In this paper, the theoretical energy consumption required in the zinc electrowinning process was analyzed. The theoretical energy consumption is only a half of the energy consumption in industrial production. To save energy of the production process, we studied five kinds of additives with the industrial electrolyte in the longtime zinc electrowinning process. The results indicated that the presence

With the rapid development of electric vehicles and 5G network technology, cobalt, a potentially critical metal, is widely used in batteries. Considering the supply risk of cobalt, which is approaching the near-critical level, it is necessary to comprehend the status of cobalt resources and analyze the potential recycling of cobalt from metallurgical wastes and spent cobalt compounds. In this paper

The present study investigated the electrocoagulation (EC) process using holed Ferrum electrodes (HFE) in the mineral industries for copper recovery from the pregnant leach solution (PLS). To this end, the response surface methodology was used to optimize factors affecting copper recovery in the EC process. The Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize experiments and effects of four independent

Selective precipitation is the main process used to remove molybdenum from tungstate solutions by the tungsten industry in China. The process exploits the fact that molybdenum is a sulfophile whereas tungsten is an oxyphile. First, the sulfur ions replace oxygen and convert the molybdate to thiomolybdate, then a moderate amount of additives (copper compounds) are reacted with the thiomolybdate to form

Zinc and iron were separated from the spent pickling solution by extraction with methyl trioctyl ammonium chloride (Aliquat 336). The purpose of the extraction experiment is to determine a variety of parameters (e.g. addition of octanol, contact time, phase ratio, [H+] concentration and Aliquat 336 concentration). Under optimal extraction conditions, the zinc extraction in one stage was above 92.4%

Combining the environmental advantage of magnesium salt compound leaching agent, calcium oxide was used as a precipitant to enrich rare earth elements from rare earth leaching liquor in a magnesium salt system. The use of magnesium salt compound leaching agent and calcium oxide precipitant can achieve the effective circulation of Ca and Mg, and finally solve the ammonia-nitrogen pollution problem in

A very selective leach for an assorted material stream such as the PCB dust is a vital process step to achieve less complex downstream processing. Thermodynamically, oxidative ammonia leaching should complex copper and zinc relatively selectively from the dust compared to other reagents regime, but investigation under optimum kinetic conditions studied and used herein revealed process design realities

In the present work, a feasible approach was developed for the recovery of cerium and lanthanum from rare earth polishing powder wastes to synthesize shape-controlled CeO2 and perovskite-type La0.6Ca0.4CoO3 powders. The process proposed here includes six steps: (i) Pre-roasting treatment, (ii) H2SO4 digestion and water leaching, (iii) double salt (NaRE(SO4)2·xH2O) precipitation, (iv) conversion of

End-of-life vehicles are usually crushed in large scaled shredders in order to increase the surface area for further processing. During the shredding process, the so-called shredder-light-fraction (SLF), containing mainly plastics and other synthetic polymers, is discharged. However, this fraction still contains up to 20% metals such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn), making them

A novel process for recovery of tellurium (Te) from alkaline solution by cyclone electrowinning was proposed. The electrochemical behavior of Te in alkaline media was determined by cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry measurements. It indicated that TeO32− ion was first reduced to Te(s), then to Te22− ion. It has been identified that Te electrodeposition was diffusion and charge transfer

Pyrite cinder is a typical hazardous waste produced in sulfuric acid industry, which, however, contains a significant level of valuable metals, such as iron, copper, cobalt, etc. About 12 million tons of pyrite cinder are generated in China annually, while the utilization rate is less than 50% due to the complex relationship of various components. In this study, a process of phosphoric acid leaching

In this paper, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used to activate refractory bio-oxidised flotation gold concentrate and improve gold extraction efficacy during alkaline cyanide leaching. The results showed that EDTA activation influences physico-chemical properties such as particle size distribution, surface area and mineralogy, rate and yield of gold leaching, and overall reagent (sodium

The redox potential dependence of chalcopyrite leaching was investigated in acidic ferric chloride solutions using a specially designed batch leaching experimental setup that accurately determined and monitored the redox potential changes with time. The concentration ratio of ferric (Fe3+) to ferrous (Fe2+) ions and the leaching rate-redox potential relationship were then determined from the redox

Since indiumisconsidereda strategic material, a study for developing and optimizing a recovery process by electrowinning has been performed. The possibility of using electrolytic baths based on sulfates instead of chlorides has also been evaluated. Nowadays, chlorides are widely used because they generally present greater current efficiencies;however, the dangers of chlorine gasrequireexpensive-sealed

Cyclone electrowinning technology has obvious technical advantages in treating polymetallic mixed solutions, and it has been widely used to separate and purify cu, au, ag, Ni, co and other metals. Simulated leaching solution of copper‑cadmium residues was prepared as electrolyte, the extraction of copper by three-stage cyclone electrowinning in sequence were investigated in this study, and the optimum

Efficient and selective extraction of lead was realized from the mixed sulfide-oxide lead and zinc ore by an in-situ self-reduction method for the first time. The thermodynamic feasibility of reaction scheme which consisted of reducing PbO2 from Zn leach residue containing PbO2 to PbSO4 by pyrite (FeS2) and sphalerite (ZnS) coexisted in the mixed ore in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) medium, followed by leaching

The leaching of scheelite using H2O2 in a H2SO4 solution was assessed. In this sulfuric acid‑hydrogen peroxide leaching system, the conversion of CaWO4 to CaSO4·nH2O and H2WO4 together with the complexation of H2O2 with tungstic acid was utilized to efficiently and cleanly treat scheelite. The results showed that leaching of scheelite in this system was feasible, and the most suitable reaction conditions

As a manganese-based Li+ ion sieve, H1.6Mn1.6O4 has the highest theoretical adsorption capacity drive from Li1.6Mn1.6O4. However, its industrial application is limited by large dissolution of Mn in the pickling process. In this work, we improved the Li+ adsorption and anti-dissolution properties by doping Li1.6Mn1.6O4 with different transition metal ions (Fe3+, Co2+). The characterization results of

The addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to a 1 M H2O2 leaching solution with low concentrations of sulfuric acid (0.007 M) and ethylene glycol (EG) (0.1 M) promotes significant increases of copper and iron leached from chalcopyrite. However, copper purification by solvent extraction is not possible due to the elevated stability of copper-EDTA and iron-EDTA complexes in the resulting

Rare earth (RE) with specific application value has become the relatively important strategic resource for all countries. Weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore (WCED-REO) are rich in middle-heavy RE, and its exploitation restrict the global supply of the middle-heavy RE. The leaching technology directly determines the leaching efficiency of RE in WCED-REO. The selection and use of the leaching

Jarosites are a waste product of most zinc processing plants, since these compounds are formed as a measure to eliminate iron and other impurities from zinc solutions in acidic media. However, they often occlude valuable elements, such as silver, in their structure. In the present study, an alternative is presented for the recovery of silver that is present in this type of waste. The effect of pH,

Enargite ore (Cu3AsS4) is generally processed via pyrometallurgy, with high temperatures that release toxic arsenic (AsxOy) and sulfur (SOx) gases. In seeking alternatives that avoid production of noxious gases, this paper discusses batch leaching experiments of mineral mixtures of enargite and pyrite (Cu3AsS4 and FeS2), agitated under ammoniacal media (NH4OH) using sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) as an

A large amount of severely weathered copper oxide ore is on the surface of Zambian copperbelt, in which the main cupriferous mineral is biotite. To treat this kind of copper oxide ore, thermal treatment and acid leaching is commonly utilized by many local plants, but the copper leaching efficiency is not high, resulting in the loss of copper resource. To solve the problem, enhanced acid leaching by

Rhenium-bearing molybdenite concentrate is a typical mineral resource to recover molybdenum and rhenium, but has long been poorly utilized via oxidative roasting-leaching route. In this work, a novel flowsheet consisting of chloride leaching, co-volatilization, selective condensation, and water leaching has been proposed and verified on the basis of both experimental and thermodynamic studies. Purification

This paper evaluated the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens to leach gold from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs). Gold was recovered as gold-cyanide complex and cyanide was produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. In this paper, the effect of pH on gold leaching efficiency was studied, the P.fluorescens was domesticated to grow at higher pH (pH 8 and 9), and the concentration of cyanide ions (CN−) available

In light of the recent increased use of seawater for copper heap leaching, we analyzed the speciation and activities of iron and copper in chloride media, with a focus on chalcocite leaching. Compared with other published work, the present study carried out such analysis at high solution ionic strength up to 3 M. For this purpose, the SIT (Specific ion Interaction Theory) activity model was used in

The extraction of Fe(III), Ni(II) and Co(II) from a Ni(II)-Co(II) solution containing Fe(III) was analyzed in a chloride medium using a mixed extractant consisting of 50% (v/v) tributyl phosphate (TBP), 20% (v/v) 2-octanol and 30% (v/v) kerosene. The extraction of 0.5 mol/L Fe(III) in 4 mol/L hydrochloric acid reached 97%, and the consumption of chloride ions was investigated. Nickel(II) ions were

It was hypothesized that bauxite digestion may be improved by using microwave heating as it has been shown in literature that some material processes have improved efficiency. To test this hypothesis, a set of digestion experiments were conducted using gibbsite, one of the major minerals in bauxite. Gibbsite was digested at various temperatures (50, 75, and 95 °C) in either 1 M or 6 M sodium hydroxide

The adsorption of tungsten by a macroporous weak base resin had been widely studied. However, due to the problem of the crystallization of ammonium paratungstate (APT) during the desorption process, there have been few detailed reports on subsequent steps after resin adsorption. The authors found that APT could be dissolved in ammonia in a closed container at 60 °C while achieving a high resin desorption

Leach solutions of vanadium (V) slag was generated from (NH4)2SO4 (AS) roasting and water leaching process. After separating titanium (Ti) from the solutions, the remaining liquor contains a large amount of V and iron (Fe). In this study, a system composed of trioctyl tertiary amine (N235) and sulfonated kerosene was used to separate V; moreover, the feasibility, mechanism, and energy evaluation of

Flake aluminum hydroxide was prepared via neutralization with ammonia and aluminum nitrate solutions containing alumina at a concentration of 10 g/L. Meanwhile 0.5 g/L acetic acid was added to the solution as a shaping additive. The morphology control of neutralization allowed for the production of columnar and flake submicron aluminum hydroxide via precipitation in the Bayer process, which is widely

During the high-temperature Bayer process, the inhibitory effect of titanium-containing minerals on diaspore digestion is believed to be resulted from the formation of a dense sodium titanate layer covering the diaspore particles, however, there is a lack of direct observational evidence to date. This work adopted X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cross-section SEM and in-situ analysis to clarify

A new crystallization-precipitation method is proposed to extract lithium from salt-lake brine with high Mg Li mass ratio (Mg Li > 40). A closed loop path for carnallite crystallization is established and a high magnesium removal efficiency is achieved via MgHPO4(S) precipitation through thermodynamic analysis and experiments. In the first stage, KCl is added into the brine to remove about 50% of magnesium

Heap chloride leaching of low-grade copper sulfides with the use of seawater has been proposed as a feasible alternative to address challenges associated with water scarcity and depletion of oxides. Our previous study of leaching kinetics showed that the leaching reaction slowed down in the second stage and the maximum copper extraction achieved at ambient temperature was around 70–80%. To uncover

The extraction of nitric acid, trivalent actinides and lanthanides with N,N,N′,N′-tetra-n-octyl-3-oxapentanediamide (TODGA) dissolved in the aromatic diluents 1,4-diisopropylbenezene and tert-butylbenzene was studied. Nitric acid extraction proceeds along the formation of 1:1 and 2:1 HNO3-TODGA adducts. An(III) and Ln(III) distribution ratios were determined as a function of nitric acid, TODGA and

In this study, the effects of Ag+ (140 mg/L) in an electrolyte on the oxygen evolution and corrosion behaviors of Pb and PbAg (0.6 wt%) anodes in diaphragm electrolysis were investigated by utilizing a variety of tests and analyses, including galvanostatic polarization, mass increment, ion concentration, anodic polarization curve, phase analysis, and scanning electron microscopy of the oxide layer

This work presents a study on the dissolution kinetics of a Brazilian glauconitic siltstone, known as Verdete, in the presence of sulfuric acid and in hydrothermal conditions. The objective was to verify the efficiency of the hydrothermal methodology in breaking up the structures of muscovite, glauconite and K-feldspar at low liquid/solid ratio to recover potassium. The water-soluble and insoluble

The present work describes a process to recover rare earth elements (REEs) by selective precipitation with ammonia from phosphogypsum (PG) waste, a by-product of the phosphate industry. A pretreatment step was carried out with a solution of sodium chloride and sodium carbonate (60 g/L) in order to assure, respectively, a better solubilization of impurities and a conversion of PG to a calcite matrix

The production of pure TiO2 gains a lot of interest because of its use in white pigment, ink and cosmetics as well as precursor for Ti metal generation. Although titanium oxide is commonly distributed in accessory minerals in hard rocks and sediments (rutile, anatase and brookite), ores with high amounts of TiO2-phases are not common. Important minable Ti ore often contains FeTi oxides like ilmenite

The results of this comparative study have shown that in 1 M acid solutions, the differences in reactivity of iron(II) for reduction of oxygen are within about an order of magnitude of each other for the systems studied at 40 °C. This applies to both the uncatalysed and copper(II) catalysed systems. The exception is the chloride system in which the rate can be significantly increased by increasing

Micro-cracks produced in the crushing stage could improve the permeability and diffusion of leaching solution within the ore particles, which would favor for the leaching process. However, its influence on the extraction of copper by bioleaching has rarely been studied. In this work, we reported the enhancement effect of micro-cracks on the bioleaching of low-grade copper sulphide ore. Jaw crusher

The synergistic extraction of heavy rare earths from chloride medium was investigated using the mixture of heptylaminomethylphosphonic acid mono-(2-ethyl-hexyl) ester (HEHHAP, HA) and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex272, HB) in heptane. The extraction efficiency of heavy rare earths and the separation factors between adjacent lanthanides with the HEHHAP-Cyanex272 mixture are both better

A novel extraction process to recover lithium ions from simulated salt lake brines with high Mg/Li ratio was developed. Tributyl phosphate (TBP), FeCl3 and diethyl succinate were used as extractant, co-extraction agent and diluent, respectively. Effects of extraction conditions containing the volume concentration of TBP, Fe/Li molar ratio and O/A phase ratio on extraction performances were studied

An efficient process for the recovery of palladium from waste printed circuits boards (PCBs) is detailed. Palladium is employed as an electrode material in multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). These components can be easily removed from PCBs by de-soldering. As palladium is alloyed with silver, its dissolution is readily achieved using dilute nitric acid. As a result, a solution containing palladium