Abstract The properties and applications of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) are significantly dependent on its purity. Physical purification is proposed for separating impurities from MoS2. Meanwhile, the feasibility of separation of impurities was analyzed by thermodynamic calculations. The effects of the temperature and heating duration on the volatilization of impurities were studied experimentally

Abstract Due to outstanding thermal stability and corrosion resistance, samarium–cobalt alloy is being used in rare earth magnet. So, this permanent magnet waste can be a potential source for rare earth metal samarium and critical metal cobalt. Recovery and reuse of Sm, Co from Sm–Co magnet waste can reduce the burden on primary resources and environmental issues related to primary resources. In this

Abstract In this paper, a novel and effective process for removing lead and synthesizing glass–ceramics from the hazardous waste CRTs funnel glass and red mud was developed. Glass–ceramics was produced through an appropriate sintering treatment of the residual glass after lead from funnel glass was removed. Vacuum smelting results showed that the addition of red mud had contributed to enhance Pb removal

Abstract The effect of cooling methods such as granulating, water cooling, and air cooling on the quality of Titania slag was investigated. The results show that the Ti2O3 content in Titania slag is decreased with three different cooling ways. For instance, Ti2O3 content in granulated slag decreased by 27.6%. Content of Fe2O3 in granulated slag was approximately 2.86% higher than both water-cooled

Abstract Recycling and utilization of waste concrete and industrial waste slags is a significant step towards the protection of the environment and sustainable development. Industrial waste slags including ferronickel (Greece) and fayalite (Finland) slags were mixed with ground waste concrete for the production of inorganic polymers (IPs). The effects of different parameters during alkaline activation

AbstractThe current study investigates the beneficiation of iron ore fines by the carbothermal process using muffle and microwave furnace. The muffle furnace reduction was found useful for the separation of iron-bearing phases from the quartz impurities and concentrate with iron purity of ~ 64%, recovery of 98%, and a yield of 84.5% is achieved at 900 °C, 9% charcoal in 1 h. Incorporating coal as a

AbstractA 2015 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study on germanium included the sourcing from fly ashes from coal combustion and its recycling from photovoltaic production scrap. Germanium is also produced as a byproduct from zinc production, typically present at levels above 75 ppm in zinc ores, and this is the second globally most important primary source for germanium. This life cycle assessment study

This paper derives from first principles simple relationships that can be used to compute energy requirements for the production of hot metal (pig iron) in a blast furnace (BF) or direct reduced iron (DRI) in a direct reduction furnace (DRF), and the transformation of hot metal and DRI into crude steel in a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) or electric arc furnace (EAF) with the addition of scrap iron or

AbstractA complex copper dross containing Bi, Pb, Cu, As and Sb was processed in a 3.6 m2 industrial-scale oxygen-rich side-blown bath smelting furnace (OSBF). The products were collected and analyzed by chemical and mineralogical methods. Industrial statistical data showed that recoveries of Cu, Pb, Bi and Sb reached 87%, 96%, 97% and 60%, respectively. Slag composition indicated that the process

AbstractCoal fly ash is a lightweight incombustible particulate generated during coal combustion. Alumina content in the fly ash is present in the mullite phase, and its high stability calls for alternative processing for conversion to reactive phase before leaching. Mechanical activation with sodium hydroxide was found unsatisfactory for the breakdown of mullite structure, whereas the mullite phase

AbstractThe mini blast furnace based on biomass operation is a viable technology that neutralizes fossil carbon emissions in the production route of green hot metal. In this study, we analyze the actual mini blast furnace operation and propose new operational practices using the multiphase multicomponent modeling approach. We newly introduced additional chemical species and rate equations to account

AbstractPlatinum group metals (PGMs) are considered critical raw materials, thus their recycling and re-use is of outmost importance. Among the PGMs, platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) are the basic metals used in catalytic converters. Concerning the stringent EU standards for emission control imposed to car manufacturers (Euro 6d nowadays), the worldwide demand for PGMs is being increased

AbstractDiscarded tubular lights were crushed and sieved to retrieve phosphor powder comprising about 40% rare earth (Y, La, Ce, Eu, Tb) present in phosphor. In this study, different processing routes comprising direct leaching, leaching followed by thermal treatment, and thermal treatment are investigated for recovery of Y, Eu, Ce, Tb, and La. The heat treatment process was optimized at different

AbstractRemoval of zinc and cadmium from highly saline solutions by hydroxide precipitation is discussed. Experimental solubilities of zinc and cadmium in highly saline solutions were compared to modeled results obtained using Pitzer’s approach. An amphoteric character of zinc and cadmium and an influence of chloride ion on the concentration of dissolved metals were investigated. In order to avoid

AbstractThis research investigates the extraction behavior of copper and zinc from the sulfate leachate of a porcelain stone tailings sample with Chemorex CP-150 and D2EHPA in detail. The findings demonstrated that Chemorex had greater ability and selectivity in the extraction of copper, while D2EHPA was better in the extraction of zinc. 97.88% copper and 78.2% zinc were extracted, respectively, with

The Bayer Process is the dominant industrial method to produce alumina from bauxite ore. Due to the generation of large amounts of Bauxite Residue (red mud), an alternative method, called the Pedersen Process, is of our interest. This process makes use of a combination of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques in order to prevent the Bauxite Residue generation. In the conventional Pedersen

Together with about 1180 million tons of hot metal (2017) about 380 million tons of blast furnace slag are produced yearly worldwide. Most of it (about 280 million tons) is quenched forming the glassy granulated blast furnace slag (GBS). For more than 130 years, this by-product is used as a clinker substitute in cement and concrete. Many approaches exist to evaluate the reactivity of ground granulated

Recycling and process metallurgy are the main enablers of Circular Economy (CE). To assess the circularity of CE, a detailed understanding of the limits of the current recycling infrastructure is required. For this paper, a predictive physical separation model for Eddy Current Separator was developed using 3D particle-level detail acquired by Computed Tomography. The developed model was combined with

The carbothermal reduction of Al2O3 under primary vacuum using concentrated solar energy is a clean process for the production of energetic aluminum. However, undesirable by-products can be formed if the physico-chemical parameters (pressure, temperature) are not optimized. In the present work, the Sol@rmet reactor has been used to perform this reaction in the following pressure and temperature ranges

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are an essential energy storage device for many advanced electronics used in our everyday lives, from cell phones and laptops to medical devices and electric vehicles. Despite their continued widespread adoption, a method to recycle and reuse end-of-life (EOL) LIB materials is an area still under active development. Numerous hydrometallurgical methods have been explored

The alkali elution behavior of steelmaking slag in seawater was kinetically investigated and simulated under continuous flow in an open channel vessel with packed bed of steelmaking slag. Two types of steelmaking slags, viz. decarburization slag and dephosphorization slag, were used in this study. The alkali elution rate of decarburization slag was larger than that of dephosphorization slag due to

Crystallization tendency and the state of oxidic slags are important influencing factors for slag viscosity and therefore slag tapping. During the gasification process slag is constantly produced and flows down the gasifier walls until it is intercepted and stored for further treatment or a possible valorisation. The kinds of fuel used for gasification lead to different kinds of slag composition likewise

Ladle furnace slag disintegrates into fine powder during cooling due to phase transformations of di-calcium silicate. This creates an adverse impact on working conditions and the environment by dust generation. In this paper, a short overview on different studies to overcome the disintegration problem is provided. An attempt was also made to study the effects of several different additives and their

Continuous focus on capacity growth and increase in productivity by the manufacturing sector has led to the generation of a huge quantity of solid waste as by-product and depletion of the natural resources including refractories. The present study focuses on a sustainable approach to develop a low-cost castable intended for low-temperature applications by utilizing steelmaking slags as the raw materials

In this research, the recycling of industrially collected and crushed nickel metal hydride battery waste, rich in valuable metals such as Ni and rare earth elements (REE), was investigated. The crushed waste was characterized based on elemental distribution per particle size class and density. Although issues with sieving, such as agglomeration of shredded separator fibers, were observed, a good separation

Molybdenum is mainly used as an alloy material in the iron and steel industry and typically in the form of ferromolybdenum (FeMo). The current study aims to evaluate the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of four ferromolybdenum production cases using inventory inputs from a process model based on mass and energy conservations. The total energy required for producing 1 tonne of FeMo

The present article continues the series reviewing the thermochemistry of complex multicomponent pyrometallurgical systems. The recovery of multiple metals through the Pb-based primary and recycling processes is an economic driving force for the circular economy of the future. In this study, equilibrium distributions of Ag, Au, Bi, and Zn between PbO–FeO–Fe2O3–SiO2 silica saturated slag and Pb metal

Oxidative roasting of Nd–Fe‒B permanent magnets prior to leaching improves the selectivity in the recovery of rare-earth elements over iron. However, the dissolution rate of oxidatively roasted Nd–Fe‒B permanent magnets in acidic solutions is very slow, often longer than 24 h. Upon roasting in air at temperatures above 500 °C, the neodymium metal is not converted to Nd2O3, but rather to the ternary

The second law of thermodynamics (2LT) helps to quantify the limits as well as the resource efficiency of the circular economy (CE) in the transformation of resources, which include materials, energy, or water, into products and residues, some of which will be irreversibly lost. Furthermore, material and energy losses will also occur, as well as the residues and emissions that are generated have an

Metallurgical slags are produced at a massive rate of over 750 Mt/year, and carry a thermal energy equivalent to 40 Mt/year of coal. The potential mineral and thermal energy values of slags are in the order of $22 b and $3–6 b per year. Such attractive figures, together with tightening legislation on disposal of slag and the carbon footprint associated with the loss of mineral and energy values of

Aluminum is produced in chemical electrolysis by the Hall–Heroult process using carbon-based materials in electrodes (cathode and anode). The amorphous calcined petroleum coke is normally used as the carbon material. During the electrolysis of alumina, a voltage drop of about 0.15–0.25 V occurs due to the formation of gas bubbles at the anode which therefore reduces the electrolysis reaction kinetics

Even though electroplating has been applied to extract antimony from the relevant mines, such as stibnite (Sb2S3) and valentinite (Sb2O3), there are still some unclear points which need to be clarified: in alkaline sulfide solution, S2− can help increase the solubility of Sb(III) ions. In the present study, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) tests were employed to investigate the electrochemical

Disposing of liquid crystal display (LCD) waste has significant effects on the environment, human and animal health, and metal resources by extension if inappropriately treated. In this study, we have developed a process for the separation of indium–tin oxide (ITO) glass from the LCD panel and evaluated the best digestion process for the analysis of In and Sn from ITO glass. The digestion process of

Due to the rapid increase in aluminum production from high-grade bauxite ores, such reserves are fast depleting. Determining cost-effective processes for the treatment of low-grade bauxitic ores, utilization of different wastes and byproducts of aluminum industries, and improvement in the extraction process steps are some of the pertinent issues. Red mud, i.e., bauxite residue, is a serious threat

Steelmaking slag contains considerable quantities of valuable elements such as P and Mn; however, its intrinsic value has not been fully exploited. In steelmaking slag, P is primarily distributed in the 2CaO·SiO2–3CaO·P2O5 solid solution, which can be dissolved readily in the aqueous solution compared with other phases. To separate and recover P from steelmaking slag, selective leaching of the P-containing

The technological applications of the newly developed nanoparticles are continuously increasing. Nevertheless, their reduced size forming colloidal suspensions may facilitate the transport and bioaccumulation in the environment. The particular properties of each nanoparticle and its interaction with the dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the living organisms are important issues in this scenario. The

The insoluble product generated during bauxite digestion with sodium hydroxide at elevated temperature and pressure is known as ‘bauxite residue’ or ‘red mud.’ Due to its high alkalinity (pH ranges between 11.50 and 13), its storage and disposal become a major issue. It can cause problems such as contamination of groundwater due to alkali seepage, impacting air quality with alkaline dust which has

The development of new Al-based alloys has included the addition of transition alloying elements in order to produce phases that are stable at high temperatures. Elements such as Mn, Cr, and V, can lead to supersaturated solid solutions in Al, and elements with low solubility and formers of eutectic systems (e.g., Ni, Fe, Ce) induce mechanical strengthening by the formation of higher fractions of intermetallics

There are few study examples on the separation of metals by floating method. In this study, separation of silicon and aluminum, which are the main components of silicon-based solar cell module, was carried out by floating method in order to purify silicon from waste solar cell module. The selection of surfactant, control of electric charge, wettability of the solid particles, surface tensions, and

Zinc fuming processes are used to volatilize heavy metals from slags and produce a clean slag. Since alternative fuel sources containing plastics are explored, the effect of chlorides becomes relevant. In this paper, the influence of Cl additions to a zinc fuming process on the Zn volatilization is investigated. Thermodynamic calculations were carried out on available industrial data from three different

The use of synthetic fluxes in secondary steelmaking not only improves the properties of top slag and steel quality but also increases the production cost. Ladle furnace (LF) slag can be used as a replacement to synthetic fluxes owing to its chemical and mineralogical compositions. Valorization of LF slag helps in sustainable steelmaking and also reduces steel production cost. In spite of beneficial

This study investigates the microwave carbothermal reduction of low-grade banded hematite jasper iron ore (Fe ~ 37%). The susceptibility of iron phases to microwave exposure and their selective absorptions help in the liberation of iron values from impurities. It was found that a small fraction of the microwave-irradiated ore-charcoal mixture was rapidly melted to produce pure ferrite balls with Fe

Utilizing locally based and renewable biomass resources are challenging. This work aims to understand the role of the utilization of solid byproduct of Indonesian mill scale, formed during the cold rolling process, and abundant local resources of coconut coir wastes. Mill scale has a fairly high total iron content with the dominant phase being hematite, while pure Fe content is insignificant. In this

In this study, a comprehensive investigation was carried out on the effects of environmental condition on physical and chemical properties of Cold-Briquetted Iron and Carbon (CBIC), Cold Direct Reduced Iron (CDRI), and Hot-Briquetted Iron (HBI). The results showed that cold briquetting of CDRI decreases its specific surface area by 51%, which has a significant effect on its oxidation resistance and

Sustainable recovery of laminar LiCoO2 materials from spent mobile phone batteries by high-temperature calcination was studied. Graphite powders were removed from the anode when the copper thin foil was attacked. Spent LiCoO2 and aluminum thin foil on the cathode were separated by pulverization and sieving. Spent cathodic materials were calcined at 900 °C to remove impurities and recover the laminar

JNARDDC is intensely working toward the development of boehmite product hydrate as an intermediate product to reduce energy consumption in the calcination step. The innovative process of modifying the gibbsite seed property to boehmite and using it in precipitation has been thoroughly explored in the study. The investigations have shown that it can be produced in the precipitation circuit using boehmite

Technological advancements and the ever-increasing demand for the latest electronic gadgets lead to the huge generation of waste. Printed circuit boards are key connecting components of any electronic device, and the presence of significant metallic values such as copper can be regarded as a valuable secondary source. The discarded printed circuit boards are grounded to − 1 mm size and they consist

In this study, the equilibrium distributions of selected trace elements between molten iron-saturated copper alloy and selected iron silicate slags were measured, and the effects of silica fluxing on them. In addition to the copper and iron main components of the system, trace elements like antimony, gallium, germanium, gold, indium, and silver were added in experiments that spanned the temperature