Abstract This work overviews the axial crushing behaviour of tube in absorbing kinetic energy produced due to impact collision. Key insights on crash mechanics of crumple zone are provided to understand the crashworthiness characteristics of crash tubes. Parameters like peak collapse load, energy absorption capacity (EAC) and deformation modes are studied comprehensively to strengthen the understanding

Abstract Due to the reduction of vehicle development time and cost constraints, increasing volumes of vehicle development work are being transferred from automotive manufacturers to suppliers. In the area of vehicle structure development, one of the major challenges for suppliers is to deliver a good structural solution in a short time with very limited vehicle data. For those crash-relevant components

Abstract In this paper, a side impact simulation model is established based on ECE R129 regulations. The four design parameters of headrest stiffness, head cushion foam density, the gap between headrest and dummy head, and seat wing shell stiffness are taken as objects to study their effects on side impact protection of children's safety seats, respectively. And through orthogonal test and variance

Abstract An elastic-plastic, viscoelastic damage model to accurately describe the crushing and energy absorption of polymer foams in sandwich panels was implemented in ABAQUS Explicit. Good agreement was found between ABAQUS predictions and experimental results with Divinycell H100 foams under triaxial compression, triaxial compression-tension and triaxial compression-shear. The elastic-plastic viscoelastic

Abstract TPMS (triply periodic minimal surface) sheet structure consists of a spatially continuous surface, which forms a periodic porous structure, and has outstanding mechanical performance and ultralight weight. However, there are few studies on the periodic structure as an internal reinforcement energy absorber. In this study, we mainly discuss the collision ability of TPMS -filled square tubes

Abstract A new excellent energy absorption structure named as leaf vein branched circular tubes (LVBCT) is proposed based on lotus leaf vein branched structure. The crashworthiness of LVBCT under lateral load is numerically studied by LS-DYNA. First, the numerical simulation model is established and compared with the existing experimental results to verify the feasibility. Meanwhile, the crushing behaviour

Abstract Acute subdural hematomas (ASDHs) caused by vehicle collisions are common brain injuries that suffers prone to disability and death. However, there is currently no commonly accepted evaluation index for ASDHs, such as the head injury criterion (HIC) for evaluating skull injuries and the brain injury criteria (BrIC, BRIC) for evaluating diffuse axonal injuries. Therefore, we established a set

Abstract Motorcyclists are an integral component of the traffic stream especially, in low-income developing countries like Pakistan. However, motorcyclists lay in the group of vulnerable road users i.e., road users with the least protection, along with pedestrians and cyclists. Therefore, the current study employed the random parameters logit model to identify key risk factors associated with motorcyclist

Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the applicability of one-class classification (OCC) models in traffic accident prediction. So far, the accident prediction problem has been considered as a binary classification problem in the literature. Since real accident datasets often involve only accident situations, we thought that OCC could provide more successful predictions. In this study

Abstract The lotus root multi-cellular structure is a novel filling structure with good energy-absorbing properties. In this paper, the relationship between cell geometry and mechanical properties of lotus root multi-cellular structure, and the relationship between cell arrangement and mechanical properties of lotus root multi-cellular structure are studied in detail. Firstly, the 3D printer was used

Abstract In this paper, weight reduction methods were studied in a seat track used in a passenger cars front seats. One of front seat, which has passed regulation tests and has been verified by the finite element model, a monoblock riser bracket design has been developed instead of the existing individual brackets. The bracket geometry has determined by topography optimization. The final model was

Abstract The forestry sector is faced with road accident which results in great cost to the company. The cost of road accidents against the cost of mitigating road accidents is not estimated. This paper compares the cost of road accidents and the cost of mitigating strategies of road accidents. Using a case study of two accidents that occurred in the forestry sector, it was seen that the cost of an

Abstract Traffic accident scene recognition is the first premise of accident analysis and scene reconstruction, so the research on traffic accident scene recognition technology is of great significance. In this paper, an improved Region Proposal Network based on Faster Region-based Convolutional Network (Faster R-CNN) is proposed. Because the network adopts four strategies to improve the Regional Proposal

(2021). Retraction. International Journal of Crashworthiness: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 465-465.

Abstract Bioinspired structure/material has attracted attentions in engineering fields. In this article, a novel sandwich cylinder inspired by shore horsetail is proposed by introducing the double-arrowed auxetic filler. The energy absorption characteristics of the sandwich cylinder are analysed comprehensively and compared to the conventional structure to show its superiority. The effects of the geometric

Abstract Generally, it is observed, adolescent drivers contribute a major share in motor accident crashes/cases as they are prone to a high level of distraction during driving. Many sundry explanations are monitored behind such cases. An umpteen number of risks which make young drivers more vulnerable to accidents add in high use of electronic appliances, inexperienced drivers, peer involvement during

Abstract In order to more accurately simulate the injury of riders and the motion characteristics of two-wheelers, the modeling method and the simulation model of two-wheeler traffic accidents are studied in this paper. Firstly, the rider dummy model is established by using the module combination method. Then, taking into account the manipulation of riders on two-wheelers and the interaction between

Abstract Thin-walled tubes are widely used as energy absorption devices because of their excellent crashworthiness. In this paper, a novel tubular configuration with a double-layer sinusoidal corrugated section, namely, a double-layer sinusoidal tube (D-LSCT), is proposed to improve the energy absorption capacities. Quasi-static compression experiments and finite element simulations were used to analyse

Abstract This article reviews approaches to mathematical modeling of a vehicle crash. The growing focus on vehicle and occupant safety in car crashes has triggered the need to study vehicle crashworthiness in the initial stages of vehicle development. The major motivation for this work is to support vehicle crashworthiness design during the product development process.The article is divided into two

Abstract Multi-wall profile as one of the most widely approaches can enhance the crashworthiness properties in thin-walled tubular structures. In actual application process as energy absorbers, there may be a variety of circumstances including axial crushing and lateral crushing. However, the crashworthiness in the multi-wall tubular structure considering both axial crushing and lateral crushing circumstances

Abstract Induced structure has been widely used in thin-walled structures to reduce the initial peak crash force (PCF) and improve the crashworthiness. In this paper, the perforated aluminum-carbon fiber reinforced polymer thin-walled tube (AL-CFRP tube) was investigated to explore the design issue of the parameters of induced holes. For the purpose, firstly, a finite element model of perforated AL-CFRP

Abstract Tractor and earth-moving machine rollover has become one of the leading causes of occupational death in the agricultural/constructional industry. Therefore, these machines need proper protective structures to protect operators. In this study, explicit finite element (FE) analysis is adapted to predict the performance of rollover protective structure (ROPS) of a hydraulic excavator in the early

Abstract During a side impact accident of an automobile, the automobile threshold plays an important role in maintaining the living space of passengers, and thus the crashworthiness design of thresholds may effectively improve the crash safety of the car. Inspired by the excellent load carrying and energy absorption capacity of foam-filled double tubes, a sandwich threshold which is composed of an

Abstract The present study proposes a 15-degrees of freedom multibody model of semi-supine humans to estimate the injury risk to a space capsule occupant during landing. The model consists of five body segments representing head-neck, thorax-arms, abdomen, thigh-pelvis, and leg. The semi-supine human model is calibrated using transmissibility responses of each body segment obtained from parallel vibration

Abstract In momentum-based impact models used in accident reconstructions, the restitution coefficient is a key role to determine impulses and delta-V accurately in car-to-car collisions. The restitution coefficients can be defined as the normal and the tangential direction in the contact plane, and the same value of the normal and tangential coefficients is employed in a two-dimensional PC-Crash model

Abstract Pedestrians are vulnerable road users subject to severer injuries and higher fatality risk in motor vehicle crashes due to limited protection. An important portion of vehicle–pedestrian crashes occurred at intersections due to the complex movements of various types of road users and the conflicts among them. To address the safety concern, this paper investigates the contributing factors to

Abstract This study proposes a hybrid optimisation method integrating contribution analysis, Entropy weight Technique for Ordering Preferences by Similarity to Ideal Solution (E-TOPSIS), design of experiments (DOEs), and grey relational analysis (GRA) for optimisation design of front-end safety parts of automobile bodies to improve the crashworthiness and lightweight of vehicles. First, the finite

Abstract This work investigates the crashworthiness of jute fiber mat reinforced epoxy composite circular tubes by introducing holes around the tube circumference. The composite tubes were tested under quasi-static compressive mode. Based on Taguchi’s method considering L27 orthogonal array, the optimization of design variables was carried out by selecting three design variables with three levels such

Abstract The safety protection of elderly pedestrians has always been the focus of passive safety research in car collision accidents. Lower limb protection efficiency for pedestrians is lower than occupants inside the vehicle. In particular, lower limb injuries account for a large proportion of pedestrian accident injuries. This study aims to determine the trend and primary characteristics of pedestrian

Abstract Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) may lose control and collide with other objects in the air, thus causing serious flight safety accidents. In this paper, the impact load and damage mechanism of 4.78 kg quad rotor UAV were studied. First, the accurate numerical model of UAV was established in the explicit dynamic analysis software LS-DYNA. Then the overall drop simulation and test of UAV with

Abstract In automobiles there is large scope for composite materials to be used for manufacture of structural parts. The development of electric vehicles has caused for a gain in utilization of composites in automotive applications. In the event of a collision composites afford for an electrical insulation aimed at safety in contradiction of electric shock along with higher strength to weight ratios

Abstract The aim of the manuscript is to access whether the Rate of Collision Avoidance (RCA) will be improved by considering the pedestrian deceleration in the Pedestrian Autonomous Emergency Braking Systems (AEB-P). A vehicle braking method by considering the pedestrian deceleration was proposed firstly, and then through the Monte Carlo optimization algorithm optimal combinations of 7 input parameters

Abstract This paper addresses a hybrid approach for evaluating the risk of vehicle failure modes based on Vlsekriterijumska optimizacija I KOmpromisno Resenje (VIKOR), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and maintenance data under fuzzy environment. Firstly, the failure modes and risk criteria are decided by expert team according to their experience and maintenance data. Secondly, the weights of risk

Abstract In this study, the effect of fiber angle alignment on the energy-absorbing behavior of 0°, 5° and 10° conical CFRP tubes was numerically investigated. Feedforward Neural Networks (FFNN) were used to determine the optimum fiber angle alignment for the highest absorbed energy (AE), crash force efficiency (CFE), and lowest peak force. In addition, 100, 400, 600, and 800 kg/m3 metallic foam filling

Abstract Detection of damage due to impact in an isotropic structure like metal, its alloys, etc. is an easy task but in the case of fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite structures, it becomes one of the critical factors which cannot be tolerated to use this structure extensively. Metals are usually ductile in nature as they can absorb more energy but in case of composite it is different; impact

Abstract This paper deals with the modelling and examination of the influence of predictor variables (contributory factors) on road crashes (RCs) among functionally classified vehicles (i) motorcycles, (ii) non-commercial (private) vehicles, and (iii) commercial (work-related vehicles) in Pakistan. A retrospective study was performed on the RC data (2013-2017), collected from the National Highway and

Abstract In order to access the maximum benefits of controlled vehicle braking in reducing ground related injury, based on a basic simulation test sample, which include 24 simulations with three velocities, four pedestrian sizes and two pedestrian gaits, 10176 simulations were conducted by Madymo. After comparative study, we found that the vehicle caused injury will not increase if the vehicle braking

Abstract Oblique impact loading conditions are unavoidable in practical applications, which strongly influence the performance response of energy-absorbing structures. In this paper, the finite element models of four typical cellular structures (hexagon honeycomb, re-entrant hexagon honeycomb, star-shape honeycomb, double arrow honeycomb) are established and experimentally validated. The dynamic responses

Abstract This work follows up previous work regarding the virtual simulation of the presented solution. It is based on experience gained in the Active Lateral Impact Simulator (ALIS) project and describes complete process. The main focus has been given to the fine-tuning of the boundary conditions and loading of the system in order to ensure correct biomechanical loads.

Abstract This work reports the performance of energy absorbers made in mild-steel and aluminum thin-walled square tubes under quasi-static compression tests. They have circular holes discontinuities laterally drilled on two or four opposing faces of the tube, according to three different distances based on the effective crushing distance, resulting in 23, 36, and 46 mm, as well as two diameters 8 and

Abstract This study focuses on the axial and oblique low-velocity impact response of thin-walled aluminium conical frusta with circular cutouts at two different locations through experimental and finite element procedures. In this regard, a circular cutout was laterally introduced on 15°, 25°, and 35° semi-apical angled conical frusta at mid-height (0.5 Hc) and three-fourth (0.75 Hc) of axis height

Abstract In the present research, the crushing response and crashworthiness characteristics of aluminum circular tubes with and without vertical corrugations were studied. In this regard, crashworthiness characteristics and collapsing behaviors of these structures are analyzed. The tubes of higher diameter under quasi-static axial compression show greater values of crashworthiness indexes compared

Abstract In order to explore the influence of the general layout parameters of the child restraint system on the evaluation index of child injury in a frontal impact, and to explore the general layout plan that can minimize the child’s injury, this paper selects an I-Size child safety seat that meets the ECE R44 regulations as the research object, in accordance with the ECE R129 regulations, uses the

Abstract A collaborative optimisation method for the lightweight and crashworthiness of the cab structure is proposed using mixed variable screening, approximate models, multi-objective optimisation and ideal point methods. First, modal and stiffness analyses of the cab model are built. Three impact simulation model of cab are established and verified via ECE R29-02 regulation tests. Subsequently,

Abstract To demonstrate the effect of body posture on the occupant dynamic response under a spacecraft high-level re-entry acceleration overload, seat-dummy system models with typical body positions, including supine and lying positions, are established in this study using Pro-E and HyperWorks software. A Human Model for Safety (HUMOS version II) dummy was used in the model. Seat-dummy system models

Abstract This paper introduces another approach to pre-crash velocity determination by the means of genetic algorithm model adjustment (GAMA). This innovative method is based on the standard genetic algorithm approach applied to the problem of determining the dependency of predicted variable on given parameters. The experiment is performed on a database obtained from NHTSA (National Highway Traffic

Abstract Filling structures with aluminium honeycomb is a typical method for increasing the energy absorption (EA) characteristics of thin-walled beams. This paper puts forward the new outstanding energy absorption component of aluminium honeycomb-filled Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) thin-walled beams which has good cost-effectiveness and easy availability. The effects of aluminium honeycomb

Abstract This paper describes the design and optimization of a safety barrier to protect motorcyclists in case of an accident, using, as a basis, rubber from used tires. The proposed motorcycle protection system (MPS) attempts increase motorcyclist protection in roads. But, at the same time, it offers a new alternative for the reuse of rubber from used tires, thus contributing to solving the environmental

Abstract This article proposes a 3 D printed bioinspired cellular structure known as Scutoids for use in lightweight sandwich designs under compression loads. The 3 D Scutoid cells are epithelial cell that are known for the property of stabilised tissue packing. Four self-packing Scutoid cells are designed for a cellular structure and investigated for deformation, crushing profile, stress concentration

Abstract The crash injury severity prediction of traffic accident is the prerequisite for driving decisions under dangerous conditions. This paper puts forward a new wrapper feature selection algorithm to improve the prediction accuracy of the injury severity. Firstly, based on Gini index and Mutual information, the importance of factors is analyzed by the comprehensive evaluation criteria, according

Abstract The helmet is the only head protection element for jockey in the falling situation. To date, the standard test for shock absorption capacity of the equestrian helmet consists of only linear impacts and uses outdated injury criteria. Previous studies have shown the existence of normal and tangential components of the impact velocity. The present study presents a new method for the evaluation

Abstract In recent years, many researchers have analyzed the 18650 battery, showing that mechanical load can cause short circuits inside the battery. The main contents of this paper are the mechanical response of a single cell with different state of charge (SOC) values under the condition of quasi-static compression and the dynamic analysis of the battery pack with different collision velocities.

Abstract In a front-end crash of a school bus, the existing child restraint system does not provide effective protection to the neck, although it can well protect other regions of the body, including the head and chest. In this study, we developed multi-body seat models with compartmentalization (no belt), lap belt and lap/shoulder belt. We verified the models against sled tests considering dummy motion

Abstract Automotive frontal body structure design and optimisation are absolutely essential towards reducing the risk of pedestrian injuries in road accidents. In this paper, a two-step optimisation process in combination with the finite element method (FEM) is utilized to enhance pedestrian protection for a class-B passenger car. In this way, the finite element (FE) model of the Upper Legform Impactor

Abstract This paper is part of ongoing research and serves to document the testing of the direction of origin of a rock striking and passing through a windscreen of a motor vehicle. The paper covers the literature reviewed for the tests, the design of the test rig and the documentation of the tests performed. The data from the tests was gathered and analysed. Extensive video footage and imagery obtained

Abstract In this study, the crashworthiness performance of three homogeneous sheet metal beams (AA6061-T6, AA2024-T351, and DP 800) and six hybrid sheet metal beams designed by combining different combinations of these materials with spot welding were compared under impact loading. Specific energy absorption (SEA) and peak crushing force (PCF) values of the beams that critical crashworthiness indices

Abstract Shear strength evaluation in composites is still a problem that has not been fully solved. Dynamic shear strength evaluation is even more complicated. In present work, failure theories are used to determine the range of fiber orientations in which the evaluation of shear strength is feasible. The symmetrical laminate is used to eliminate coupled shear strain to improve measurement accuracy

Abstract In recent years, due to the prevalence of road crashes among ride-hailing drivers in China, the investigation of aberrant driving behaviours of ride-hailing drivers has become indispensable. This paper aims to estimate the direct and indirect effects of personal attribute and work-condition factors on aberrant driving behaviours (driver distraction and other aberrant driving behaviours) of

Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of active muscle on lower limb injury in frontal vehicles collision, and to provide corresponding biomechanical parameters for the protective design of lower limbs. Based on a Chinese 50th percentile male lower extremity anatomy information, a human body numerical model with active muscle signals during emergency braking is established.

Abstract As a type of cellular materials, honeycomb structures exhibit great advantages in mechanical properties and crashworthiness. This paper proposed a new kind of combined quasi-honeycomb core and studied on the out-of-plane crashworthiness. Research found that the new combined quasi-honeycomb have great advantages in energy absorption and crushing force efficiency than the conventional hexagonal