In order to improve the accuracy of the porosity results of pellets, the reliability of three methods for measuring the pore structure was compared. The results show that there is a measurement error in the result of the traditional method, the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) cannot detect closed pores, and the result of scanning electron microscope (SEM) method is more comprehensive. Additionally

Thermal spray techniques have been extensively used to deposit coatings of varying compositions on a variety of industrial components for life enhancement under wear and corrosion prone environments at ambient and high temperatures. A number of components used in power generation systems most commonly encounter high-temperature erosion–corrosion. This review article briefly summarizes various thermal

In the present work, gaseous nitrocarburizing followed by water spray oxidation in vacuum was carried out on 4330V steel. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the thermochemically modified surface layer mainly consisted of ε-Fe2-3(N,C), γ′-Fe4(N,C), and magnetite (Fe3O4). To quantify the residual stress generated due to surface treatment, the Sin2ψ method was used. Residual stress of compressive

M/S Toshiba JSW Turbine & Generator Pvt. Ltd. reported the failure of 10.7CrMoVNbN steel turbine blades used in its power plant for the production of electricity. The basic reason for its failure was the higher content of delta ferrite. The objective of the present study is to reduce the failure of 10.7CrMoVNbN steel caused by delta-ferrite inclusion. 10.7CrMoVNbN steel is used for the fabrication

The point defect has profound effect on the tensile characteristics such as yield stress and yield strain of any material. In this study, the influence of point defect (1%, 1.5% and 2%) on Ni–Al (B2 crystal structure) nanowire has been analyzed through molecular dynamics simulation. The uniaxial tensile load of 6 × 108/s has been applied along [001] direction under various temperature conditions such

Low nickel, nitrogen stabilized austenitic stainless steel has not been explored for its application in the temperature range of 400–700 °C. In the present investigation, nitrogen stabilized austenitic stainless steel (Fe–18Cr–21Mn–0.65 N) was oxidized cyclically from 400 to 700 °C up to 100 h. The effect of moist airflow on oxidation behavior from 400 to 700 °C was systematically studied gravimetrically

In this study, a new modified cyclic extrusion channel angular pressing (CECAP) process with multi-pass capability is presented for producing ultrafine-grained (UFG) Mg alloy. In this method, an additional extrusion stage with a low extrusion ratio is added at the end of the CECAP process to enhance hydrostatic stresses, equivalent strain, and facilitation of the process implementation. The experimental

Aiming at the forward extrusion forming and its parameter optimization of high-strength and heat-resistant Mg-9Gd-3Nd-1Zn-1Sn-0.5Zr alloy, the isothermal compression stress–strain behavior was investigated. The high-temperature plastic deformation constitutive equation and the microstructure evolution of the alloy were obtained. According to the results of variation of stress–strain with strain rates

Incremental forming is a flexible and adaptable process with a high scope in future for prototyping sector and batch shop production. It finds application in almost every engineering field. One such prominent field is the research and development. The research and development are often associated with prototyping of a variety of products for evaluating and testing the design and clarifying production

Abstract This study investigated the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behavior of different regions (base metal (BM), heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM)) of dissimilar metal welded joints of L360MS pipeline steel with Inconel 625 welding wire as the filler material. The effect of the microstructure on FCP was discussed. The results indicated that the fatigue crack growth rates (da/dN) for

An equiatomic MgAlSiCrFe high-entropy alloy was synthesized by mechanical alloying. The alloying behavior, phase evolution, phase composition and thermal stability of as-milled nanostructured powders of HEA were ascertained through X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The milling of elemental

In this study, nanofly ash was used as an additive in SAE 10W-30 lubricant oil to investigate the tribological properties of modified oil on AISI 4140 steel using an indigenously developed pin-on-disk wear testing setup. Cylindrical pins of AISI 4140 were prepared to wear test the specimens: (a) in dry conditions, i.e., without lubricating oil and without nanofly ash, (b) with lubricating oil, and

Electron beam welding combined with temperature field simulation has been carried out on the Ti70 titanium alloy, and the microstructural evolution and mechanical property of welded joint are systematically investigated. Results show that the simulated molten pool is well consistent with the experimental weld morphology. Microstructure analysis demonstrates that the upper part of fusion zone (FZ) consists

In the present study, the leaching of molybdenum from molybdenite concentration in the hydrochloric acid medium was investigated and the comparison was made between the effect of the sodium chlorate and hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agents on the Mo-dissolution rate. Also, the effect of adiabatic temperature was studied on the Mo-dissolution rate. The leaching parameters were studied, and the optimum

Alloy 304HCu is an austenitic stainless, developed from TP304H with the addition of copper and niobium for power plant applications. Solidification cracking is major issue in welding of austenitic stainless steels. In this paper, solidification cracking behaviour of alloy 304HCu with three different fillers viz., nickel fortified near-matching alloy 304HCu, ER NiCrCoMo-1 and ER NiCrMo-3 using Varestraint

Production weld tests were usually conducted in steel fabrication industries to ascertain the process reliability and product quality. Plate groove butt joint test specimens, prepared from production weld test coupon, were failed during the mechanical test. To analyse the root cause for joint failure, a series of tests were conducted on prepared samples from production weld test. The macro-examination

In this study, vertical centrifugal casting process is used for the fabrication of functionally graded A390 alloy hollow cylinder and Mg & Sr-included A390 alloy hollow cylinder. The commercial CFD software FLOW3D™ is used to obtain the optimum rotational speed for making an optimized hollow cylinder in a vertical centrifugal casting machine. The optimum rotational speed obtained is 1300 rpm. This

A modified heat transfer and material transfer model was investigated for friction stir welding of DH36 steel by considering the Eulerian framework in steady state. During this analysis, temperature-dependent properties of the workpiece and the tool material were used. The material viscosity was modelled as a non-Newtonian viscoplastic fluid depending on the temperature and flow stress. The heat generation

The low-grade siliceous chromite ore from Ghutrigaon, Odisha, India, containing ~ 16% Cr2O3, with Cr/Fe ratio of 1.97 and ~ 55% of SiO2, does not find any use in metallurgical industry and hence considered as waste. Mineralogical investigation indicates the presence of chromite and quartz as major minerals with minor fuchsite and kaolinite. The beneficiation studies reveal that the product can be enriched

In this study, mechanical properties, macrostructure and microstructure of the friction stir spot weld joints were investigated under the influence of pinless tool geometry and different rotation speed parameters (1350, 1850 and 2530 rpm) using Al5754 plates. Tensile shear strength tests were carried out for joints of different process parameters, and fracture surfaces were inspected by scanning electron

This work reports the characterization of AA6061/SiC/FA hybrid composites joined using friction stir welding (FSW). FSW was conducted by employing various tool pin profiles such as straight cylindrical (SC), tapered conical, straight square (SS) and cylindrical threaded. Microstructure and mechanical characteristics of joints were investigated using these tool pin profiles. Microstructure study of

This work was conducted to study the effect of four different nitrogen additions on as-cast microstructure, hardness and impact toughness as well as abrasion wear resistance of high-Cr cast iron containing niobium. The results showed that as nitrogen content increased, the austenitic dendrites matrix became less elongated and the eutectic M7C3 carbides were gradually refined in size. EDS analysis demonstrated

The present work deals with the investigation of solvent extraction of Sm(III) from chloride medium using di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and trihexyl tetradecyl phosphonium bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate ([P66614][D2EHP]) as extractants. In the extraction stage, the effect of contact time, aqueous phase pH, extractant concentration, NaCl concentration, temperature effect, stripping and O:A ratio

Purpose In this study, the statistical method was used to determine the significant difference in various metal's (Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni) concentrations in human fingernails from different sites. Methods The metals concentrations in human fingernails, used as a biomarker, were measured to estimate their exposure. Samples from fingernails were collected from different subjects concerning sex, age, occupationally

This work mainly aims on the investigation of phase hold-up characteristics in a column flotation at different feed solid concentrations performing for an extensive range of working conditions. Phase hold-ups are measured using the electrical resistance tomography (ERT) coupled with pressure transducers technique. Experiments are conducted for two different nature mineral particles: hydrophilic (silica)

Metal foams are an interesting group of lightweight materials, which have appropriate physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical and acoustic properties for various engineering applications. Currently, metal foams are often manufactured in the shape of its final geometry through the casting process and by applying foaming agents. As a result, their use is limited in the complex geometries. In this paper

The effects of different heat treatment processes on microstructure evolution and tensile properties of Fe-0.11C-5.23Mn-1.11Al-0.10Si medium-Mn steel were investigated. The uniaxial tensile properties of tension specimens after heat treatment were tested, and the relationship between different annealed microstructures and tensile properties was analyzed; furthermore, the optimum heat treatment parameters

In present research work, a novel flat friction stir spot welding was performed on three dissimilar Aluminum alloy sheets (two sheets of AA6082-T6 and one sheet of AA6061-T6). The microstructural features and mechanical properties of joints were investigated at various parameters like tool tilt angle, tool rotational speed, dwell time and tool plunge depth. The optimized value of the response parameter

In this present study, the failure incidents of self-flow castable blow pipe of high volume blast furnace tuyere stock have been critically investigated. Based on failure analysis of failed blowpipes, possible preventive measures have been proposed. High hot blast pressure has been found to be the condition for occurrence of blowpipe failure. Hence, proper regulation of hot blast pressure is of utmost

Cokemaking is an important unit operation in an integrated steel plant as coke quality has a strong influence on blast furnace performance. A two-dimensional (2D) model coupling physico-chemical phenomena inside combustion and coking chambers of a coke oven has been presented. It was implemented using the computational fluid dynamics software Ansys Fluent and was solved by a serial decoupling approach

The pressure pipeline applications demand high strength steels and stainless steels based on the requirement of strength and corrosion point of view, respectively. Welding is one of the widely practiced metal joining techniques in such kind of applications due to the high-pressure environment. The present work is primarily aimed at understanding the feasibility and producing X-ray radiography quality

This study presents the plasma nitriding of Cr–Mo–V tool steel to protect it from environmental degradation. The steel samples after metallographic polishing were nitrided in the glow discharge plasma of N2 and H2 gas mixture (80:20). Nitriding was performed at two different temperatures, a lower temperature of 450 °C and the higher temperature of 500 °C. The potentiodynamic polarization tests in 3

To eliminate the casting defects in the ZL210 aluminum alloys, the active–passive filling friction stir repairing (A-PFFSR) was used. Shoulder morphologies on the surfaces of the pinless tools were designed and optimized to improve the mechanical properties of the repairing joints. The detailed microstructures, interface behaviors, microhardness, and mechanical properties were investigated. The casting

Single point incremental forming (SPIF) process has the capability to form small/medium-sized part generally used for rapid prototyping applications in automotive and non-automotive industry. Although considerable research has been conducted over the past decades on the formability of various aluminum alloy using SPIF process. This paper presents an investigation on the behavior of AA1200 H14 aluminum

Laser lap-fillet welding was used to weld Al–Si-coated 22MnB5 steel. The effect of laser beam offset and filler wire on microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint was investigated. Weld depression was observed with the low laser beam offset. Increasing the laser beam offset or adding filler wire was beneficial to good weld appearance. The fusion zone (FZ) consisted of martensite (in Al-deficient

Mineral dry density separation behavior (mineral beneficiation) involves segregation of high density particles and low density particles in the feed, i.e., in nutshell, mineral dry density beneficiation is density segregation in physics terms. In dry beneficiation, this density segregation is achieved using air as fluidized medium. Density segregation on dry separators can be achieved in two ways:

In this paper, it is intended to analyze the influence of coarse grain (CG) phase on mechanical properties and wear performance of Al–2Cu-4 wt% B4C trimodal composite. Trimodal ultra-fine grained (UFG) composites with 30 and 50 wt% aluminum coarse grains (4-66-30) and (4-46-50) were prepared using powder metallurgy and hot extrusion. Wear tests were conducted for normal loads of 20 and 50 N at a sliding

In order to research the energy absorption characteristics of high-strength steels in vehicles, the single-hat thin-walled structural components were made from quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel and dual-phase (DP) steel so as to understand the differences and superiority in the energy absorption characteristics of various types of steel in the energy-absorbing box of current vehicles. Crushing

Three typical litho-types such as ‘saprolite,’ ‘bauxite’ and ‘laterite/lateritic ore’ from different levels of khondalite-hosted bauxite profile of Baphlimali plateau, Rayagada district, Odisha, Eastern India, have been studied. Mineralogical variations between different size fractions are interpreted for their optimum utilization. Mineralogy of individual bulk and its respective classified fractions

Ilmenite is the most abundant mineral for the extraction of titanium. It contains more than 50% TiO2 along with iron, silica and alumina. The spinel structure of ilmenite (FeO·TiO2) is such that iron is bound in the lattice of TiO2 matrix. To remove iron from the ilmenite is a major task for process metallurgists. Various processes have been applied to remove this iron. One of them is reduction and

Ferrite (δ) in two-phase austenite–ferrite Fe–Cr–Ni alloys decomposes into Mo- and Cr-rich phases like sigma (σ) and chi (χ), when aged in the temperature range of 873–1273 K (600–1000 °C). The precipitation of these phases for a particular Fe-Cr-Ni alloy has an adverse effect on its mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In the present work, precipitation behavior of UNS S32205 duplex stainless

The copper powder is electrodeposited from copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) bath. The polarization study is carried out to get an indication of limiting current density or deposition potential. Solutions are prepared with different concentrations of CuSO4·5H2O, i.e., from 0.015 to 0.35 M. Additives like sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

High-frequency impacting and rolling (HFIR) as a new surface strengthening treatment has been paid more and more attention. 2A12 aluminum alloy was processed by HFIR with different parameters. The effect of HFIR on friction and wear behavior of 2A12 aluminum alloy was investigated. Results showed that the surface roughness value of HFIR processed samples was decreased compared to the original samples

The present study focused on strontium (Sr)-induced A383 alloy and composite reinforced with 6 wt% boron carbide (B4C) particles processed by stir casting technique. From metallographic analysis, it was confirmed that Sr addition modified needle structures of α-Si to fine α-Si. This grain refinement enhanced the hardness of A383-Sr alloy by 52.72% and A383-Sr/B4C by 73.6%, and tensile strength of A383-Sr

Many petroleum products like oil and gas are transported from one place to another through pipelines, although they can undergo leakage due to pipeline leaks and cause risks to industries, the environment, and people. In this review work, we have presented a comprehensive overview of acoustic emission technology for gas pipeline leak detection. Essential gas leak detection system requirements, principles

In this present paper, chelating extraction of metals from spent hydrodesulphurization catalyst was carried out using ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid as complexing agent. Mo, Ni and Co metals were precipitated in ammonium molybdate, nickel dimethylglyoxime and cobalt hydroxide forms at pH:2, pH:6 and pH:10, respectively. The highest metal extraction yields (90.22% Mo, 96.71% Co, 95.31% Ni and 19

The present study investigates the relative density, mechanical and tribological properties of 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia composites reinforced with 10 vol% of alumna through both conventional sintering and microwave sintering (CS and MW). The variations in mechanical and tribological properties were correlated to the corresponding microstructures. Wear tests were carried out on the composite

MgO·Al2O3 spinel inclusion (from here, “Mg–Al inclusion”) is harmful to the properties of steel products. Many efforts have been made to control the composition of harmful inclusions during ladle treatment where the complex reactions among molten steel, slag, refractory, deoxidation products and alloying elements occur simultaneously. It is well known that the pure Al2O3 inclusion changes to Mg–Al

Based on the two-dimensional finite element simulation with commercial MSC software, the fracture observation with scanning electron microscope and theoretical analysis, the stress and strain status of X80 pipeline steel during the impact process and the micro-mechanism of inclusion morphology and size on the formation of voids were investigated. The results show that the square inclusions are more

Low-carbon ferromanganese (LC-FeMn) is an essential ingredient for making high-strength low-alloy steel and stainless steel. The conventional industrial-scale silicothermic method for the production of LC-FeMn comprises several energy intensive complex steps consuming about 2000 kWh/ton. We have attempted an improved silicothermic process, which is based on a single step smelting of optimized charge

Due to the complexity and high cost, the common doping method is not suitable for the direct element doping on the surface of the Mg alloy. In this paper, antimony-doped potassium stannate powder was prepared by ATO and potassium hydroxide calcination for the first time; then, the antimony-doped stannate coating was prepared on the surface of AZ31B Mg alloy through chemical conversion. The coating

Electron beam welding (EBW) is found to be the most suitable welding process for aerospace components due to high weld efficiency and clean welding process. In the present study, different heat treatment conditions like annealing, solution treatment (ST), solution treatment plus aging (STA) in different combinations of pre-/post-weld treatments are studied on Ti alloy Ti6Al4V. Its effects are analyzed

The use of aluminium alloys as the material of manufacturing has increased tremendously such as manufacturing of Nissan, Audi, Honda and BMW cars. However, there is lack of complete data on the best technique for restoration of obliterated serial numbers on such alloy used in the engine block. This research study was carried out to identify the most efficient and sensitive reagent among the five different

Hot deformation behavior of aluminum 5083 alloy was studied based on the compression test done up to true strain 0.5 in the temperature range of 473–773 K and strain rate range of 0.01–10 s−1. The Arrhenius equations were used to evaluate the average activation energy for deformation. Processing map was developed to identify the optimum, safe and unsafe zones for processing based on the compression

An artificial neural network model to predict the performance of induced roll high-intensity magnetic separator while upgrading low-grade iron ore fines is presented in the present investigation. Key process parameters of induced roll magnetic separator operation, i.e., applied current, speed of rotor, splitter position, particle size, and feed rate, are used as the network input. A feedforward ANN

Monitoring foam expansion and the study of foaming kinetics during in-situ foam filling are essential to ensure a desirable quality of foam-filled profiles. In this current research, a novel technique is proposed for monitoring in-situ aluminum foam filling of hollow profiles. In this technique, instantaneous temperatures measured at various locations of the hollow profile being filled have been used

In this work, a cast alloy of Al–Zn–Mg was developed from aluminium from recycled beverage cans and zinc scraps from battery and the influence of age-hardening heat treatment of the alloy on mechanical properties and reliability analysis on the tensile strength was investigated. The cast Al–Zn–Mg alloy was subjected to age-hardening heat treatment at different times. The aluminium, cast alloy and age-hardened

The behavior of the fine solid mixture in a fluid depends critically on its rheological property. The rheological properties of a mixture change based on factors like particle size distribution, shape, density, etc. In this paper, two different minerals with distinct densities and similar size distribution with its mixture at different proportions (i.e., at 10–90% of magnetite/chromite ore: silica)

In the iron and steel industry, the production of narrow particle size distribution (PSD) for pellet feed making with acceptable liberation of valuables from the iron ore is very difficult. This study has been carried out to achieve desired pellet feed with narrow PSD and maximum liberation of hematite from the iron ore. The iron ores have been collected from three different sources (mines in Karnataka

Detailed finite element simulations in conjunction with experimental analysis of cold pilger processing were carried out to investigate the deformation behavior of an AISI321 austenitic stainless steel. The effects of process parameters such as feed rate and turn angle on damage buildup were also evaluated. By considering compressive stresses, a new revised Latham–Cockcraft damage factor was obtained