This work presents a detailed wind tunnel investigation into the nature of the unsteady flow mechanisms that dictate the aerodynamic forces acting on prime-mover trailer heavy vehicles fitted with various passive flow control devices. This work builds on the current understating of the wake flow physics of heavy vehicles that until now has primarily been developed from studies utilising highly simplified

To solve the problem of the serious mileage reduction of electric vehicles in winter, this paper introduces a new type of motor with eddy current braking and heating system (EBHS). EBHS can convert the vehicle’s kinetic energy into the thermal energy which can be used for heating the cabin and the battery at the right temperature. This paper proposes the structural layout and operating modes with the

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lubricating oil age on the generation of diesel particulate filters (DPF) by non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology and to characterize the physical properties of ash. The regeneration status was evaluated by the concentration of regeneration products and regeneration temperature. The compositional and morphological characteristics of ash were

This paper is concerned with numerical simulation utilizing LS-DYNA MAT54 for axial crush of glass-fiber mat/PA6 composite tubes. The crush simulation aims at reproducing the crush energy absorption capability measured from dynamic drop tests. The adopted MAT54 has a merit as a widely commercialized model of composite materials to simulate a progressive failure mode. Parameters of MAT54 are calibrated

Support insert run-flat tire is a kind of safety tire based on common tire structure. It has the advantages of simple structure, easy disassembly and strong bearing capacity. However, when driving under zero-pressure condition, it can not meet the requirements of heavy load, high mobility and long-distance. Aiming at this problem, the finite element model is established. The load and contact patch

A dual-layer energy-efficient control strategy is proposed for distributed drive electric vehicles to reduce energy consumption during cornering maneuvers and improve vehicle stability. The hierarchical control strategy consists of two energy-saving schemes. The first-layer energy-efficient scheme combines an active front steering (AFS) system and direct yaw moment control (DYC) to improve vehicle

In order to reduce unsprung mass and ensure driving comfortability, a novel electrical vehicle (EV) drive system, which integrated the wheel-side reducer and a single trailing arm, was studied in this paper. Firstly, the general structure of the drive system was studied, in which the reducer not only worked as a wheel-side reducer but also as the single trailing arm. Then, the transmission power losses

This paper aims at assessing and identifying a fatal injury risk model with an exponential structure for the accidents that occur in rainy conditions, based on highly disaggregated level of data. A probabilistic approach is used in order to assess the fatal risk as a function of probability and accidents’ consequences, based on 14 types of predictors that relate to road environment, time of accidents

The power source for accelerating, braking, and steering of the vehicle is derived from the contact force between tire and road. Therefore, the pressure distribution in the tire-road contact patch is imperative for explorative studies into tire and vehicle performance. A test bench for measuring tire-road dynamic contact pressure distribution was designed based on the frustration of total internal

A turbocharged GDI engine with variable intake tumble is used to study the effects of EGR combined with enhanced tumble on the engine’s economy, power, and emissions characteristics. The effects of EGR with enhanced intake tumble flow, on the combustion phase, combustion duration, knock index and combustion cycle variation of the engine, were studied at two speeds of 1500 r/min and 2000 r/min from

We developed a new method for the design of carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP)-laminated structures, which combined the asymptotic homogenization method and ply optimization. The equivalent mechanical properties of a single-layer CFRP were calculated using the asymptotic homogenization method. The ply optimization of the laminated structures was divided into three parts: an initial free-size optimization

Frontal impacts are the most frequent crash types and may generate extreme body in white (BIW) deformations. Vehicles are subjected to impact evaluation rating protocols such as 100 % Front Rigid Barrier (FRB) impact, 40 % Offset Deformable Barrier (ODB) impact and 25 % overlap (small overlap) impact. This paper proposes a collaborative optimization process using optimal Latin hypercube design (Opt

Under the low speed condition, a method of real-time tracking and estimation of rotor position based on PLL technology is proposed, which is used to solve the control system detection accuracy problem of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for electric vehicles. The control principles of high frequency signal fluctuation are analyzed, and the mathematical model of three phases PMSM under rotor

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is defined as a vehicle that has two or more power sources, the hybrid electric vehicle is a representative eco-friendly vehicle because it can operate efficiently with each power source and requires only a small sized electric power source. However, it is not possible to develop high efficiency HEVs without an effective energy management system (EMS), a well-designed

Roll stability loss of heavy vehicle is a severe road safety problem and modern intelligent heavy vehicle (IHV) raises new requirement for advanced roll stability control technology. Two novel roll stability control frameworks, namely active steering-active anti-roll (AS-AAR) interactive control and worst-case optimized robust control, which have potential application to guaranteeing roll stability

New powertrain technologies, such as those used in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, have a price premium which is often offset by lower running costs. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) combines these purchase and operating expenses to identify the most economical vehicles overall. This is a valuable assessment for both private and fleet purchasers. To date, no studies have compared Total Cost of Ownership across

In this work, the development of a hybrid lightweight automotive chassis control arm is demonstrated. It includes the development of a new simulation method for designing metal — LFT (long fiber-reinforced thermoplastics) rehybrid parts and the new hybrid forming method for its manufacture. Beginning with the original geometry of a series steel chassis control arm, the design was optimized for the

Advances in automobile technology have led to the dynamic development of various types of active suspension systems to improve passenger riding comfort and maneuverability. This study improved the riding comfort of vehicle passengers by converting a conventional spring into a rotating C-shaped spring system that supports the load of the vehicle and varies its vertical stiffness. The C-shaped spring

Accurate estimation of battery State of Charge (SOC) is a crucial factor for the safe and efficient usage of the batteries in hybrid electric vehicles. The combined method of Coulomb counting and Open circuit Voltage (OCV) is already under practical usage for the estimation of battery SOC, but the methods have significant error when there is parasitic current leakage (dark current) or short rest period

The aim of this paper was to develop a mathematical model for the study of the kinematic parameters of an occupant and vehicle during a side impact crash. The proposed model has three bodies (the vehicle, the occupant torso and head) that are interconnected to each other by joints, springs and dampers. Also, the head-to-window contact force is taken into account in order to obtain accurate results

For the automated vehicles, the user experience on comfort plays an important role for the market acceptance. Generally, for the experienced drivers who already form some certain driving preferences during the longtime driving, they will feel apparent discomfort if the automated vehicles drive very differently from them. Therefore, it is of great significance for comfort driving if the automated vehicles

The eddy current braking (ECB) is often installed on heavy-duty vehicles as the auxiliary braking component. When it works for a long time, the thermal derating of braking torque will reach about 18.5 % due to high temperature. It is important to establish an accurate magneto-thermal coupling model for the ECB high-temperature steady-state braking torque prediction. In multi-field coupling calculation

The battery packs are crucial components of electric vehicles and may severely affect the continue voyage course and vehicle safety. Therefore, design optimization of the battery-pack enclosure (BPE) is critical for enhanced mechanical and crashwrothiness performances. In this study, a lightweight design of an automotive BPE under the loading conditions is presented based on the advanced high-strength

Recently, the fine dust produced by automobile non-exhaust systems has drastically increased. Brakes are a major source of fine dust, along with tires. Therefore, this study investigated the pressure drop characteristics of a filter for collecting fine brake dust using only disk rotational flow without a fan or pump. In addition, the effect of the gap between the filter and the disc on the particle

The main objectives of engine development, given the increased environmental regulations, are performance and efficiency improvement, and emission reduction. Notably, for diesel engines, the significance of fuel consumption and emission reduction is increasing because they emit harmful materials (PM, NOx); however, they are characterized by relatively low CO2 emission in comparison with gasoline engines

Artificial potential fields (APF) and reinforcement learning (RL) are two common methods for the intelligent decision of autonomous vehicles. The process of vehicle driving includes the constraints of vehicle dynamics, traffic rules, road conditions, and other traffic vehicles, which are quite complex. The existing APF methods perform inadequately since they consider only limited factors and their

This paper is for the investigation on the turbulence kinetic energy distribution according to the design parameters of the intake system. The design parameter to be discussed is the intake valve angle. For this purpose, particle image velocimetry was introduced into the steady flow bench, in which four engine heads with 11, 16, 21 and 26 ° valve angles were evaluated changing valve lift. The experiment

A feature line, which is a narrow and long curved surface on a smooth panel, is an essential element of the exterior style of the car. However, it is difficult to make the feature lines accurately, especially with a small radius and a large angle, in a typical automotive panel stamping process. A simple stamping process to find the minimum formable radius of the subtle feature line for automotive outer

This study clarified the features of fatal truck-pedestrian and truck-cyclist accidents by a comparison with sedans. Fatal accident data from the Japanese Institute Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA) database were analyzed for the years 2012 ∼ 2016. The trucks were classified into three categories: heavy-, medium-, and light-duty. All three categories had higher percentages of pedestrians

This research aimed to develop a dynamic finite element (FE) model of non-pneumatic tire (NPT) to study the mechanical behaviors of rolling NPT. The generalized Maxwell’s viscoelastic material was combined with linear elastic material model. This material model was fitted with results of tensile and compressive testing on actual NPT specimen. The FE model of rolling NPT on curvature and flat surface

Field data (NASS) analyses showed that 0.9 % of frontal airbags deployed in motor vehicle collisions sustained at least one type of damage. Crash investigators often need to determine whether a damaged airbag inflated in a timely manner to provide occupant protection during the crash. This study provided a comparison of physical evidence from the restraint system and the seat resulted from high-speed

Damper is frequently used to suppress panel vibration and related vehicle interior noise. Unlike an unconstrained damper, a method to find material properties of a constrained damper is more complicated. This study presents a verified method for obtaining material properties of a constrained asymmetrical damper. The most important material parameters of this constrained damper are shear modulus, shear

The combustion characteristics of a turbocharged diesel engine in a plateau environment have always been a focus of research on diesel engine power recovery. However, the influence of altitude on the empirical parameters of the combustion model has rarely been addressed in the literature. This paper presents a zero-dimensional combustion modeling method based on support vector machine (SVM). Taking

Driving comfort significantly affects travel experiences. However, the most prevailing automated vehicle (AV) control strategies mainly focus on the safety and efficiency concerns, neglecting the comfort perspective. Moreover, pavement conditions, such as roughness and distress, cannot be directly detected by standard AV onboard sensors, although they are essential factors impacting driving comfort

This research presents an integration of two control systems, an active tilting controller and a full-wheel steering controller. This integration improves vehicle lateral performances by enhancing road-holding capability, lateral stability, and safety simultaneously. The active tilting controller utilizes an active mass shift to evenly distribute the vertical load at each suspension, and boost road-holding

Naphtha is a product obtained in the gasoline boiling range from different refinery components. Because naphtha is a less processed product of a refinery, its well-to-tank CO2 is lower than that of conventional gasoline or diesel. In addition, naphtha features a longer ignition delay than that of diesel fuel and better auto-ignition characteristics than those of gasoline fuel. Therefore, naphtha has

This research aims to propose a method to achieve the maximum altitude adaptability of turbocharged diesel engines with the optimum fuel consumption. Firstly, engine performance at different altitudes is studied by experimental method. It is found that the engine power recovery is restricted by three constraints, which are cylinder pressure, exhaust temperature and boosting pressure ratio. Following

This paper presents an active collision avoidance system based on a braking force distribution strategy for four-in-wheel-motor-driven electric vehicles (FIWMD-EVs) on roads with different friction coefficients. There are three major contributions in the proposed braking force distribution strategy. Firstly, the braking force distribution strategy based on constrained regenerative braking strength

The intake pipes designed by some experienced engineers have small holes. However, the role of these small holes is yet to be fully understood by most engineers. At present, the only research on this issue is also controversial. This work aims to reveal the effect of perforating an intake pipe on the interior noise and provide some suggestions to automotive engineers when applying this method. First

A non-thermal plasma (NTP) reactor was used to generate ozone for diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneration. The kinetic mechanism of ozone thermal decomposition reaction is explored, and the effect of temperature on the change of ozone concentration is analyzed. The changes of the internal temperature and the concentration of regeneration products such as CO2 and CO during the regeneration under

Aiming at the sudden change of path curvature in traditional bi-arc parking trajectory planning, an improved bi-arc parking trajectory fitting method is proposed to meet the requirements of curvature and steering angular velocity of parking path. The minimum parking space size and feasible parking starting area are obtained by calculation. Then, parking path tracking is controlled based on adaptive

As an emotion elicitor and mood generator, light receives considerable attention. In this study, we investigated the effects of cluster lighting on a driver’s emotional response, when the lighting varied in color and dynamic patterns. A total of 29 college students visually experienced 25 different kinds of lighting and made subjective assessments concerning satisfaction, tension, and uniqueness. As

Since fuel consumption of parallel Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is significantly different in various driving cycles, an adaptive optimal control strategy based on route information is proposed. First, the energy management strategy structure of adaptive Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (APMP) is established. Second, genetic algorithm is employed to obtain a Map, which is co-state function

Proper understanding and prediction of driving behavior of surrounding vehicles are one of the most significant requirements for automated driving especially when it comes to safety on a highway. In this paper, we propose a two-layer memory-attention hierarchical model (MAHM) for driving-behavior recognition and motion prediction. This model is based on the human driver’s thinking as well as on brain

Continuous developments in automotive technology brought about the reality of having an increasing number of autonomous vehicles (AV) on roadways soon. However, this advancement comes with the uncertainty of how the interaction between the autonomous and non-autonomous (non-AV) vehicles will play out. Using traffic simulators to model both AVs and non-AVs, and studying the effect of AVs on roadway

The objective in present study is to develop a regression analysis model to estimate real-world CO2 emissions of light-duty diesel vehicles considering domestic road conditions. For regression analysis variables, OBD data such as vehicle speed, acceleration, engine speed (rpm), and engine power were used. Regression analysis results were compared with CO2 emissions measured using PEMS on the test routes

Based on an analysis of the driving demand and system dynamics of heavy-duty vehicles equipped with electromechanical transmission (EMT), a double Markov model is put forward to represent drivers’ power demand for driving and electricity. Transfer probability matrices are calculated by utilizing the maximum likelihood estimation method. A power distribution control strategy based on stochastic dynamic

The process of obtaining durability test conditions of bus components is complicated. A way to build components durability test conditions based on driving cycle is proposed. Pure electric urban bus driving cycle in Xi’an based on running data is constructed based on combined clustering and Markov chain method, and simulation model of pure electric urban bus is built. The load conditions of the motor

The morphology and nanostructure of carbon and glass fiber are investigated by using XRD, SEM and TEM analysis. The composites are divided into three groups which consists of “without post-curing”, “post-cured at 80 °C for 6 hrs” and “post-cured at 120 °C for 3 hrs” to investigate curing temperature effect. The mechanical properties of composites are tested in the indentation, tensile, and flexural

In this paper, the cross coupling effect of the vibration paths in a dummy vehicle is investigated by the conventional transfer path analysis (TPA), the operational path analysis with eXogeneous inputs (OPAX) and the operational transfer path analysis (OTPA). The traditional transfer path analysis (TPA) is developed in the beginning of the 1980s at first. It is widely used as a tool for not only NVH

Modern diesel engines are struggling to enhance the power density. This is usually realized by being equipped with a turbocharger, which demands higher performances on exhaust flow and exhaust waste energy recovery (WER). In the present study, we investigated the variations of exhaust flow and exhaust energy recovery performance with different geometrical parameters of exhaust system and proposed an

High-cycle fatigue testing under different stress conditions must be performed in fatigue test methodology, and this requires expenditure both of money and time. The high-cycle fatigue test methodology also has the limitation of being a statistical approach to assessing estimated life that is not based on material properties. Thus to evaluate the estimated life of structural materials in transmissions

This study is to develop the linear regression model for estimating and predicting the HIC15, chest deflection and 3 ms chest g’s of driver and passenger dummy. Frontal impact test results of 28 vehicles from the MY2019 ∼ MY2020 USNCAP are utilized to construct the linear regression model. The average accelerations of vehicle, dummy head and chest are handled as the main variables. The fundamental

Plateau honing is used as a surface finishing and texturing process to reduce the friction between the piston and the cylinder bore in internal combustion engines. However, according to some studies, honing has detrimental side effects such as friction increase and the unintentional production of defects in the cylinder liner surface. This paper investigates the performance and side effects of the

In the automotive industry, short fiber reinforced plastic (SFRP) composites are important alternatives to metallic materials to improve fuel efficiency and reduce environmental problems. Vehicle components have geometrical discontinuities such as holes and weld lines subject to stress under cyclic loading. In this study, the fatigue behavior of SFRP composites was analyzed to explore the notch effect

The paper deals with the design of a system for changing the adhesion conditions in a road vehicle. The change in adhesive force is done by changing the radial reaction which the vehicle wheel transmits to the road. The paper describes a new device (SkidSystem) and its construction. The main element of the device is done in the form of a supporting frame; four supporting wheels are attached to this

In recent years, flat wipers are gradually adopted in the industry of transportation due to the rather simple structure than the standard wiper. A procedure is developed to evaluate the appropriateness of the geometry of a metallic flexor, one of major components of the flat wiper, in this study. The flexor is compressed against a level surface and the corresponding pressure distribution under the

With the increasingly strict emission regulations, the combustion noise has become an important factor restricting diesel engine development. Therefore, it is necessary to study the transfer function and prediction of combustion noise and to control it from the design stage. This paper proposes a method to calculate the combustion noise transfer function. An electronically controlled common rail diesel

This paper proposes a discrete-time preview-feedback controller capable of reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions with affordably low ammonia (NH3) slip downstream of a catalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. Because of the high NOx reduction rate, SCR systems are increasingly adopted in diesel engines. However, slow dynamics of the SCR system along with a time delay in the sensor

This research presents a multi-vehicle control strategy combining the merging control and platoon control to deal with the merging scenario in the freeway ramp entrance. In the merging controller, a selection algorithm is presented firstly to determine the merging sequence based on the initial states of the vehicles in the cooperative area. Subsequently, the optimized longitudinal trajectory of the