In this work, effect of milling process and CaO addition on the reaction mechanism and kinetics of aluminothermic reduction of molybdenum trioxide were studied by simultaneous thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis and Coats–Redfern method, respectively. For this purpose, molybdenum trioxide was reduced by Al powder under two different conditions of mechanical

ZE41 magnesium alloy has been processed by friction stir processing (FSP) with an aim to investigate the role of microstructure on the degradation behavior and mechanical response targeted for temporary orthopedic implant applications. Grain size reduction was achieved in the ZE41 Mg alloy from 107 ± 6.7 µm to 3.5 ± 1.5 µm after FSP. Increased hardness up to 30% was measured in the stir zone of FSPed

Metal matrix shafts are widely used in industries, and various research works are available for the characterization and applications of these components. These research works are limited to the conventional characterization of the material. In this paper, a novel characterization approach has been adopted, which determines the effect of reinforcements on the dynamic properties and residual stress

The present paper is based on the effect of heat treatment on the wear behavior of A357/cenosphere composites. The aluminum metal matrix composites were fabricated by the squeeze casting method. Both base alloy and composites are heat treated. The hardness of the matrix alloy and composites, both in as cast and heat-treated conditions, is measured by Vickers microhardness tester. The mechanical properties

Refill friction stir spot welding is a new branch of friction stir welding. In this study, the dissimilar Al/Cu joint was acquired by refill friction stir spot welding. A quadratic regression model was established by Box–Behnken design to explore the relationships between the key process parameters of rotational velocity, plunge depth and welding time and the joint tensile shear load. The results show

The hot deformation behavior of an alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) stainless steel was investigated on a Gleeble-3500 simulator. Moreover, the critical dynamic recrystallization model was established, and the critical stress was determined. Microstructural characterization was analyzed using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The microstructure evolution

In the present work, Al5083-Graphene composite was successfully produced by friction stir processing (FSP). Appearance of texture in FSPed Al5083 with and without Graphene was clearly observed from the X-ray diffraction analysis. Increased hardness and tensile strength were measured for both the FSPed samples compared with the base alloy due to the grain refinement and additionally due to the presence

In the present study, the effect of hot rolling reduction ratio on dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of Nb–V bearing high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel was investigated. The hot rolling process was simulated physically by performing single- and double-hit plane strain compression using a thermo-mechanical simulator under similar conditions as experienced in the plant. The austenite no-recrystallization

The present study examines the machinability characteristics of end milling process on the Jobber XL CNC machining center to produce minimum surface roughness, minimum cutting force, and maximum material removal rate for Al7075 metal matrix composites. Milling experiments were carried out using Taguchi design of experiment via L27 orthogonal array. Experiments were carried out by varying the milling

Bacterial sensitivity of thermally diffused stainless steel grade 316L has been studied in this paper. Thermal diffusion heat treatment processes like salt bath nitriding and slurry paste boronizing have been explored for their anti-bacterial properties. SS316L has been chosen as the substrate material due to its acceptance as a general bio-material in the medical industry. The results from the surface

Tool electrode wear is a severe problem in electrical discharge machining (EDM) which significantly affects the efficiency of the machining process and dimensional accuracy. In this paper, ultra-fine-grained (UFG) structures due to their unique and unusual properties are used to alleviate the wear problem of tool electrode. Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) is a novel severe plastic deformation

As a new biomedical bone tissue implant candidate, porous Ti–5Mo–5Cu alloy was developed by powder sintering from TiH2, Mo and Cu powders. Space holder material NH4HCO3 granules were added to regulate the pore characteristics like pore morphology and porosity and then mechanical properties including compressive strength and elastic modulus of the porous titanium alloy. The tailored elastic modulus

Porous TC4 alloy scaffolds with curved struts were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM), and the compression deformation behavior of the TC4 alloy scaffolds was studied. When the porous scaffold is compressed along the direction of the building, the stress of the porous scaffold first increases sharply with the increase in the strain, then decreases rapidly and finally shows a stepped increasing

This paper aims to investigate the influence of ultrasonic vibration on bending parameters of AA 6061 aluminum alloy sheet. Required setup involves generator, horn, load cell, and die. Four amplitudes of 0, 3.68, 9.2, and 14.72 µm with three different horn speeds of 20, 50, and 80 mm/min were considered. Moreover, two processes of heat treatments, namely annealing and aging, have been applied. It was

The C–H–O ternary phase diagrams in equilibrium with graphite were developed to determine the gas compositions and boundaries for graphite formation in 500–900 °C. Thermogravimetric calculation results showed that carbon deposition was favored under the conditions of low temperature, high carbon, and low oxygen potential. The carbon deposition with reduced iron was carried out in a syngas of H2 and

The investigations conducted on the effect of molybdenum (Mo) on the precipitation behavior of FB780 steel with the high hole-expanding ratio at different coiling temperatures have been limited. In the present study, base steel without the addition of Mo (Nb–Ti steel) and Nb–Ti–Mo steel with the addition of 0.191% (wt.%) Mo was prepared. Different coiling temperatures were selected on the basis of

To explore the effect of refractory on the evolution of inclusions, laboratory experiments were conducted with MgO refractory utilizing electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Based on primary inclusions components, six types of inclusions were observed in the steel with MgO refractory: Al2O3, Al2O3–MgO, Al2O3–CaO, Al2O3–MgO–CaO, Al2O3–SiO2–CaO, and MgO inclusions. Al2O3 and Al2O3–MgO inclusions were the

The effect of microstructure on fretting wear behavior of Inconel 625 alloy was studied after different thermal deformation conditions (strain rate and temperature). The results show that grain size and microhardness have a significant influence on the fretting wear. As thermal deformation temperature increases and strain rate decreases, grain size increases and microhardness decreases. The oxide formed

A combination of numerical simulations and experiments was used to study the influence of glass lubricant on the hot extrusion of Inconel 625 alloy. The results showed that the glass lubricant left a large amount of abrasive debris and furrows on alloy surface, which produced different friction states. The use of a lubricant changed the alloy microstructure, decreasing the grain size, the high-angle

The effect of carbon on the structure and crystallization behavior of CaO–SiO2-based slags was investigated through Raman and single hot thermocouple technique. Raman analysis showed that with increasing carbon, Q3, Q2 increased, Q1, Q0 decreased (Qn, n is the number of bridge oxygen in a [SiO4]-tetrahedral unit), and then the degree of polymerization (i.e., the complexity of silicate slag network

This paper presents detection of defects on the tensile specimen of Al6061/SiC composite using active pulsed infrared thermography technique (APIRT) by data and image processing. APIRT is a powerful nondestructive evaluation tool for online monitoring of the real defects of composite which gives an accurate region of defects with respect to temperature variations. Al/SiC composites have high strength

Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are prone to formation of various secondary phases in their microstructure upon exposure to high temperatures which can lead to degradation in their engineering performance. The present work was aimed to study the effect of a wide range of isothermal treatments (475°–1050 °C) on the impact toughness and corrosion resistance besides microstructure, ferrite content and

The present study involves the investigation on the effect of processing parameters of powder metallurgy on the microstructure and hardness characteristics of the green as well as sintered specimens of magnesium. The processing parameters include the high-energy ball milling time, compaction pressure, and sintering temperature. From SEM images of 1, 3, and 5 h ball-milled powders, it is revealed that

The current research is devoted to assessing the bioactivity of different surface-treated Ti–6Al–7Nb samples by assessing the formation of calcium phosphate compounds. Three surface modification processes were performed, followed by dynamic immersion in Hanks’ solution for 32 days at the body temperature. The first set of samples was treated by oxidation at 400, 500 and 600 °C for 1 and 2 h to study

In this study, aluminum foam made of Etial 160 (AlSi8Cu3Fe) was produced using vacuum die casting method and the process of artificial aging was implemented. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the fabricated foam were investigated. Results of the present study indicate that the artificial aging process has a significant effect on mechanical behavior of aluminum foam. The microstructure

This paper reports the comparison of cold and hot forged EN8 flats for spring back effect, surface hardness and microstructural features as a case study of an industrial component ‘U-Fork’ (a subpart of tractor’s three-point hitch’s lift rod). The industrial component/benchmark has been selected as a common agricultural automobile component used under cyclic loading conditions. For this comparative

Herein, a novel method of V–N micro-alloying was developed by adding ferrovanadium and nitrogen bottom blowing. For comparison, melting experiments were carried out by directly adding ferrovanadium nitride. Results indicate that nitrogen content increases rapidly and can reach the actual production level via nitrogen bottom blowing. TEM observations show that carbonitrides precipitate along the dislocation

The zinc coatings obtained by sherardizing consist of three zinc-rich Fe–Zn phases (γ, δ and ζ) and the properties of coatings are influenced by the contents of three phases. The quantitative phase analysis of coatings is generally characterized by the metallographic method. Because this method is a destructive testing. So a nondestructive testing method is required to quantify the zinc coating. X-ray

Substantial quantities of openly dumped slag contribute to the absence of recovery and utilization of valuable metals as well as potential environmental pollution to water and soil. Owing to the excessively high arsenic content present in iron extracted from copper smelting slag, we propose a new arsenic removal process in this paper. The results indicate that arsenic sulfides in copper smelting slag

Through the heat treatment of 0.8Cr–2.2Mn–0.3Mo–1.0Si–0.004B–0.45C (wt%) bainitic steel (i.e., 45Mn2 bainitic steel), the influence of different heat treatment parameters on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 45Mn2 bainitic steel was studied. Optical microscope, Scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, hardness testing and abrasion testing were used for analysis. The results

In this study, the effect of cryogenic treatment on microstructural, mechanical, and tribological properties of AISI L2 steel was investigated. Heat treatment processes conducted were, as directly quenched (C), quenched tempered (CT), and quenched cryogenically treated (CC), and the last group (CCT) was additively tempered. The volume fraction of retained austenite, the percentage of carbide density

In this research, flotation of copper, lead and zinc minerals from a copper oxide–sulfide ore was studied. The identification tests showed that the sample is a mixture of quartz, chalcopyrite, galena, cerussite, hemimorphite and iron oxide minerals with 5.04% CuO, 1.61% PbO, 2.07% ZnO and 56.40% SiO2. The experimental design methodology (RSM) was conducted to investigate the effect of parameters such

In this study, the effect of microwave heating on boride formation and diffusion kinetics in 316L stainless steel alloys was investigated. Boriding was carried out in microwave furnace with 2.9 kW power and 2.45 GHz frequency. Four different boriding temperatures (800, 850, 900 and 950 °C) were used. Boriding was performed for 2, 4 and 6 h for each temperature. Boron layer thicknesses of boride layers

In this paper, the effects of laser power, spot diameter, and scanning speed on the performance of laser cladding NiCrBSi alloy coating on 42CrMo steel substrate were studied, and nine orthogonal experiments were designed for experiment. The experimental data of OM morphology, microstructure, microhardness and wear property of coating were analyzed by using the methods of visual analysis and range

This paper aims to study the solidification structure of Ni-based superalloy class AWS ER NiCrMo-4 metallic coatings deposited by GMAW and gas metal arc welding-cold wire (GMAW-CW) processes with two heat input levels (0.9 and 0.6 kJ mm−1) on carbon steel plates. The metallurgical characterization of the coating’s interface was performed by scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and electronic

Flow-formability of a Ca-added AZ31 magnesium alloy tube is investigated. The flow-forming process is conducted at various temperatures (100–500 °C), thickness reductions (30–85%), and feed rates (0.1–0.56 mm/rev). Inner and outer surfaces of the tubes are heated by means of a thermal element embedded inside the mandrel and a radiation element, respectively. The formed tubes are visually inspected

Thermal barrier coating (TBC) materials inside the cylinder in diesel vehicles are used to increase the reliability, durability, engine efficiency and performance of the hot parts of metal components in the engine. For this reason, as the researches on TBC in diesel engines increase day by day, new thermal researches of barrier coating material inside cylinders are proceeding. Therefore, in this study

Frictional stir welding (FSW) generally experiences the forces Mode I axial metal flow and Mode II shear deformation around the rotating pin, along the welding direction to produce high-efficiency joints. The dissimilar FSW of AA6082/7075 joint was fabricated utilizing the process parameters such as rotational speed (R) of 900 rpm, travel speed (S) 90 mm/min, tilt angle (T) 2° and plunge depth (t)

Friction stir welding (FSW) is introduced as a solid-state welding process. Despite the many benefits of the FSW, the effects of the thermal cycles in this process are causing softening of the joint. This phenomenon generally occurs in heat-treatable aluminum alloys and results in reduced mechanical properties of the joint. To solve this limitation, submerged friction stir welding (SFSW) has been developed

The global iron-producing industries are trying to use the high alumina content iron ores due to the exiguity of high-grade ores and economic reasons. For this purpose, this present study focuses on the utilization of high alumina hematite iron ores obtained from eastern part of India in pelletization experiments. The effects of firing temperature and time, and binder addition on compressive strength

In this paper, the lap joint of H62 copper alloy was carried out by pulsed laser welding. The effects of different powder interlayers on the microstructure, shear properties and corrosion properties of H62 copper alloy lap joints were studied. The results show that the welding joints with proper powder interlayer have achieved good welding forming. There are no defects such as pore and crack in the

The 1-mm-thick Al to Cu friction stir welding is successfully performed at the tool offsets toward Al side ranging from 0 to 2 mm. With increasing tool offset, the phenomenon of material sticking to tool shoulder surface is restricted and the area of Al–Cu mixing zone is reduced progressively. As the tool offset is increased from 0 to 1 mm, the weld shows a variation of intermetallic phases from CuAl2 + Cu9Al4

In this study, magnesium (AZ91D) hybrid composites reinforced with graphite and tungsten carbide were fabricated by compact pressing powder metallurgy technique. Optical microstructure and XRD studies were carried to analyse the distribution of particles and to identify the phases. The mechanical and wear characteristics of the fabricated magnesium (AZ91D) composite samples were studied. The measured

The RE-bearing slag used in the experiment was obtained from Ni–metal hydride battery wastes by H2 selective reduction and melting separation method, and the slag composition mainly consisted of 46.44 wt% REO, 26.05 wt% SiO2, 17.68 wt% Al2O3 and 6.32 wt% MnO. The influence of different reacting factors on the leaching rate of rare earth was investigated, and subsequently, the leaching dynamics was

13Cr–4Ni martensitic stainless steel was subjected to a cyclic heat treatment (CHT) by using Gleeble 3800, thermo-mechanical simulator. A single cycle of this heat treatment consisted of austenitization at 1000 °C, holding for 5 min and fast cooling to room temperature. The effects on microstructure and mechanical properties were studied after conducting two (1000-2c) and four such cycles (1000-4c)

The effects of pouring and mold temperatures on the fluidity and hot tearing susceptibility (HTS) of Al–3.5Si–0.5Mg–0.4Cu alloy were investigated by the spiral mold test and the constrained-rod casting mold test, respectively. Optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were carried out for microstructure observation. The results showed that the flow length (Lf) of Al–3.5Si–0.5Mg–0

In order to improve the accuracy of the porosity results of pellets, the reliability of three methods for measuring the pore structure was compared. The results show that there is a measurement error in the result of the traditional method, the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) cannot detect closed pores, and the result of scanning electron microscope (SEM) method is more comprehensive. Additionally

Thermal spray techniques have been extensively used to deposit coatings of varying compositions on a variety of industrial components for life enhancement under wear and corrosion prone environments at ambient and high temperatures. A number of components used in power generation systems most commonly encounter high-temperature erosion–corrosion. This review article briefly summarizes various thermal

In the present work, gaseous nitrocarburizing followed by water spray oxidation in vacuum was carried out on 4330V steel. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the thermochemically modified surface layer mainly consisted of ε-Fe2-3(N,C), γ′-Fe4(N,C), and magnetite (Fe3O4). To quantify the residual stress generated due to surface treatment, the Sin2ψ method was used. Residual stress of compressive

M/S Toshiba JSW Turbine & Generator Pvt. Ltd. reported the failure of 10.7CrMoVNbN steel turbine blades used in its power plant for the production of electricity. The basic reason for its failure was the higher content of delta ferrite. The objective of the present study is to reduce the failure of 10.7CrMoVNbN steel caused by delta-ferrite inclusion. 10.7CrMoVNbN steel is used for the fabrication

The point defect has profound effect on the tensile characteristics such as yield stress and yield strain of any material. In this study, the influence of point defect (1%, 1.5% and 2%) on Ni–Al (B2 crystal structure) nanowire has been analyzed through molecular dynamics simulation. The uniaxial tensile load of 6 × 108/s has been applied along [001] direction under various temperature conditions such

Low nickel, nitrogen stabilized austenitic stainless steel has not been explored for its application in the temperature range of 400–700 °C. In the present investigation, nitrogen stabilized austenitic stainless steel (Fe–18Cr–21Mn–0.65 N) was oxidized cyclically from 400 to 700 °C up to 100 h. The effect of moist airflow on oxidation behavior from 400 to 700 °C was systematically studied gravimetrically

In this study, a new modified cyclic extrusion channel angular pressing (CECAP) process with multi-pass capability is presented for producing ultrafine-grained (UFG) Mg alloy. In this method, an additional extrusion stage with a low extrusion ratio is added at the end of the CECAP process to enhance hydrostatic stresses, equivalent strain, and facilitation of the process implementation. The experimental

Aiming at the forward extrusion forming and its parameter optimization of high-strength and heat-resistant Mg-9Gd-3Nd-1Zn-1Sn-0.5Zr alloy, the isothermal compression stress–strain behavior was investigated. The high-temperature plastic deformation constitutive equation and the microstructure evolution of the alloy were obtained. According to the results of variation of stress–strain with strain rates

Incremental forming is a flexible and adaptable process with a high scope in future for prototyping sector and batch shop production. It finds application in almost every engineering field. One such prominent field is the research and development. The research and development are often associated with prototyping of a variety of products for evaluating and testing the design and clarifying production

Abstract This study investigated the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behavior of different regions (base metal (BM), heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM)) of dissimilar metal welded joints of L360MS pipeline steel with Inconel 625 welding wire as the filler material. The effect of the microstructure on FCP was discussed. The results indicated that the fatigue crack growth rates (da/dN) for

An equiatomic MgAlSiCrFe high-entropy alloy was synthesized by mechanical alloying. The alloying behavior, phase evolution, phase composition and thermal stability of as-milled nanostructured powders of HEA were ascertained through X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The milling of elemental

In this study, nanofly ash was used as an additive in SAE 10W-30 lubricant oil to investigate the tribological properties of modified oil on AISI 4140 steel using an indigenously developed pin-on-disk wear testing setup. Cylindrical pins of AISI 4140 were prepared to wear test the specimens: (a) in dry conditions, i.e., without lubricating oil and without nanofly ash, (b) with lubricating oil, and

Electron beam welding combined with temperature field simulation has been carried out on the Ti70 titanium alloy, and the microstructural evolution and mechanical property of welded joint are systematically investigated. Results show that the simulated molten pool is well consistent with the experimental weld morphology. Microstructure analysis demonstrates that the upper part of fusion zone (FZ) consists

In the present study, the leaching of molybdenum from molybdenite concentration in the hydrochloric acid medium was investigated and the comparison was made between the effect of the sodium chlorate and hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agents on the Mo-dissolution rate. Also, the effect of adiabatic temperature was studied on the Mo-dissolution rate. The leaching parameters were studied, and the optimum