained prominence in this regard are Lithium-ion (LI) BESS and Vanadium redox flow (VRF) BESS. This paper proposes a fixed-flexible BESS allocation scheme that exploits the

This paper establishes an energy management framework for a multi-energy industrial park (IP) based on Stackelberg game theory, where the leaders and the followers are combined heat-and-power (CHP) unit owners and a group of industrial users (IUs), respectively. The interactions between the leaders and the followers are the two-way electricity and the one-way heat trading. The bi-directional energy

Converting surplus renewable electricity into hydrogen by electrolyzers has been recognized as a promising scheme to reduce renewable energy spillage and to meet the increasing hydrogen demand. However, the scheme is challenged by the inherent spatiotemporal imbalance between renewable energy and hydrogen demand. Seasonal storages and interregional hydrogen supply chains (HSCs) are commonly employed

Pipeline energy storage in district heating systems (DHSs) has great potential to improve electricity–heat coordination and promote the accommodation of renewables in power systems. However, under a decentralized operation scheme, the DHS operator may not have the motivation to utilize pipeline energy storage because it will lead to a rise in temperature and thus increase the system's overall heat

High penetration of distributed generation (DG) results in technical problems as voltage rise, voltage unbalance, substation reverse power, and transformer overloading. These problems adversely affect the connectivity of DGs either in the planning stage by decreasing the number of connected DGs, or in the operation stage by applying DGs’ active power curtailment (APC). This paper presents a techno-economic

Large-scale renewable energy integration and consequent displacement of synchronous machines result in low system inertia. Low system inertia leads to high rate of change of frequency, higher frequency nadir, and potentially require higher primary frequency reserve to stabilise system frequency following a sudden generation shortfall. To address such frequency stability issue in wind energy integrated

With the advent of grid-connected photovoltaic systems for energy generation, new technologies must be created that maintain a continuous and stable balance between supply and demand of generated electricity. Consequently, accurate prediction of solar energy generation and consumption is required. Solar energy generation and electric power demand are both stochastic and nonstationary in nature and

The paper proposes an optimal management strategy for a system composed by a battery and a photovoltaic power plant. This integrated system is called to deliver the photovoltaic power and to simultaneously provide droop-based primary frequency regulation to the main grid. The battery state-of-energy is controlled by power offset signals, which are determined using photovoltaic energy generation forecasts

With the ever-growing integration of diverse distributed energy resources, modern district energy sectors are transitioning into integrated energy systems (IESs), which generally consist of various energy carriers such as electric power, natural gas, and heat. Instead of modeling individual energy carriers, the emergence of IESs requires comprehensive consideration of all involved energy systems in

Contingencies occurring in multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MT-HVDC) grids can result in DC voltage/flow violations and also affect the frequency stability of the connected multiple asynchronous grids. To recognize and control such notable operating risks, a novel flexible risk-limiting optimal power flow (FROPF) for the MT-HVDC grid with vast wind generation is proposed in this paper. Within

Leveraging multiple heterogeneous measurements to predict wind power has long been a challenging task in the electrical community. In this paper, a deep architecture incorporated with multitask learning and multimodal learning for wind power prediction, termed predictive stacked autoencoder (PSAE), is presented. PSAE is a unified framework integrating multiple stacked autoencoders (SAEs), one feature

With the proliferation of natural gas combined cycle units, the modern energy infrastructure has evolved into a coupled electricity and natural gas system, which often encompasses multiple large-scale and geographically-diverse energy areas. The similarity in electricity and natural gas consumption profiles in coupled systems gives rise to critical mandates for the coordinated optimization of electricity

In general, Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) is integrated to grid through a DC-DC converter and Voltage Source Converter (VSC) for real power injection (called two-stage conversion). In view of efficiency point, the single-stage conversion becomes popular and in which Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of SPV and real power injection are achieved with VSC alone. But, if Battery Energy Storage (BES) supported

The major challenge in coordinating between fast-acting energy storage systems (FA-ESSs) and renewable energy sources (RESs) in the existing transmission grid is to determine the location and capacity of the FA-ESS in the power systems. The optimal allocation of FA-ESS with conventional hourly discrete time method (DTM) can result in the increased operation cost, non-optimal placements and larger storage

The increasing penetration level of wind power challenges robust unit commitment with feasibilities and high computational burden. To meet these challenges, we propose two-fold advances for the two-stage robust unit commitment (TS-RUC), aiming at providing feasible solution and efficient decision tool for the TS-RUC with multiple wind farms. First, the feasibility identification method is proposed

Can we automate the energy exchange of a power trader? To address this challenge, we present the Meta Agent Learner (MAL). The MAL is a tiered and multi-policy energy trader. It comprises data analytics (DA), a deep sequence-to-sequence recurrent neural network (DS2S) and reinforcement learning (RL). The DA phase draws knowledge out of the sheer flow of data. The DS2S phase creates wisdom and provides

This paper proposes an adaptive supplementary controller based on the multiple-model adaptive control (MMAC) approach to mitigate subsynchronous resonance (SSR) induced by a Type III wind system connected to a series-compensated transmission line. The proposed supplementary controller has two levels; the first level is a set of controllers designed using standard linear control methods, and the second

Concerning the difficulty in locating the oscillating source of DFIG-integrated system with virtual inertia control, a method to track the low frequency oscillating source based on energy function is proposed in this article. First, the dynamic energy function of DFIG containing PLL and virtual inertia control modules is constructed. On this basis, considering the effects of PLL and virtual inertia

To enhance the Low-voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capability of large-scale centralized wind farms is essential for the safety of the wind farm and the security of the power system. However, the LVRT capability enhancement coordinating the control and protection of individual wind generators merits consideration. To contribute in this way, a Coordinated Sequential Control (CSC) strategy is proposed in

Microgrid with integrated photo-voltaics (PV) and battery storage system (BSS) is a promising technology for future residential applications. Optimally sizing the PV system and BSS can maximise self-sufficiency, grid relief, and at the same time can be cost-effective by exploiting tariff incentives. To that end, this paper presents a comprehensive optimisation model for the sizing of PV, battery, and

The paper focuses on the method of vector control of a doubly fed induction machine connected to the unbalanced power network with simultaneous grid voltage harmonics distortions. As the instantaneous values of torque and the qs component of power are independent, torque oscillations during grid voltage harmonics can be achieved for different waveforms of qs power, so a different shape of stator current

Recently, the penetration of photovoltaic (PV) units and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has been quickly increased worldwide. Due to the intermittent nature of PV and the stochastic nature of PEVs, several operation problems can be noticed in distribution systems, including excessive energy losses and voltage violations. In this paper, an optimization-based algorithm is proposed to accurately determine

In this paper, a self-adjusting nominal voltage based modification in the $Q-V$ droop control has been proposed to improve the reactive power sharing amongst distributed generation sources in an islanded microgrid. This is achieved by coupling the nominal voltage calculation with the system frequency, which has an effect of driving the voltage references of all the distributed generators in such a

Double-sided ring topology has been widely applied in collector system planning for large-scale offshore wind farms (OWF), owing to its high reliability against cable faults. For collector systems with multiple substations, the conventional topology designs isolate the operation of substations, which requires high transformer capacity within each substation to satisfy the redundancy need. This paper

Grid-connected renewable energy conversion systems (RECSs) are usually required by grid codes to possess the low voltage ride through (LVRT) and reactive power support capabilities so as to cope with grid voltage sags. During LVRT, RECS's terminal voltage becomes sensitive and changeable with its output current, which brings a great challenge for the RECS to resynchronize with the grid by means of

Hydrogen conversion plants based on reversible solid oxide cells (rSOCs) provide a potential solution for large-scale energy storage to facilitate renewable integration. When operating an rSOC plant, the security and performance should be monitored at all times, including the steady-state periods and the transient processes connecting them. Model predictive control (MPC) is an appropriate method for

Robust optimal power flow (OPF) deals with extreme scenarios of uncertainty associated with the high penetration of renewable energy resources. The development of active distribution networks allows transmission and distribution networks to become coupled, which brings about a critical need for a coordinated solution of robust OPF. However, a centralized solution of the robust OPF is difficult to implement

This paper investigates the risk-oriented multi-area economic dispatch (MAED) problem with high penetration of wind farms (WFs) combined with compressed air energy storage (CAES). The main objective is to help system operators to minimize the operational cost of thermal units and CAES units with an appropriate level of security through optimized WF power generation curtailment strategy and CAES charging/discharging

This paper proposes an effect orientated approach to enhance the short-term voltage stability for wind-penetrated power systems. The low system stability with high uncertain renewable energy is addressed by coordination of network and non-network solutions, i.e., STATCOM placement and UVLS respectively in this paper. The proposed model considers the uncertainties of power systems, including operating

This paper proposes and implements a model-free optimal strategy to regulate the voltage in distribution systems by effective control of Inverter-Interfaced Distributed Energy Resources (I-DERs) output power. In distribution systems, where the ratio of R/X is considerable, reactive power control is not always an optimum solution for voltage regulation. With the aim of improving voltage regulation,

This paper proposes an electric vehicle (EV) charging management scheme for effective utilization of photovoltaic (PV) power based on an auction mechanism. The proposed scheme coordinates an amount of self-consumption of PV output by shifting the charging period of customers’ EVs, and it reduces PV curtailment caused by voltage rise in low-voltage distribution systems (LVDSs). The auction mechanism

This paper presents a new grid synchronization control scheme for integrating a 3-phase PV system to a grid. The Leaky Least Mean Square (LLMS) algorithm uses the fixed value for leak factor, which causes the weight vector to drift beyond its limit. Hence the proposed control scheme comprises of an adaptive Variable Leaky Least Mean Square (VLLMS) algorithm to generate Reference Inverter Current (RIC)

It has become a great challenge to mitigate the unstable subsynchronous control interaction (SSCI) in practical series compensated wind power systems, mainly because of the system-wide influential factors, such as the constantly changing wind speed, number of in-service wind turbines, and operating conditions. In an effort to address the challenge, this paper proposes a simple yet practical grid-side

Abandoned underground quarries or mines may be rehabilitated as natural reservoirs for underground pumped hydro energy storage (UPHES). In addition to the inherent modeling inaccuracies of the traditional PHES that arise from, e.g., approximating the nonlinear pump/turbine head-dependent performance curves, the optimal operation of these underground plants is also affected by endogenous model uncertainties

Deploying a certain capacity of storage assets in a renewable-only generation portfolio is unarguably imperative to maintain system reliability. These storage assets can be owned and managed by utilities, renewable energy developers, system operator, or any private merchant. Intermediary storage merchant can invest on these storage assets through capacity contracts. Investing on capacity contracts

A hierarchical active power control (HAPC) scheme based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is proposed for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms with distributed energy storage systems (ESSs). The wind farm controller optimizes the active power references for DFIG-based wind turbines (WTs) and ESSs inside the wind farm, and the aim is to minimize fatigue loads

Extensive deployment of combined heat and power (CHP) units into the electric power system (EPS) makes it imperative to investigate the utilization of flexible resources in a district heating system (DHS) and avoid unnecessary wind power curtailment. In this paper, a combined heat and power dispatch (CHPD) model is developed by considering the flexibility of heat sources, pipelines, and DHS loads.

For the privacy concern, the data exchange between the electricity network and the natural gas network is not always possible. It brings challenges for the co-operation of electricity–gas systems. This paper proposes a static equivalent model that replaces the natural gas network, which lays the foundation for electricity–gas co-operation between separate electricity and gas companies. The influence