Abstract In this study, the effect of fiber angle alignment on the energy-absorbing behavior of 0°, 5° and 10° conical CFRP tubes was numerically investigated. Feedforward Neural Networks (FFNN) were used to determine the optimum fiber angle alignment for the highest absorbed energy (AE), crash force efficiency (CFE), and lowest peak force. In addition, 100, 400, 600, and 800 kg/m3 metallic foam filling

Abstract Detection of damage due to impact in an isotropic structure like metal, its alloys, etc. is an easy task but in the case of fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite structures, it becomes one of the critical factors which cannot be tolerated to use this structure extensively. Metals are usually ductile in nature as they can absorb more energy but in case of composite it is different; impact

Abstract This paper deals with the modelling and examination of the influence of predictor variables (contributory factors) on road crashes (RCs) among functionally classified vehicles (i) motorcycles, (ii) non-commercial (private) vehicles, and (iii) commercial (work-related vehicles) in Pakistan. A retrospective study was performed on the RC data (2013-2017), collected from the National Highway and

Abstract In order to access the maximum benefits of controlled vehicle braking in reducing ground related injury, based on a basic simulation test sample, which include 24 simulations with three velocities, four pedestrian sizes and two pedestrian gaits, 10176 simulations were conducted by Madymo. After comparative study, we found that the vehicle caused injury will not increase if the vehicle braking

Abstract Oblique impact loading conditions are unavoidable in practical applications, which strongly influence the performance response of energy-absorbing structures. In this paper, the finite element models of four typical cellular structures (hexagon honeycomb, re-entrant hexagon honeycomb, star-shape honeycomb, double arrow honeycomb) are established and experimentally validated. The dynamic responses

Abstract This work follows up previous work regarding the virtual simulation of the presented solution. It is based on experience gained in the Active Lateral Impact Simulator (ALIS) project and describes complete process. The main focus has been given to the fine-tuning of the boundary conditions and loading of the system in order to ensure correct biomechanical loads.

Abstract This work reports the performance of energy absorbers made in mild-steel and aluminum thin-walled square tubes under quasi-static compression tests. They have circular holes discontinuities laterally drilled on two or four opposing faces of the tube, according to three different distances based on the effective crushing distance, resulting in 23, 36, and 46 mm, as well as two diameters 8 and

Abstract This study focuses on the axial and oblique low-velocity impact response of thin-walled aluminium conical frusta with circular cutouts at two different locations through experimental and finite element procedures. In this regard, a circular cutout was laterally introduced on 15°, 25°, and 35° semi-apical angled conical frusta at mid-height (0.5 Hc) and three-fourth (0.75 Hc) of axis height

Abstract In the present research, the crushing response and crashworthiness characteristics of aluminum circular tubes with and without vertical corrugations were studied. In this regard, crashworthiness characteristics and collapsing behaviors of these structures are analyzed. The tubes of higher diameter under quasi-static axial compression show greater values of crashworthiness indexes compared

Abstract In order to explore the influence of the general layout parameters of the child restraint system on the evaluation index of child injury in a frontal impact, and to explore the general layout plan that can minimize the child’s injury, this paper selects an I-Size child safety seat that meets the ECE R44 regulations as the research object, in accordance with the ECE R129 regulations, uses the

Abstract A collaborative optimisation method for the lightweight and crashworthiness of the cab structure is proposed using mixed variable screening, approximate models, multi-objective optimisation and ideal point methods. First, modal and stiffness analyses of the cab model are built. Three impact simulation model of cab are established and verified via ECE R29-02 regulation tests. Subsequently,

Abstract To demonstrate the effect of body posture on the occupant dynamic response under a spacecraft high-level re-entry acceleration overload, seat-dummy system models with typical body positions, including supine and lying positions, are established in this study using Pro-E and HyperWorks software. A Human Model for Safety (HUMOS version II) dummy was used in the model. Seat-dummy system models

Abstract This paper introduces another approach to pre-crash velocity determination by the means of genetic algorithm model adjustment (GAMA). This innovative method is based on the standard genetic algorithm approach applied to the problem of determining the dependency of predicted variable on given parameters. The experiment is performed on a database obtained from NHTSA (National Highway Traffic

Abstract Filling structures with aluminium honeycomb is a typical method for increasing the energy absorption (EA) characteristics of thin-walled beams. This paper puts forward the new outstanding energy absorption component of aluminium honeycomb-filled Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) thin-walled beams which has good cost-effectiveness and easy availability. The effects of aluminium honeycomb

Abstract This paper describes the design and optimization of a safety barrier to protect motorcyclists in case of an accident, using, as a basis, rubber from used tires. The proposed motorcycle protection system (MPS) attempts increase motorcyclist protection in roads. But, at the same time, it offers a new alternative for the reuse of rubber from used tires, thus contributing to solving the environmental

Abstract This article proposes a 3 D printed bioinspired cellular structure known as Scutoids for use in lightweight sandwich designs under compression loads. The 3 D Scutoid cells are epithelial cell that are known for the property of stabilised tissue packing. Four self-packing Scutoid cells are designed for a cellular structure and investigated for deformation, crushing profile, stress concentration

Abstract The crash injury severity prediction of traffic accident is the prerequisite for driving decisions under dangerous conditions. This paper puts forward a new wrapper feature selection algorithm to improve the prediction accuracy of the injury severity. Firstly, based on Gini index and Mutual information, the importance of factors is analyzed by the comprehensive evaluation criteria, according

Abstract The helmet is the only head protection element for jockey in the falling situation. To date, the standard test for shock absorption capacity of the equestrian helmet consists of only linear impacts and uses outdated injury criteria. Previous studies have shown the existence of normal and tangential components of the impact velocity. The present study presents a new method for the evaluation

Abstract In recent years, many researchers have analyzed the 18650 battery, showing that mechanical load can cause short circuits inside the battery. The main contents of this paper are the mechanical response of a single cell with different state of charge (SOC) values under the condition of quasi-static compression and the dynamic analysis of the battery pack with different collision velocities.

Abstract In a front-end crash of a school bus, the existing child restraint system does not provide effective protection to the neck, although it can well protect other regions of the body, including the head and chest. In this study, we developed multi-body seat models with compartmentalization (no belt), lap belt and lap/shoulder belt. We verified the models against sled tests considering dummy motion

Abstract Automotive frontal body structure design and optimisation are absolutely essential towards reducing the risk of pedestrian injuries in road accidents. In this paper, a two-step optimisation process in combination with the finite element method (FEM) is utilized to enhance pedestrian protection for a class-B passenger car. In this way, the finite element (FE) model of the Upper Legform Impactor

Abstract This paper is part of ongoing research and serves to document the testing of the direction of origin of a rock striking and passing through a windscreen of a motor vehicle. The paper covers the literature reviewed for the tests, the design of the test rig and the documentation of the tests performed. The data from the tests was gathered and analysed. Extensive video footage and imagery obtained

Abstract In this study, the crashworthiness performance of three homogeneous sheet metal beams (AA6061-T6, AA2024-T351, and DP 800) and six hybrid sheet metal beams designed by combining different combinations of these materials with spot welding were compared under impact loading. Specific energy absorption (SEA) and peak crushing force (PCF) values of the beams that critical crashworthiness indices

Abstract Shear strength evaluation in composites is still a problem that has not been fully solved. Dynamic shear strength evaluation is even more complicated. In present work, failure theories are used to determine the range of fiber orientations in which the evaluation of shear strength is feasible. The symmetrical laminate is used to eliminate coupled shear strain to improve measurement accuracy

Abstract In recent years, due to the prevalence of road crashes among ride-hailing drivers in China, the investigation of aberrant driving behaviours of ride-hailing drivers has become indispensable. This paper aims to estimate the direct and indirect effects of personal attribute and work-condition factors on aberrant driving behaviours (driver distraction and other aberrant driving behaviours) of

Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of active muscle on lower limb injury in frontal vehicles collision, and to provide corresponding biomechanical parameters for the protective design of lower limbs. Based on a Chinese 50th percentile male lower extremity anatomy information, a human body numerical model with active muscle signals during emergency braking is established.

Abstract As a type of cellular materials, honeycomb structures exhibit great advantages in mechanical properties and crashworthiness. This paper proposed a new kind of combined quasi-honeycomb core and studied on the out-of-plane crashworthiness. Research found that the new combined quasi-honeycomb have great advantages in energy absorption and crushing force efficiency than the conventional hexagonal

Abstract This article deals with initial material selection and design method of long fibre-reinforced thermoplastic (LFT) based on impact resistance requirements. In this study, effects of material properties and impact condition, including total fibre thickness, fibre aspect ratio and impactor diameter, on the minimum penetration energy of LFT plates are analysed based on experiments and validated

Abstract The most popular crash barriers made so far are made up of steel-reinforced concrete (RC), which has high flexural rigidity but poor energy absorption. Consequently, when a vehicle collides with such crash barrier, the vehicle is seriously damaged and occupants may be fatally injured due to the severe impact of the collision. Hence, in order to enhance the safety of road users, a pre-fabricated

Abstract Square-circle hybrid section (SCHS) tubes under axial loading which combine the advantage of square tubes and circular tubes are investigated. Firstly, effective finite element models of SCHS tubes are established to study the crashworthiness characteristics. Through a series of finite element models, the influence of the geometry on the behaviour of crashworthiness is studied, including relative

Abstract Composite sandwich panels are commonly considered as lightweight materials for structural design in many applications including automotive, aerospace and defence systems. These panels must be developed and validated for its mechanical strength characteristics under different loading conditions before deploying them for the practical application. Hence, the present paper deals with the experimental

Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the improvement in energy absorption of a top-hat profile hollow-section beam by attaching different shapes of internal reinforcements. The base structure of the beam was first considered as a hat shape structure which was jointed to a flat plate using spot-welds. Three types of sheet metal reinforcements were formed and attached inside the beam’s structure

Abstract The paper presents the analysis of birdstrikes using SPH bird impacts model, 4 lb and 8 lb, on a small bay of a leading edge of an aircraft. Theoretical and numerical investigations were dedicated to three different configurations chosen for defining the leading edge’s layups: a sheet metal with a thickness of 2.54 mm, a composite FML configuration with a thickness of 1.4 mm, and a sandwich-FML

Abstract Pedestrians suffer significant injuries from ground contact, but attempts to reduce them have been limited. A recent study using multi-body simulations showed ground contact injury may be improved by controlling vehicle braking. The aim of the study is to assesses whether controlled braking would be beneficial in real-world collisions. PC-Crash was used to reconstruct 150 freely available

Abstract Composite materials are being widely used in automobile industry in order to meet the ever increasing demand to achieve significant weight reduction by maintaining the performance levels. Additionally, there are a number of challenging crashworthiness criteria set by the regulating authorities in various countries for vehicle safety, which the vehicle has to qualify. In these cases composites

Abstract The present study aims to optimise the material parameters of the 2xxx series aluminium alloy used in aircraft wing leading edges to improve its mechanical properties against bird impact. For this study, a bird model is established and validated with an experiment test from literature and with a bird strike test on the wing leading edge. The significant material parameters which affect the

Abstract To obtain a rider-vehicle-road coupling system that takes both efficiency and accuracy into account, so that the simulation model of two-wheeled vehicle traffic accident can reduce the calculation time as much as possible on the premise that it can simulate human biomechanical injury and vehicle deformation, this paper proposes a new two-wheeled vehicle accident simulation model. In this method

Abstract The study presented an approach that integrated kernel density estimation (KDE) algorithm and spatial autocorrelation analysis, which helped to determine traffic accident (TA) hotspot locations and simultaneously evaluate the statistical significance of the hotspot clusters. Firstly, hotspots were identified by applying a GIS-based KDE algorithm. Secondly, the hotspot clusters were evaluated

Abstract In crash event, aerospace structures are designed to collapse progressively, dissipating high kinetic energy and protecting the passengers against abrupt decelerations. To achieve this goal, a better comprehension of crash failure mechanisms is necessary to improve traditional crash structures by designing and optimizing new energy absorbers. In this paper, the elementary failure mechanisms

Abstract With the development of aircraft industry, there is an urgent demand for pursuing higher crashworthiness design standard of fuselage. However, there is a challenge for improving the crush performances of fuselage with low design and fabrication cost. To explore optimal design areas, effects of global and local ply-reinforcements of critical components on crush performances of 2D tri-axially

Abstract Honeycomb has been widely used as an excellent energy absorbing material. Honeycombs with different cell structures have been studied. In this research, a type of honeycomb with cells resemble to bitubular structures is proposed and named as bicellular honeycomb. Based on the basic folding mechanism, the theoretical prediction formula of axial compression strength of the bicellular honeycomb

Abstract Hot press formed parts in a fully martensitic structure limit its application in the centre pillar, which requires high collision resistance. In this study, the combined effect of the patchwork and partial softening on the collision characteristics of the centre pillar, such as impulse, absorbed energy, and intrusion displacement, were investigated both experimentally and numerically. The

Abstract In this article, a new double-tapered rectangular tube (DTRT) with diaphragms is introduced as an energy absorber. The material tensile test and impact test were performed to verify the finite element model (FEM) of the tube. Based on the FEM, the Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied to study the effects of diaphragm geometry on energy absorption (EA) and specific energy absorption (SEA).

Abstract A constitutive damage model is proposed in order to investigate the crushing response of crossply and 0 ° plies composite laminates, using a VUMAT subroutine implemented in ABAQUS/Explicit. This damage model predicts five failure modes commonly observed in unidirectional (UD) carbon fibres reinforced composite structures: fibre failure in tension, fibre failure in compression, matrix cracking

Abstract In this paper, a parametric study has been conducted on aluminum tubes with axially half corrugations. These corrugated tubes have been known for their uniform force-displacement curves as well as their capacity to absorb more energy. To do so, first, the numerical results of 4 tubes have been validated using the results from the quasi-static experiment. Then, the effects of changing the geometrical

Abstract Pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users and their risky behaviours make the situation worse. This study aimed to assess the crash risk associated with various pedestrian groups and their road crossing behaviours at intersections in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A two-stage, multi-criteria decision-making approach—analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity

Abstract The undesirable stresses and deformations during a high-speed crash can cause a short circuit or sudden fire in the battery packs, which represents a significant safety concern for vehicles. In this paper, computer-aided simulations are conducted to provide a supplemental and economic approach to evaluate the crashworthiness of a battery-pack enclosure. First, a nonlinear dynamic finite element

Abstract Many car components have been fabricated with different materials to improve collision toughness and safety during a car crash. However, as yet, no evaluation standard has been established that evaluates the replacement of auto parts. The standard must take into consideration mechanical properties of tensile and bending. A car crash test was conducted by the IIHS (Insurance Institute for Highway

Abstract Energy absorption characteristics of polygonal multi-cell tubes with different cross-sectional shapes under quasi-static axial crushing are investigated systematically. Based on the SSFE theory and CE method, theoretical models for predicting mean crushing force of tubes are proposed, and theoretical expressions of normalized mean crushing force (NFm) and normalized special energy absorption

Abstract Traffic crashes are one of the most severe problems that affect communities worldwide. Despite that only 25% of all motor vehicle miles occur at night, about 50% of all traffic fatalities occur during night. In Jordan, traffic crashes were responsible for 4.5% of fatalities in 2007 and ranked as the third cause of death in 2010. The effect of lighting on crash reduction was evaluated in many

Abstract Autonomous emergency braking (AEB) systems play an important role in reducing front to rear-end collisions. To evaluate the performance of AEB systems, different countries have recently published their own new car assessment programs (NCAPs). This study firstly develops a set of test equipment to evaluate the performance of AEB systems in field tests according to the China New Car Assessment

In accordance with the metal-composite structure ice impact status, an experiment of Ice Impact on Aluminum/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite dual plate was carried out to study the dynamic responses and damage of the target dual plate. The artificial ice ball with a diameter of 35 mm was launched by a 37 mm gas gun test system to impact the metal face of the plate, high-speed photography was used

A two-stage absorption energy structure composed of an expanding tube and a buffer has been conventionally applied to the couplers of the China Railway High-speed system. Previous investigations have revealed the energy-absorption characteristics of the couplers. However, in dynamic experiments, some of the couplers were found to buckle at the expansion cone. To analyse the buckling problem of the

For a typical coach, interior seats and partitions are considered as secondary collision objects in the event of a frontal collision. When a seat back has a deployable leaf-table, the additional effect of the leaf-table should be considered too. To investigate the effect of occupant collision with these objects, a full-scale frontal crash test of a coach was conducted with an impact velocity of 30 km/h

In this article, a novel multicell filled tubular structure (MFTS) consisting of a multicell tube (MT) and filled circular tube (FCT) is proposed based on the microstructure of the lady beetle elytron. Systematic crashworthiness studies for MFTS under axial crushing have been performed using Abaqus/Explicit. The numerical results show that the MFTS substantially improves for three important indicators

In this paper, low-velocity impact of square columns filled with density-graded foam (DGF) is investigated experimentally, numerically and analytically. The low-velocity impact experiments are carried out to study the effect of density gradient on the deformation patterns and energy absorption of the DGF-filled columns. Numerical calculations are performed to study the effects of density distribution

The design of vehicle impact zone is of great significance for passive safety protection of trains. This study introduces a novel design method of impact zone based on the concept of linear impact force, which has a linear increase of impact force with the increase of displacement. A three-dimensional dynamic model of train collision was constructed and validated. Here, the linear impact force slope

In recent years, thin-walled energy-absorbing structures have attracted more and more attention due to their excellent structural mechanical properties. In this article, one new kind of multi-cell bionic intersecting thin-walled tube inspired by the structure of the pine cone was designed. In order to fully study the crashworthiness of this new multi-cell tube under axial impact, the effectiveness

The axial crushing of thin-walled metal circular tubes was addressed in this work for its importance in many engineering applications especially when failed in concertina mode. Theoretical estimates of the peak load were formulated for lower and upper bounds based on Rankine-Gordon principle and the elastic-plastic criterion of buckling, respectively. Numerical simulations were also made to validate

The focus of the work reported here is on the prediction of the behaviour of a hollow cylindrical jute– polyester composite tube under axial impact using the explicit finite element analysis code, LS-DYNA. An efficient finite element modelling approach using a single shell element through the thickness of a thin-walled structural part has been chosen. Effective orthotropic material properties of a