Free‐space optics (FSO) is a perfect line of sight communication which is gaining a lot of popularity in the current research as it offers many advantages such as license free communication, high bandwidth, high speed, low bit error rate, and so on. Like the other communication technologies, FSO also suffers from adverse effects due to the climatic changes in the atmosphere. Some of the prominent effects

GaN/Al0.5Ga0.5N and InN/Al0.5Ga0.5N as a III‐nitride quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifiers (QD‐SOAs) are studied in detail in this paper. The optical gain, spontaneous emission rate, and lineshape function are calculated using non‐Markovian relaxation compared with Markovian one. Gain is then connected with the rate equations model to obtain a dB gain, output power, and shot noise in these SOAs

The realities in the power systems such as asymmetrical faults, asymmetric lines, bad data, and inherent errors in the measurements and the error in the impedance of the line are effective factors on the accuracy of fault location algorithms for transmission lines. In this paper, a comprehensive scheme based on the three-phase state estimation formulation is proposed for fault analysis including detection

The high mortality rate associated with brain tumors requires early detection in the early stages to treat and reduce mortality. Due to the complexity of brain tissue, manual diagnosis of the brain and tumor tissues is very time‐consuming and operator dependent. Furthermore, there is a need for experts who can review the images to detect these effects, rendering traditional methods inefficient in their

Signal processing techniques incorporated with data compression processes enrich the signals and boost up storage efficiency and transmission reliability. Transmitting uncompressed original data consume wide bandwidth, which increases transmission time and leads to data hammering. These limitations enforce to look for strategic data compression techniques. Lossless compression techniques are requisite

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are a technical trend in the field of education. As the number of available MOOCs continues to grow dramatically, the difficulty for learners to find courses that satisfy their personalized learning goals has also increased. Unstructured texts, such as course descriptions and course skills, contain rich course information and are useful for MOOC platforms in constructing

Multimodal fusion is one of the popular research directions of multimodal research, and it is also an emerging research field of artificial intelligence. Multimodal fusion is aimed at taking advantage of the complementarity of heterogeneous data and providing reliable classification for the model. Multimodal data fusion is to transform data from multiple single-mode representations to a compact multimodal

Magnetic resonant wireless power transfer (MR-WPT) has become a significant method for powering the measurement units in landslide monitoring boreholes. This paper focuses on the effects of quality factor, coupling distance and load on the power transfer stability, sensitivity and performance of an MR-WPT system. Firstly, through a numerical model of an MR-WPT, the effect of quality factor and coupling

In recent years, human collaborative robots (HCRs) that work in the same space have attracted attention. HCRs with safety measures using a contact detection function are commercially sold. However, most safety measures for end effectors on HCRs are insufficient. In this paper, we propose a general‐purpose safety light curtain using Time of Flight (ToF) sensors for safety measure of an end effector

This paper presents a deep learning‐based face recognition device. It aims to instantly remind users of the identities of those who they met before in parties or conferences. When greeted, one, who is correctly identified, may frequently feel more respected than another who is mistaken for someone else in the first place. The golden rule suggests one to treat others with respect, and then others will

The growing usage of the industrial cognitive radio sensor network (ICRSN) brings profound changes to the Internet of Things. The ICRSN is an emerging technique to transfer industrial data, which has strict and accurate communication requirements in a large number of areas such as environmental surveillance, building monitoring, control, and many other areas. The problem of maximizing the sum bandwidth

This paper describes a new technique named controlled reclosing in which the peak value and duration time of reclosing current can be controlled to reduce the enormous pressure to power system when reclosing in permanent fault. Based on the analysis to the reclosing current in different voltage phase angles and a fast estimation algorithm for current parameters, a new reclosing strategy named controlled

Since both the position and the orientation of a rigid target can be estimated with a few sensors, which are mounted on the target, it is well known that the rigid body localization (RBL) has various potential applications. In this paper, we propose a new RBL scheme exploiting a participatory search algorithm to simultaneously estimate the unknown parameters for both the three-dimensional displacement

In this research, Zero Injection Buses (ZIBs) were modeled to minimize the number of Phasor Measurements Units (PMUs) and ensure the full observability of power systems. To determine the operation of the proposed method, all ZIBs that are connected to each other and other buses were presented in models H, M, and D, each of which featured new observability constraints. The H set, is defined as the set

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In this article, an efficient interpolation‐free algorithm (IFA) applied for cylindrical millimeter‐wave (MMW) holographic three‐dimensional (3‐D) reconstruction is proposed. Compared with previous cylindrical MMW holographic 3‐D reconstruction methods, the proposed IFA can efficiently achieve high‐quality 3‐D reconstruction within the region of interest (ROI). In the IFA, the spherical wave data are

A front‐to‐back pattern‐reconfigurable circularly polarized (CP) antenna based on two pairs of planar complementary dipoles with back‐to‐back configuration is presented and implemented. The 8 p‐i‐n diodes are employed into the front and back printed dipole arms. The beam direction can be switched from front‐to‐back, and the left‐right circular polarization can also be changed at each beam direction

A novel wideband dual‐circularly polarized orbital angular momentum (OAM) antenna array using metasurface is proposed. The proposed antenna array composed of four antenna elements generates OAM beams in a simple configuration. Each antenna element is placed perpendicularly to the adjacent one, and fed by an in‐phase excitation with equal amplitude. Each antenna element is based on corner‐truncated

We propose a novel probabilistically shaped amplitude and pulse position modulation (APPM) based on stepped amplitude probability distribution for optical access networks. By adopting the probabilistic shaping (PS) technique, average signal power can be reduced and better bit error rate (BER) performance obtained. The proposed PS‐APPM scheme has been successfully verified in a 25‐km standard single‐mode

This paper presents a performance analysis of different microcantilever shapes integrated with the optical MEMS system in different fluid mediums. Microcantilevers such as rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangle profile are coupled with optical sensing layers. Here, the concept of integration of optical sensing layer with different shapes of microcantilever is novel. The cantilever is designed and developed

This paper presents theoretical analysis and design procedures for low noise amplifiers (LNAs) in advanced CMOS technologies. For demonstration, a 30‐GHz LNA designed for 5G millimeter‐wave communication systems was fabricated in a 65‐nm CMOS process. It provides a power gain of 22.6 dB with a noise figure of 3.2 dB while drawing 7.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply.

This paper presents a two stage optimization approach for solving the excessive network fault currents and resetting of overcurrent relays based on Adaptive Protection Scheme (APS) concept. The first stage consists of Fault Current Limiter (FCL) optimization to restore fault currents within Circuit Breaker (CB) thermal capacity whether caused by Distributed Generation (DG) or not. The second stage

Faulty phase recognition under single-line-to-ground (SLG) fault condition is critical for some arc suppression methods in medium voltage (MV) distribution networks. Conventional methods tend to be invalid due to network asymmetry in high-resistance ground-fault condition and the difficulty of detecting phase-to-ground parameters in practice. In this paper, the variation of the three phase-to-ground

In microgrids, hybrid energy storage system (HESS), which consists of batteries and supercapacitors (SC), is used to maintain the power balance between the intermittent renewable energy source (RES) and the changing load demands. A sudden large change in the RES generation or the load demand might result in long rise/fall-time and large over/undershoot, causing high dynamic error in output voltage

Transient stability is a prominent aspect of power system stability and therefore instability prediction has been the subject of a vast amount of research and many publications. In the published literature, various aspects of this topic including principals, methodologies, accuracy and practical consideration for implementation are investigated. However, a comprehensive review article that summarizes

Modern technologies and devices ranging from smartphones, computers, cloud computing, industrial automation, and automobiles to the Internet of Things are enabled by integrated circuits (ICs) and their associated packages. The ICs have evolved from the early small-scale integration (SSI) to the later more complex very-large-scale integration (VLSI) and the subsequent ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI)

The multilayer structure of 3-D network-on-chips (3-D NoC) leads to the unequal thermal conductance between different layers and, as a result, an unbalanced thermal distribution in the chip. This issue leads to the low reliability and performance degradation of 3-D NoCs. To ensure thermal safety, 3-D NoCs require effective cooling methods. Several thermal-aware routing algorithms have been proposed

A polylithic integration technology called heterogeneous interconnect stitching technology (HIST) is explored in this article. HIST provides both 2.5-D and 3-D integration capabilities enabled by multi-height and fine-pitch compressible microinterconnects (CMIs). The ANSYS Workbench simulator is used to optimize and simulate the multi-height and fine-pitch CMIs. A testbed is fabricated and assembled

With the development of high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs), the heat flux density of devices has continued to increase, which, in turn, requires the development of increasingly effective methods of heat dissipation to control the working temperature of LEDs. Due to their impressive performance in solid refrigeration and energy harvesting, thermoelectric devices such as thermoelectric coolers (TECs)

In order to improve the optical and electrical consistency in lighting and display, light emitting diode (LED) dies should be sorted and aligned precisely one by one. As per given current production process practices, the sorting efficiency is required to be more than 36 thousand units per hour (KUPH), while the alignment deviation should not exceed 1 mil (25.4 $\mu \text{m}$ ) and all dies’ angle

Package-integrated and ultrathin power dividers with footprint smaller than unit $\lambda ~_{0}~^{\mathrm{ 2}}$ at the operating frequency of 28-GHz 5G new radio (NR) n257 and n258 bands are presented for the first time for small-cell applications. These power dividers are also configured as antenna arrays using endfire Yagi–Uda antenna elements. Utilizing minimal matching techniques, two-, three-

Molding compounds (MCs) are widely used as an encapsulation material for integrated circuits; however, traditional MCs are susceptible to moisture and charge spreading over time. The increase in dissipation factor due to the increase of parasitic electrical conductivity ( $\sigma$ ) and the decrease in dielectric strength $(E_{\mathrm {MC}}^{\mathrm {Crit}})$ restrict their applications. Thus, a fundamental

We report laser-based fault isolation methodologies for the localization of open and short failures in $1 \times 5\,\,\mu \text{m}$ via-last through-silicon via (TSV) structures for 3-D system-on-chip (SoC) integration. Due to the photosensitive TSV interconnect capacitance, observation of the photocapacitance response enables nondestructive localization of metallization ruptures. A light-induced capacitance

Downscaling of package wiring has been the singular focus to achieve higher logic-memory interconnect density to meet next-generation needs for high-bandwidth computing. This article presents, for the first time, a systematic modeling and experimental study of sub-5- $\mu \text{m}$ -diameter microvia reliability. Geometry design considerations and build-up dielectric material properties in evaluating

This article aims to propose a predictive abnormality detection model in the stencil printing process (SPP). The SPP is the main contributor to surface mounting technology (SMT) soldering defects. The prediction of abnormal conditions is necessary to enhance the first-pass yield and reduce the reworking costs of the printed circuit board (PCB) assembly line. In this research, a novel multiphase intelligent

In this work, we developed a process to release the optical waveguides locally from the back side of a silicon-on-insulator wafer to enable a connection and an interaction between organic materials and photonic devices. The release procedure is realized by a local back-side etch followed by a chemical wet etch. Furthermore, certain process steps for a controlled removal of the buried oxide below the

The intermittent fault (IF) in electrical systems is considered to be one of the most challenging problems to tackle. At present, there remains a lack of understanding as to the mechanism of IF. Therefore, this letter is focused on the characteristics of IF in electrical connectors under vibration environment. Based on the mechanical structure of a certain kind of electrical connector, a dynamic model

This letter provides an overview of the metal-embedded chiplet assembly for microwave integrated circuits (MECAMICs) technology. MECAMIC is a 2.5-D wafer-level packaging approach that provides seamless heterogeneous integration capabilities of compound semiconductor transistors (e.g., GaN HEMTs) with passive components and interconnects using a backside metal embedding process. The chiplets are embedded

Merging of corotating vortices is of primary interest in the field of supersonic mixing due to the ability of two or more structures to coalesce and form a larger one which enhances the stirring motion and straining in the flow, thus promoting turbulence production and mixing augmentation. During experimental efforts aimed at quantifying mean and fluctuating flowfields produced by the merging of two

Magnetic stimulation is widely used as a medical treatment for neurological diseases. A reduction in the size of magnetic stimulation devices is desirable, however, because the coils are relatively large compared with electrode stimulation devices. Furthermore, in transcranial magnetic stimulation, the exact magnetically evoked areas in the brain and the mechanisms of neural activation are largely

Combining Schwarz–Christoffel transformation, magnetic field reconstruction method, and Maxwell stress tensor method, the calculation model of cogging torque of a dual‐stator axial flux permanent magnet machine is established. The end effect and slotting effect are both been taken into account. The results are verified by finite element method. And with the proposed method, calculation time can be

Methanol in transformer oil has been recently proposed as new marker of the aging of solid insulation in power transformers. Because the concentration of methanol in transformer oil is usually less than 500 µg/l and even less than 50 µg/l that cannot be detected by common methods. This paper combined static headspace sampling and solid‐phase extraction (SPE) as pretreatment, used SPE to adsorb and

Accurate fault classification is the premise of fault location and management study in a power distribution network. In most of the traditional fault classification methods used in power distribution network, the characteristic quantities are selected by experience, which will increase the uncertainty of fault classification results. A novel fault classification method based on deep belief networks

This paper proposes a hierarchical transient stability constrained optimal power flow (TSCOPF) analysis in a power system with a multi‐terminal voltage‐source converter (VSC) high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) system and large‐scale wind farms. This aims at determining the reinforcement and operation of the power system using the multi‐terminal VSC HVDC (MTDC) system. By the method, the wind farms

Recently, cameras with sensing technology have been used in vehicles to prevent traffic accidents. Although vehicle drivers can visually notice road signs, a recent study developed a recognition system for road signs to prevent traffic accidents. However, this system does not always perform the intended operation and encounters issues if the vehicle is driven at night, the road environment is bad,

The determination of blood glucose is usually performed in the laboratory or using invasive glucose meters. Unusual, fruity, or bad breath odor can be a sign of metabolic disease. The objective is the estimation of the blood glucose by breath analysis. To do that, we designed a three‐gas prediction model (alcohol, acetone, and propane). We exhaled in front of the three gas sensors and then recorded

The maximum correntropy criterion (MCC) algorithm has popularly been used in suppressing impulsive noise. It mainly relies on the choice of step size and kernel width. With the study of step size, this paper proposes a novel algorithm that updates the step size based on constructing a variable step size function that uses the moving weighted average algorithm to keep performance stable and sigmoid

Transistor aging occurs in nanoscale LSIs and is a factor that degrades large scale integration (LSI) performance. Because aging decreases the switching speed of transistors, LSIs ultimately malfunction due to the increase in the propagation delay. This paper proposes a procedure starting from the estimation of the aging amount at the metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOS FET) level

In order to solve the problem that the metro stray current cannot be directly numerically measured by the existing methods, and the data acquisition distortion caused by the special operating environment of the metro system, a new on‐line monitoring method for stray current was put forward in this paper. First, the stray current distribution function at different positions of metro trains was derived

In recent years, the design of new electronic equipment requires the development of new topologies for power supplies. The above is clear for portable equipment, which many times is classified as light loads. These new applications require power supplies with wide conversion ratios and better efficiencies. A solution to this problem is the use of two or more conventional converters connected in cascade

The metro stray current leaked during the subway operation causes the nearby earth surface potential to change, so that the various neutral‐grounded transformers to be at different earth surface potentials, resulting transformer DC bias. In order to analyze the influence of metro stray current on transformer DC bias, the polarization potential monitoring data in metro traction power supply system and

Grid‐connected voltage source inverters with LCL filters have been widely used for distributed generation systems in renewable energy systems. The presence of LCL resonance influences the overall performance and complicates the system control design, especially when the uncertainties caused by the component parameter variations and disturbances are considered. In order to improve the system performance