Sandwich composites with polymeric open-celled foams or honeycomb structures as core materials have been used widely in low-weight naval, aerospace and structural applications in the past. One major drawback of such foams is skin-core debonding. To overcome this, core materials with the same matrix as the skin are studied in this paper. Sandwich composites with fibre composite skins and a hollow glass

The research evaluated constant stiffness (CS) and variable stiffness (VS) laminate composites using two simulated situations: static and bird strike analyses. The first example demonstrates that a plate with a hole exhibits better strength and stiffness when using VS laminate. The continuously changed fibre orientation creates variations in stiffness at different locations, allowing designers to adjust

Abstract The objective of this study was to explore the relevance between Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) control strategy and occupant pre-impact kinematics among a typical real-world cut-in impact scenario. First, the accident scenario was built with PreScan software after accident analysis. Second, a MADYMO simulation model with Active Human Model (AHM) was built and validated with the volunteer

Rollover crashes have the highest fatality rate and exhibit complex and unpredictable mechanisms in terms of vehicle-ground and vehicle-occupant interactions. The objective of this study is to evaluate the tilt table and modified dolly rollover (MDR) crash tests in terms of how these crash tests can represent those interactions and compare their results with two real-world rollover crashes. An application

Despite numerous past studies conducted on traffic barriers, research is still needed to analyze the performance of traffic barriers on superelevated horizontal curves. Based on the literature of traffic barrier studies, the effect of geometric features of traffic barriers (such as height and post-spacing) on crashes involving horizontal curves has not been investigated considering actual crash data

Resistance Rivet Spot Welding (RRSW) is a joining technique with high flexibility and cost efficiency for connecting steel and aluminum sheet metal parts in an automotive body in white (BIW). Using this method, both pure steel and steel–aluminum mixed BIW can be produced in the same assembly line. The prediction of the load-bearing capacity and failure behavior in crashworthiness calculation by the

This paper focuses on the energy absorption of additively manufactured or 3D printed lattice-core sandwich structures of different configurations. The compressive behavior of 3D lattice structures with rhombic dodecahedron unit cells is investigated at Quasi-static loading. A parametric analysis was performed, using a Box-Behnken design (BBD), as a method for design of experiments (DOE). Then, the

According to the characteristics of the cyclic ring structure, this paper deals with a topology optimization method based on the dynamical Hertz contact theory to simulate the material distribution. A piecewise linear plasticity material model is utilized by considering the relative design of materials as design variables. Using the cellular automata unit state information to update the design variables

In a SDNaSch model, vehicles tend to brake sharply, leading to an inherent safety risk cellular automata based on defensive driving, considering the deceleration behavior of the preceding vehicle before the braking process. A numerical simulation is performed to determine the flow–density relationship, average speed–density relationship, emergency brake ratio–density relationship and space–time diagram

Based on the theoretical crashworthiness model of variable thickness rectangular section tubes, this article simplified the super-folding element to analyze the energy absorption characteristics of variable thickness 12 right-angles section (VTTRS) tubes during axial crushing. To discuss the deformation mode of VTTRS tubes, a series of finite element models were built based on the verified finite element

A double-tapered rectangular tube with diaphragms (DTRTD) for energy absorbance in railway vehicles is proposed. The mean crushing force (MCF) of DTRTD was derived. The code LS-DYNA3D (971) was used to build a finite element model, validated using a quasi-static test. The experiment results and numerical simulation indicate the accuracy of the theoretical prediction for the MCF of DTRTD and the regularity

The objective of the study is to quantify the benefits of an earlier brake activation by the drivers potentially achieved by a Forward Collision Warning (FCW) system in simulated car-to-cyclist accident scenarios. A parametric analysis is performed by varying the detection sensor Field Of View (FOV), the FCW trigger time and the driver’s reaction lag time to the FCW. Almost two thousand and three hundred

Platooning is an extension of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) and forward collision avoidance technology; it allows lateral and longitudinal control of vehicles while they move in tight formations. Platooning is ideal for trucks as they usually travel long distances in highways as a group. It is necessary to understand if the existing roadside safety devices are adequate to resist the consecutive

Motorcycle to vehicle impact accidents occur frequently in real world and often cause serious brain injuries and deaths of motorcyclists. This study aims to research the motorcyclist head responses and helmet protection performance at common motorcycle-vehicle impact scenarios. First, multi-body system (MBS) models of motorcycle-vehicle impact were developed to investigate motorcyclist’s head and vehicle

Side right-angle collision (SRC) is the most serious type of side collision accidents, most of which occur at intersections with complex traffic conditions. In this paper, based on the NASS/GES samples, three models (C5.0, CHAID, and CART) are established to identify factors with crucial influences on the severity of SRC accidents. Then, the dual-state decision rules are established to get the cause

This article aims to investigate the low-velocity impact behaviour of non-symmetric FMLs bonded with aluminium sheets and carbon fibre composite laminates by experimental and numerical methods. Two types of non-symmetric FMLs (bilayered and trilaminar FMLs) are fabricated to study the effect of structure configuration on impact behaviour over a range of impact energies, both sides of each non-symmetric

The purpose of this study is to examine the rotational mechanisms of a helmeted head and the effects of whole-body kinematic behavior of a cyclist and head-helmet interaction on head rotation and brain strain in an A-pillar impact in a car-to-cyclist collision. FE simulations where helmeted and unhelmeted cyclist models configured to collide with a small sedan car model were conducted. Although the

The present research introduces a new type of energy absorber that absorbs the impact energy through a new process. In this process, firstly, an end-capped frustum is inverted by a thin-walled tube, with no collapse occurred to the frustum during the inversion process. Once half of the frustum was inverted, the frustum and the tube absorb the energy simultaneously through a folding process. In this

Two analytical models are presented for an airbag installed as an aircraft seat cushion to reduce shock to passengers during an emergency. In the first model, an airbag is modelled as a rigid cylinder, while in the second model, initial deformed shapes and volume changes of an airbag after crash are considered. In numerical simulations, effects of orifice contraction coefficient, exhaust diameter ratio

One of the important factors of road safety is drivers’ behavior. It is very useful to examine the factors of driver behavior to reduce the human factors to improve road safety. The objective of this study is to employ Manchester driver behavior questionnaire (DBQ) to measure various types of driver behavior in Kuwait. Data collection was performed by using an online questionnaire. The factor analysis

The newly revised GB 13057-2014 ‘The strength of the seats and their anchorages of passenger vehicles’ replaces the static test with a dynamic test, which puts forward higher requirements on seat safety. Considering safety and lightweight design, the LFT (Long glass Fiber reinforced Thermoplastic) is used to replace the original steel seat back frame. Combined with energy absorption model and topology

This study aims to investigate the crashworthiness performance of thin-walled tapered tubes with hybrid geometry (HG-tubes) both experimentally and numerically (finite element code LS–DYNA) under quasi-static axial compression. The HG-tube cross section progressively changes along the axial length from circular to square. First, axial crushing tests of mild steel specimens were conducted. Then, two

This paper focuses on the energy absorption of additively-manufactured or 3D-printed lattice-core sandwich structures of different configurations. The rhombic dodecahedron lattice unit cell, which has been extensively investigated for energy absorption, is the starting point for this research. The compressive behaviour of 3D lattice structures with rhombic dodecahedron unit cells was examined at quasi-static

In this study, the effect of the failure criteria on the advanced high-strength steel and carbon steel B-pillar in case of a side impact is investigated to evaluate the effects of failure criteria on the accuracy of impact simulation. Three different failure criteria, namely Johnson-Cook, Bao-Xue-Wierzbicki and Biquad, are compared concerning B-pillar material energy absorption for different impact

This study investigates the effects of motorcycle-riding experience on aberrant driving behaviors and road traffic accidents (RTAs). Pakistan is one of the countries where motorcycle usage is very high. It can be supposed that the aberrant riding behaviors (improper U-turn, wrong overtaking, stopping anywhere on the road, etc.) while riding a motorcycle might be memorized when motorcycle rider switch

This article addresses the energy absorption and crashworthiness optimisation of a multi-cell energy-absorbing structure which is composed of orthohexagonal tubes and connecting column under dynamic impact loading. In this work, a finite element model was established and effectively verified using experimental data. To explore the effects of each structural part length parameters on crashworthiness

The problem of injury protection for pedestrian is a research hot spot in traffic safety, and simulations are important research tools. In the process of design of simulation experiments, pedestrian gaits become more and more important. Hence in the research three pedestrian gait serials (walking, running and emergency) were found through observing and reconstructing 150 vehicle-pedestrian collision

In order to obtain the initial condition of the traffic accident and reconstruct the collision process of motorcycle and car in reverse, this paper proposes a multi-objective optimisation algorithm based on the combination of NSGA-II and surrogate model. Aiming at a collision accident between a car and motorcycle, a simulation model of the human-vehicle-road coupling system is established. First, select

There are serious traffic accidents and large angle impact on vehicle body when a bus rolls over. In this paper, a novel local functionally graded thickness (LFGT) sidewall pillar and a minimum deformation search (MDS) method are investigated to improve the bus rollover crashworthiness. According to ECE R66 standard, there was most serious deformation of the traditional side column of the bus when

The purpose of this study is to complete a previous quasi-static experimental campaign on the energy absorption performance of composite tubes with the influence of the dynamic effect. Various hybrid composite tubes, involving unidirectional and braided plies with various materials and stacking sequences, were tested both in quasi-static and in dynamic crushing in order to identify their behavior and

This work is interested in the effect of water immersion on the low-velocity impact behaviour of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. The woven composite laminates are manufactured using the prepreg technique. The specimen preparation and the impact tests are undertaken following the ASTM D 7136 standard. To ensure water saturation, the specimens were immersed in distilled water up to 368 h. The

Current U.S. and Canadian regulations for rear underride guards on large truck trailers do not promote designs with adequate protection in offset crashes. The objective of the current study was to determine whether a quasi-static evaluation could distinguish between underride guards with different performance in offset crash tests. Five different underride guard designs were evaluated in quasi-static

Multy-body simulation is applied to compute the motorcyclist’s kinematic in case of virtual motorcycle versus car accident. Results show that for over 50% of the simulations, the impact velocities of the whole body exceed 8 m/s when impacting the vehicle and 4 m/s at the time of road impact. The head impacts the vehicle most often with a speed exceeding 7.5 m/s in the fronto-lateral impact configuration

The bumper beams mounted on the front or rear of the vehicles should act as an energy absorber in slight collisions and prevent the other parts to be damaged. In most crashes the bumper beam deforms in bending mode, so strengthening this hollow thin walled structure with internal stiffeners (ribs) against this type of loading is the aim of this study. Several aluminum beams with rectangular cross-section

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery systems are used for electric vehicles (EV) in the automotive industry due to their lightweight and high energy density. The battery modules are composite structures with significant geometry and material non-linearity. Their behaviour under mechanical loading is important for EV performance and crashworthiness design. In this study, quasi-static (0.06 mm/s) and low speed

Abstract The relationship between crash pulse shape and injury risk has been studied primarily with laboratory studies, but these are not necessarily representative of most real-life crashes. For the past decade, pulse information from real-life crashes has been available through event data recorders. The aim of this study is to evaluate how crash pulses from event data recorders can be parameterized

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the yield criterion and dynamic response of fully clamped slender rectangular sandwich tubes with metal foam core struck by a low-velocity heavy mass. A plastic yield criterion is proposed for the rectangular sandwich tubes with metal foam core. Using the yield criterion, analytical solutions are derived for the dynamic response of fully clamped slender

Electric vehicles have become the main trend of the future development of the automotive industry due to their advantages such as energy conservation and environmental protection, strong acceleration capability, and low noise. This paper uses a volume-produced fuel passenger vehicle P5 as a prototype. Based on the given driving mode and traction battery pack layout of a battery electric vehicle (BEV)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a striking vehicle steering maneuvers on the kinematics and head injury risk of cyclists using the finite element (FE) modeling method. Twenty-six accident cases with video records were analyzed to define the range of the striking vehicle yaw angular velocity just before the collisions by the vehicle occurred. Parametric studies of the vehicle

Road traffic accident scenes provide useful information for understanding how accidents happen and calculating the speeds of the vehicles involved. Unmanned aerial vehicles can obtain photographs of accident scenes, but utilizing these photographs has problems such as low target resolution and scale changes. An improved Resnet–Single-Shot Multibox Detector (R-SSD) algorithm based on a deep residual

In this paper, a porous material–bi-directional corrugated honeycomb aluminum (Bi-DCHA) was manufactured, and quasi-static compression experiments were performed in axial (Y/Z-direction) and radial (X-direction) directions. It was concluded that the mechanical properties in the Y/Z directions were better than those in X-direction. Further, to verify the effect of expanded polypropylene (EPP) on the

Thin-walled structures have an inherent shortcoming that their cross sections are likely to flatten when subjected to transverse loading. In the paper, four simple novel reinforcement configurations into the thin-walled square tubes are put forward, and their bending resistance under three-point bending is investigated using the ABAQUS/Explicit code. The numerical results indicate that the reinforcements

This work presents an evaluation of bus structure during a frontal collision. A finite element (FE) model of a bus frontal structure has been simulated under ANSYS/explicit dynamics. Simulation investigated both front-end deformation and generated deceleration was attained byusing two different impact velocities. Lagrangian function has been used to validate the obtained energy absorption. A lumped

This study investigates the effect of initiator geometry, i.e. an inward-triggering cap (ITC), an outward-triggering plug (OTP) and a flat-surface plate (FSP), on the failure mechanisms and energy absorption of two carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) tubes, [03/45/−45/90/−45/45/03] (type U) and [03/902/03/(0/90)] (type W), under dynamic and quasi-static crushing in the axial direction. Under both

The application of composite materials is an important measure to reduce the automotive wheel’s weight. In order to ensure the safety of passengers, the wheels must pass a series of tests including the 13° impact test. For an injection-molded wheel, its production process has an influence on the material properties and residual stress distribution, which affect the wheel’s mechanical performance. In

This study estimated the cost of road crashes in Kuwait for 2012 using human capital method, particularly, gross loss output method. Three cost components were considered: cost of personal loss, cost of vehicle crash and general crash-related cost. The overall cost of road crashes in Kuwait in 2012 reached a value of 789,401,438 KD with a crash cost rate of 9121.6 KD/crash. It was also found that the

While buses are a safe form of transport in developed countries, developing countries like Iran face significant safety concerns regarding buses. Nevertheless, few studies have examined the factors associated with the number and severity of bus crashes. The present study investigates the underlying risk factors associated with the severity of urban transit bus accidents in Mashhad, Iran, by estimating

The current Euro NCAP pedestrian head test procedure encourages the industry to optimise their vehicle design towards a simplistic, sub-system test procedure instead of the full-scale pedestrian impact. Thus, the effectiveness of this procedure in reducing real-world pedestrian injury risk and severity depends on how accurately the sub-system test procedure can correlate the full-scale impact. The

Accident reconstructions and numerical simulations are used to evaluate and improve protective systems. Virtual testing and numerical methods can assist in the improvement safety of vulnerable road users. This work presents the tremendous potential of using computer-aided engineering by describing the development of a windshield numerical model and its damage and fracture validation. The motivation

The newly revised GB 13057-2014 put forward high requirements for the dynamic occupant protection of passenger car seats. Due to the high density of steel, there is currently not much space for lightweight through structure improvement. In this paper, the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of CFRP and corresponding simulations are used to study the mechanical behaviour of CFRP and verify

This research analyzes the head and chest injuries with a finite element model of Hybrid III six years old during the vehicle rollover, using a passive safety Child restraint system (CRS). Vehicle seats and passive safety systems were modeled in CAD software. Subsequently, all elements were analyzed using the finite element method in the LS-DYNA® software. The border conditions were established for

The Automobile’s Bumper Beam as an energy absorber has the task of dissipating kinetic energy due to an accident. The necessity of lighter materials with the secure usage of vehicles caused the researchers to consider about the new class of materials for bumper systems. Shape memory alloys have drawn much attention and interest due to their unique properties such as shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity

Thin-walled tubes are extensively used in the automotive industry because of their high energy absorption capacity and lightweight advantages. These structures are expected to have high energy absorption and low peak force during any collision. In this study, to obtain low peak crushing force, different wall lengths have applied to the thin-walled tubes. Different wall lengths have investigated using

In general, results from the birdstrike tests are employed so that they can be used to validate numerical models and promote the use of numerical tools in aircraft design and the certification process. In this research, firstly, via three existing experiments, the numerical models of birdstrikes are verified, and the simulated methods and parameters are chosen, such as the bird EOS’ selection. And

This paper seeks to identify variables affecting the severity of crashes involving traffic barrier end treatments. A field inventory was conducted to collect type, system height (from the ground to the top), lateral offset (from the edge of pavement), and side-slope of over 11,000 end treatments in the state of Wyoming. Then, the data collected was combined with historical end treatment crashes using

A shock absorber based on the progressive failure of a composite tube was developed. The composite tube is subjected to axial compression from the pressing cap at one end and folds inward at the other end under the effect of the crush cap without debris overflow. The crushed composite is compacted into a hollow tube and increases the resisting force once it reaches the pressing cap. For larger strokes

Thin-walled structures play an important role as an energy absorber in all kinds of crash accidents due to their excellent energy absorption characteristics and lightweight. This paper aims to investigate the crashworthiness of thin-walled tapered tubes with star-shaped cross section under oblique impact. Firstly, the finite element model is validated through compressive tests. Then, the tapered star-shaped

Composite/metal hybrid structure has both the advantages of light weight and high strength of composite materials and the advantages of low cost and easy connection of metals, which has great prospects for automotive applications. It is significant to investigate the energy absorption characteristics and theoretical analysis of Composite/Metal hybrid structures under transverse loading. Our study uses

The awareness towards environmental conservation and protection emerges issues on new technology leading to the development of technologies that are more sensitive and environment-friendly. One of the ways to have cleaner and environmentally-friendly vehicles is to adopt the electric vehicle (EV) concept. EVs present a research challenge for safety engineers. The vehicle crash tests are complex and

This paper introduces an energy-absorption structure which dissipates energy utilising the ‘bending-straightening’ process and the friction of a thin metal plate. Three repeated tensile tests were carried out to investigate the force and energy characteristics of the structure. Different loading methods and loading rates of the simulation were studied and the numerical model was verified. Furthermore