This work is interested in the effect of water immersion on the low-velocity impact behaviour of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. The woven composite laminates are manufactured using the prepreg technique. The specimen preparation and the impact tests are undertaken following the ASTM D 7136 standard. To ensure water saturation, the specimens were immersed in distilled water up to 368 h. The

Current U.S. and Canadian regulations for rear underride guards on large truck trailers do not promote designs with adequate protection in offset crashes. The objective of the current study was to determine whether a quasi-static evaluation could distinguish between underride guards with different performance in offset crash tests. Five different underride guard designs were evaluated in quasi-static

Multy-body simulation is applied to compute the motorcyclist’s kinematic in case of virtual motorcycle versus car accident. Results show that for over 50% of the simulations, the impact velocities of the whole body exceed 8 m/s when impacting the vehicle and 4 m/s at the time of road impact. The head impacts the vehicle most often with a speed exceeding 7.5 m/s in the fronto-lateral impact configuration

The bumper beams mounted on the front or rear of the vehicles should act as an energy absorber in slight collisions and prevent the other parts to be damaged. In most crashes the bumper beam deforms in bending mode, so strengthening this hollow thin walled structure with internal stiffeners (ribs) against this type of loading is the aim of this study. Several aluminum beams with rectangular cross-section

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery systems are used for electric vehicles (EV) in the automotive industry due to their lightweight and high energy density. The battery modules are composite structures with significant geometry and material non-linearity. Their behaviour under mechanical loading is important for EV performance and crashworthiness design. In this study, quasi-static (0.06 mm/s) and low speed

Abstract The relationship between crash pulse shape and injury risk has been studied primarily with laboratory studies, but these are not necessarily representative of most real-life crashes. For the past decade, pulse information from real-life crashes has been available through event data recorders. The aim of this study is to evaluate how crash pulses from event data recorders can be parameterized

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the yield criterion and dynamic response of fully clamped slender rectangular sandwich tubes with metal foam core struck by a low-velocity heavy mass. A plastic yield criterion is proposed for the rectangular sandwich tubes with metal foam core. Using the yield criterion, analytical solutions are derived for the dynamic response of fully clamped slender

Electric vehicles have become the main trend of the future development of the automotive industry due to their advantages such as energy conservation and environmental protection, strong acceleration capability, and low noise. This paper uses a volume-produced fuel passenger vehicle P5 as a prototype. Based on the given driving mode and traction battery pack layout of a battery electric vehicle (BEV)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a striking vehicle steering maneuvers on the kinematics and head injury risk of cyclists using the finite element (FE) modeling method. Twenty-six accident cases with video records were analyzed to define the range of the striking vehicle yaw angular velocity just before the collisions by the vehicle occurred. Parametric studies of the vehicle

Road traffic accident scenes provide useful information for understanding how accidents happen and calculating the speeds of the vehicles involved. Unmanned aerial vehicles can obtain photographs of accident scenes, but utilizing these photographs has problems such as low target resolution and scale changes. An improved Resnet–Single-Shot Multibox Detector (R-SSD) algorithm based on a deep residual

In this paper, a porous material–bi-directional corrugated honeycomb aluminum (Bi-DCHA) was manufactured, and quasi-static compression experiments were performed in axial (Y/Z-direction) and radial (X-direction) directions. It was concluded that the mechanical properties in the Y/Z directions were better than those in X-direction. Further, to verify the effect of expanded polypropylene (EPP) on the

Thin-walled structures have an inherent shortcoming that their cross sections are likely to flatten when subjected to transverse loading. In the paper, four simple novel reinforcement configurations into the thin-walled square tubes are put forward, and their bending resistance under three-point bending is investigated using the ABAQUS/Explicit code. The numerical results indicate that the reinforcements

This work presents an evaluation of bus structure during a frontal collision. A finite element (FE) model of a bus frontal structure has been simulated under ANSYS/explicit dynamics. Simulation investigated both front-end deformation and generated deceleration was attained byusing two different impact velocities. Lagrangian function has been used to validate the obtained energy absorption. A lumped

This study investigates the effect of initiator geometry, i.e. an inward-triggering cap (ITC), an outward-triggering plug (OTP) and a flat-surface plate (FSP), on the failure mechanisms and energy absorption of two carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) tubes, [03/45/−45/90/−45/45/03] (type U) and [03/902/03/(0/90)] (type W), under dynamic and quasi-static crushing in the axial direction. Under both

The application of composite materials is an important measure to reduce the automotive wheel’s weight. In order to ensure the safety of passengers, the wheels must pass a series of tests including the 13° impact test. For an injection-molded wheel, its production process has an influence on the material properties and residual stress distribution, which affect the wheel’s mechanical performance. In

This study estimated the cost of road crashes in Kuwait for 2012 using human capital method, particularly, gross loss output method. Three cost components were considered: cost of personal loss, cost of vehicle crash and general crash-related cost. The overall cost of road crashes in Kuwait in 2012 reached a value of 789,401,438 KD with a crash cost rate of 9121.6 KD/crash. It was also found that the

While buses are a safe form of transport in developed countries, developing countries like Iran face significant safety concerns regarding buses. Nevertheless, few studies have examined the factors associated with the number and severity of bus crashes. The present study investigates the underlying risk factors associated with the severity of urban transit bus accidents in Mashhad, Iran, by estimating

The current Euro NCAP pedestrian head test procedure encourages the industry to optimise their vehicle design towards a simplistic, sub-system test procedure instead of the full-scale pedestrian impact. Thus, the effectiveness of this procedure in reducing real-world pedestrian injury risk and severity depends on how accurately the sub-system test procedure can correlate the full-scale impact. The

Accident reconstructions and numerical simulations are used to evaluate and improve protective systems. Virtual testing and numerical methods can assist in the improvement safety of vulnerable road users. This work presents the tremendous potential of using computer-aided engineering by describing the development of a windshield numerical model and its damage and fracture validation. The motivation

The newly revised GB 13057-2014 put forward high requirements for the dynamic occupant protection of passenger car seats. Due to the high density of steel, there is currently not much space for lightweight through structure improvement. In this paper, the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of CFRP and corresponding simulations are used to study the mechanical behaviour of CFRP and verify

This research analyzes the head and chest injuries with a finite element model of Hybrid III six years old during the vehicle rollover, using a passive safety Child restraint system (CRS). Vehicle seats and passive safety systems were modeled in CAD software. Subsequently, all elements were analyzed using the finite element method in the LS-DYNA® software. The border conditions were established for

The Automobile’s Bumper Beam as an energy absorber has the task of dissipating kinetic energy due to an accident. The necessity of lighter materials with the secure usage of vehicles caused the researchers to consider about the new class of materials for bumper systems. Shape memory alloys have drawn much attention and interest due to their unique properties such as shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity

Thin-walled tubes are extensively used in the automotive industry because of their high energy absorption capacity and lightweight advantages. These structures are expected to have high energy absorption and low peak force during any collision. In this study, to obtain low peak crushing force, different wall lengths have applied to the thin-walled tubes. Different wall lengths have investigated using

In general, results from the birdstrike tests are employed so that they can be used to validate numerical models and promote the use of numerical tools in aircraft design and the certification process. In this research, firstly, via three existing experiments, the numerical models of birdstrikes are verified, and the simulated methods and parameters are chosen, such as the bird EOS’ selection. And

This paper seeks to identify variables affecting the severity of crashes involving traffic barrier end treatments. A field inventory was conducted to collect type, system height (from the ground to the top), lateral offset (from the edge of pavement), and side-slope of over 11,000 end treatments in the state of Wyoming. Then, the data collected was combined with historical end treatment crashes using

A shock absorber based on the progressive failure of a composite tube was developed. The composite tube is subjected to axial compression from the pressing cap at one end and folds inward at the other end under the effect of the crush cap without debris overflow. The crushed composite is compacted into a hollow tube and increases the resisting force once it reaches the pressing cap. For larger strokes

Thin-walled structures play an important role as an energy absorber in all kinds of crash accidents due to their excellent energy absorption characteristics and lightweight. This paper aims to investigate the crashworthiness of thin-walled tapered tubes with star-shaped cross section under oblique impact. Firstly, the finite element model is validated through compressive tests. Then, the tapered star-shaped

Composite/metal hybrid structure has both the advantages of light weight and high strength of composite materials and the advantages of low cost and easy connection of metals, which has great prospects for automotive applications. It is significant to investigate the energy absorption characteristics and theoretical analysis of Composite/Metal hybrid structures under transverse loading. Our study uses

The awareness towards environmental conservation and protection emerges issues on new technology leading to the development of technologies that are more sensitive and environment-friendly. One of the ways to have cleaner and environmentally-friendly vehicles is to adopt the electric vehicle (EV) concept. EVs present a research challenge for safety engineers. The vehicle crash tests are complex and

This paper introduces an energy-absorption structure which dissipates energy utilising the ‘bending-straightening’ process and the friction of a thin metal plate. Three repeated tensile tests were carried out to investigate the force and energy characteristics of the structure. Different loading methods and loading rates of the simulation were studied and the numerical model was verified. Furthermore

In a world where motor vehicles are the primary means of personal transportation, accidents have become common. One of the accident modes of note are rollover accidents which in most instances deals with the roof crush scenario. In roof crush, the A-pillar structures would have failed to a certain degree if not completely. In this research ways to strengthen the roof structure, in particular the A-pillar

To investigate the prime causes of test deviations for child restraint systems testing in different laboratories, this article selected four types of child safety seats. Simulation and experiment had been done to quantitatively evaluate the factors which influence test deviations based on China GB27887 standard. The results show that the difference of acceleration pulse in different laboratories, the

The present study deals with the behaviour of angle ply composite laminates subjected to low velocity impact. The laminates were prepared by E-glass fibres as reinforcement and epoxy as resin. Experiments were performed on these laminates by using low velocity drop weight set-up machine at three energy levels produced by using two masses. At energy level it was noticed that, [0/90]s laminate was most

This study examined the effects and interaction of four primary impact parameters (impact velocity, angle of impact relative to the ground, ground compliance and helmet impact location) on head kinematics and brain tissue response for falls that are most commonly associated with equestrian sports. A helmeted headform was subject to parametric tests using a rail guided launcher at three impact velocities

A finite element model is developed to investigate the detailed deformation behavior re-entrant honeycomb structures and quantify the energy absorbed by re-entrant honeycomb structures. The results obtained from the finite element model are compared with the results of an analytical model available in the literature to validate the finite element model. Numerical results revealed that the orientation

Cambridge is truly known as Britain’s cycling capital but this has all been achieved without any real cycling infrastructure. Therefore, safety concern is the persistent barrier to cycling in Cambridge and its reputation is on the decline. Thus in response to the small number of the literatures on prediction models for cyclist related injuries, this study presents a modelling technique that applies

From accident investigations it is found that under some unknown conditions the energy absorbing capacity and anti-overriding function of anti-climber are greatly reduced due to the serious vertical buckling. In order to analyse the vertical buckling mechanism of collided anti-climber, a simulation strategy based on the coupling finite element method and multi-body dynamics is proposed in this paper

In this study, a comprehensive numerical investigation is carried out to evaluate the crashworthy behavior and the energy absorbing capacity of lateral corrugated composite tubes under axial loading. In this regard, a new lateral corrugated circle tube with a sinusoidal cross-section is proposed. To investigate the process of energy absorption, material model 54 in non-linear FE software LS-DYNA is

The growing problem of daily urban traffic congestion in Kuwait has been attracted the attention of the public, the private sector, and the authorities at the highest level of national policy making. A ‘floating car’ method was utilised to measure the actual time-delays due to congestion at a representative sample of routes. Nearly, 64% of the sample population included the Kuwaiti national and 71

With the exponential growth of the number of vehicles in the traffic, road traffic accidents have become a fast-growing and wide-spreading menace, causing the loss of precious human life and economic assets. In addition to the fast growth of population and motorization, roads are highly occupied by cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles, minibikes, taxis, pedestrians, animals, and other travelers. The main

Small overlap accidents of sedans often result in severe injuries. In this article, a crashworthiness design method, including engine-room energy management, suspension safety design and passenger compartment enhancement, was evaluated to improve the small overlap rating based on finite element simulation. Longitudinal reinforcement and shotgun redesign techniques were proposed to increase energy-absorption

During the high-speed operation of trains, cars, and other forms of transport, there is a risk of collision with external objects, such as birds in flight. In the event of an impact, not only will the front of the vehicle be damaged, but the external object may also damage, the driver behind the glass and causing immeasurable consequences. According to the design principle of a general windshield glass

The investigation and reconstruction are fundamental to enable designers to improve the subway vehicle’s crashworthiness. In this paper, a crashworthiness study of a subway vehicle collision accident in Beijing was conducted. Based on field investigation, the full-scale detail finite-element model, has established to calculate the dynamic behaviour of the vehicle in the accident. Then, the numerical

To investigate the energy-absorption characteristics of thin-walled metals and Nomex® honeycomb composite structures, Nomex® honeycombs with five different specifications were applied to anti-climbing energy absorbing devices. Based on compression tests on Nomex® honeycombs, the equivalent numerical model for honeycombs was verified. A finite element model (FEM) for anti-climbing energy absorbing devices

Frontal oblique collision is more likely to cause train derailment and result in more serious consequences. In order to investigate the effect of impact angle on the derailment behaviour and mechanism of a subway train under frontal oblique collisions, a finite element model of train-rigid wall is established based on a four-section train running at 25 km/h. The oblique impact angle ranges from 6.34°

Traumatic aortic rupture (TAR) is believed to be the second most common cause of fatality associated with motor vehicle crashes(MVCs) with substantial societal and economic burdens. TAR in motor vehicle crashes is caused by a complex state of deformation progressing at high strain rates. A major step to gain insight into the possible mechanisms of TAR is to understand the mechanical behaviour of aortic

(2019). Correction. International Journal of Crashworthiness. Ahead of Print.

Subway collision accidents are inevitable, and if an accident occurs, it can cause injuries to passengers. In this study, the finite element method is used to compare four different situations with forward standing and lateral standing: back constraints with handrails I, II and III and hand constraints with handrail I. The results show that in the case of standing backward, handrail III can cause serious

A method to evaluate the effectiveness of wearable airbag protectors for motorcyclists is proposed in this work. The mitigation of thoracic injury severity in relevant accident conditions was investigated by a multimodel numerical approach. A set of impact conditions, obtained from previous work using multibody models, was used as input data to support the detailed analysis of injury risk with finite

(2019). Expression of Concern: A study of thoracoabdominal injury of immature pigs restrained by various belts in front crashes. International Journal of Crashworthiness. Ahead of Print.

Two different quasi-static crushing tests have been performed to investigate the effects of humid ageing on the crashworthiness behaviours of the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminates. Four different types of specimens made from T700/M21 and Cytec woven CFRP materials were placed in a humidity-controlled chamber at 90% relative humidity (RH) and 80 °C until they reach saturation before performing

Grooved tube has proved to be an effective energy absorber due to its excellent controllability during axial crushing. In the present research, a novel energy absorber named two-stage grooved tube is proposed. Three approaches are put forward to improve the material utilisation of grooved tube by reducing the dimensions of thick-walled section. In addition, to enhance the stability and energy absorption

This paper studies the complex mechanical behaviour of woven carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites fabricated by Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion technique. A strategy for modelling of woven composite using a continuum damage mechanic model is proposed in this research. Then different loading cases, including off-angle tension, punch and axial crushing of corrugated plate, were simulated and the

The effect of the parameters of the Johnson and Cook material model on the direct impact crushing behaviour of a layered 1050 H14 aluminium corrugated structure was investigated numerically in LS-DYNA at quasi-static (0.0048 m s−1) and dynamic (20, 60, 150 and 250 m s−1) velocities. Numerical and experimental direct impact tests were performed by lunching a striker bar onto corrugated samples attached

This research concerns the crashworthiness study and enhancement of commercial aircraft fuselage structures by incorporating crushable hybrid energy absorbers to work as vertical struts. To assess their contribution on a representative aircraft structure, a numerical simulation of a Boeing 737-200 drop test is developed and validated with experimental data available in the literature. The fuselage

Bio-inspired engineering designs have gained great attention due to their excellent structural and mechanical properties. To study the hierarchical structural characteristics of natural structures, a finite element (FE) model of novel bio-inspired triangular hierarchical honeycomb was presented to investigate its axial energy absorption characteristic using the nonlinear finite element software LS-DYNA

Abstract Understanding the impact severity of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) collisions with the human body remains a challenge and is essential to the development of safe UAS operations. Complementary to performing experiments of UAS collisions with a crash dummy, a computational impact model is needed in order to capture the large variety of UAS types and impact scenarios. This article presents the

Frequent occurrences of road traffic accidents put forward more and more stringent requirements on the vehicle safety performance. To optimise the vehicle structure crashworthiness, the different optimisation design methods, including deterministic, reliability-based and robust optimisation, are performed simultaneously in this study. The support vector regression (SVR) model is employed to approximate

Head injury is the leading cause of fatality and disability suffered by pedestrians, which were the extremely vulnerable population of road users. The purpose of this study is to investigate the risk factors determining the head injury severity of pedestrians involved in traffic accidents. A team was established to collect pedestrian–vehicle accident cases occurring between 2011 and 2015 in Chongqing

Recently, various alternative battery pack design studies have been conducted to achieve the safety requirements of an electric vehicle (EV). This article assesses the performance of a mechanical battery pack structure on the basis of energy absorption and packaging efficiency, thus enabling optimization of the EV’s overall performance in addition to the actual crash performance. Commercially available