Abstract The properties and applications of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) are significantly dependent on its purity. Physical purification is proposed for separating impurities from MoS2. Meanwhile, the feasibility of separation of impurities was analyzed by thermodynamic calculations. The effects of the temperature and heating duration on the volatilization of impurities were studied experimentally

Abstract Due to outstanding thermal stability and corrosion resistance, samarium–cobalt alloy is being used in rare earth magnet. So, this permanent magnet waste can be a potential source for rare earth metal samarium and critical metal cobalt. Recovery and reuse of Sm, Co from Sm–Co magnet waste can reduce the burden on primary resources and environmental issues related to primary resources. In this

Abstract In this paper, a novel and effective process for removing lead and synthesizing glass–ceramics from the hazardous waste CRTs funnel glass and red mud was developed. Glass–ceramics was produced through an appropriate sintering treatment of the residual glass after lead from funnel glass was removed. Vacuum smelting results showed that the addition of red mud had contributed to enhance Pb removal

Abstract The effect of cooling methods such as granulating, water cooling, and air cooling on the quality of Titania slag was investigated. The results show that the Ti2O3 content in Titania slag is decreased with three different cooling ways. For instance, Ti2O3 content in granulated slag decreased by 27.6%. Content of Fe2O3 in granulated slag was approximately 2.86% higher than both water-cooled

Abstract Recycling and utilization of waste concrete and industrial waste slags is a significant step towards the protection of the environment and sustainable development. Industrial waste slags including ferronickel (Greece) and fayalite (Finland) slags were mixed with ground waste concrete for the production of inorganic polymers (IPs). The effects of different parameters during alkaline activation

Abstract A complex copper dross containing Bi, Pb, Cu, As and Sb was processed in a 3.6 m2 industrial-scale oxygen-rich side-blown bath smelting furnace (OSBF). The products were collected and analyzed by chemical and mineralogical methods. Industrial statistical data showed that recoveries of Cu, Pb, Bi and Sb reached 87%, 96%, 97% and 60%, respectively. Slag composition indicated that the process

This paper derives from first principles simple relationships that can be used to compute energy requirements for the production of hot metal (pig iron) in a blast furnace (BF) or direct reduced iron (DRI) in a direct reduction furnace (DRF), and the transformation of hot metal and DRI into crude steel in a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) or electric arc furnace (EAF) with the addition of scrap iron or

Abstract The current study investigates the beneficiation of iron ore fines by the carbothermal process using muffle and microwave furnace. The muffle furnace reduction was found useful for the separation of iron-bearing phases from the quartz impurities and concentrate with iron purity of ~ 64%, recovery of 98%, and a yield of 84.5% is achieved at 900 °C, 9% charcoal in 1 h. Incorporating coal as

Abstract A 2015 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study on germanium included the sourcing from fly ashes from coal combustion and its recycling from photovoltaic production scrap. Germanium is also produced as a byproduct from zinc production, typically present at levels above 75 ppm in zinc ores, and this is the second globally most important primary source for germanium. This life cycle assessment study

Abstract Coal fly ash is a lightweight incombustible particulate generated during coal combustion. Alumina content in the fly ash is present in the mullite phase, and its high stability calls for alternative processing for conversion to reactive phase before leaching. Mechanical activation with sodium hydroxide was found unsatisfactory for the breakdown of mullite structure, whereas the mullite phase

Abstract The mini blast furnace based on biomass operation is a viable technology that neutralizes fossil carbon emissions in the production route of green hot metal. In this study, we analyze the actual mini blast furnace operation and propose new operational practices using the multiphase multicomponent modeling approach. We newly introduced additional chemical species and rate equations to account

Abstract Platinum group metals (PGMs) are considered critical raw materials, thus their recycling and re-use is of outmost importance. Among the PGMs, platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) are the basic metals used in catalytic converters. Concerning the stringent EU standards for emission control imposed to car manufacturers (Euro 6d nowadays), the worldwide demand for PGMs is being increased

Abstract Discarded tubular lights were crushed and sieved to retrieve phosphor powder comprising about 40% rare earth (Y, La, Ce, Eu, Tb) present in phosphor. In this study, different processing routes comprising direct leaching, leaching followed by thermal treatment, and thermal treatment are investigated for recovery of Y, Eu, Ce, Tb, and La. The heat treatment process was optimized at different

Abstract Removal of zinc and cadmium from highly saline solutions by hydroxide precipitation is discussed. Experimental solubilities of zinc and cadmium in highly saline solutions were compared to modeled results obtained using Pitzer’s approach. An amphoteric character of zinc and cadmium and an influence of chloride ion on the concentration of dissolved metals were investigated. In order to avoid

Abstract This research investigates the extraction behavior of copper and zinc from the sulfate leachate of a porcelain stone tailings sample with Chemorex CP-150 and D2EHPA in detail. The findings demonstrated that Chemorex had greater ability and selectivity in the extraction of copper, while D2EHPA was better in the extraction of zinc. 97.88% copper and 78.2% zinc were extracted, respectively, with

The Bayer Process is the dominant industrial method to produce alumina from bauxite ore. Due to the generation of large amounts of Bauxite Residue (red mud), an alternative method, called the Pedersen Process, is of our interest. This process makes use of a combination of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques in order to prevent the Bauxite Residue generation. In the conventional Pedersen

Together with about 1180 million tons of hot metal (2017) about 380 million tons of blast furnace slag are produced yearly worldwide. Most of it (about 280 million tons) is quenched forming the glassy granulated blast furnace slag (GBS). For more than 130 years, this by-product is used as a clinker substitute in cement and concrete. Many approaches exist to evaluate the reactivity of ground granulated

The carbothermal reduction of Al2O3 under primary vacuum using concentrated solar energy is a clean process for the production of energetic aluminum. However, undesirable by-products can be formed if the physico-chemical parameters (pressure, temperature) are not optimized. In the present work, the Sol@rmet reactor has been used to perform this reaction in the following pressure and temperature ranges

Crystallization tendency and the state of oxidic slags are important influencing factors for slag viscosity and therefore slag tapping. During the gasification process slag is constantly produced and flows down the gasifier walls until it is intercepted and stored for further treatment or a possible valorisation. The kinds of fuel used for gasification lead to different kinds of slag composition likewise

Oxidative roasting of Nd–Fe‒B permanent magnets prior to leaching improves the selectivity in the recovery of rare-earth elements over iron. However, the dissolution rate of oxidatively roasted Nd–Fe‒B permanent magnets in acidic solutions is very slow, often longer than 24 h. Upon roasting in air at temperatures above 500 °C, the neodymium metal is not converted to Nd2O3, but rather to the ternary

Metallurgical slags are produced at a massive rate of over 750 Mt/year, and carry a thermal energy equivalent to 40 Mt/year of coal. The potential mineral and thermal energy values of slags are in the order of $22 b and $3–6 b per year. Such attractive figures, together with tightening legislation on disposal of slag and the carbon footprint associated with the loss of mineral and energy values of

Aluminum is produced in chemical electrolysis by the Hall–Heroult process using carbon-based materials in electrodes (cathode and anode). The amorphous calcined petroleum coke is normally used as the carbon material. During the electrolysis of alumina, a voltage drop of about 0.15–0.25 V occurs due to the formation of gas bubbles at the anode which therefore reduces the electrolysis reaction kinetics

The insoluble product generated during bauxite digestion with sodium hydroxide at elevated temperature and pressure is known as ‘bauxite residue’ or ‘red mud.’ Due to its high alkalinity (pH ranges between 11.50 and 13), its storage and disposal become a major issue. It can cause problems such as contamination of groundwater due to alkali seepage, impacting air quality with alkaline dust which has