ABSTRACT Red mud as the main byproduct generated during alumina extraction from bauxite. Owing to the high iron content in the red mud and the high correlation between iron and scandium during the leaching process, it is necessary to extract the iron from the red mud and to further enrich the scandium in advance for the acid leaching extraction of scandium. In this research, the theory of red mud segregation

ABSTRACT The effect of thermal oxidization pretreatment (TOP) on the magnetization roasting and separation of refractory iron ore was investigated. The TOP of raw samples was performed in a muffle furnace at 750°C for 30 min. The magnetization roasting and separation experiments of the raw samples and TOP samples were performed, which revealed that TOP could decrease the optimal CO concentration required

ABSTRACT The surface chemistry of cassiterite mineral and selective dispersion-flocculation-flotation studies on cassiterite tailings have been investigated using xanthan gum. Mineralogical studies indicate that quartz is the major mineral encapsulating cassiterite. The results of the adsorption, electrokinetic, co-precipitation, and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic studies indicate that xanthan

ABSTRACT Gravity gold characterization provides a comprehensive understanding on the effect of mineralogy, particle size, and liberation on gravity concentrator performance. This is of significant economic importance for gold ores with a high amount of coarse gold particles. In this study, the effect of pulp rheology on gravity recoverable gold (GRG) was investigated using a single-stage GRG test on

Scheelite and calcite are usually intergrown calcium minerals that are separated via froth flotation. However, their selective separation remains difficult because of their similar surface properties. 2-phosphonobutane −1, 2, 4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA or H5L) is widely used in water treatment due to its low phosphorus content and efficient anti-scaling performance. With its excellent calcium-chelating

Bath smelting and converting technologies for copper production have been improved, resulting in higher production efficiency and less polluting emissions. Reported studies on experimental and computational modeling approaches are reviewed in this paper, focusing on adjustable variables and flow details, for a thorough understanding of the complex flow phenomena of the high-temperature reactors used

(2020). Editorial. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review: Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 439-440.

A two-step closed circuit, operated at 90–95ºC, was found suitable for practical iron removal from real sulfuric acid leach liquors, resulting in low losses of nickel and cobalt to the solid phase. In the first step, NH4OH was used as a reagent to treat iron-rich liquors (1.8 g.L−1 < [Fe]total <8.7 g.L−1) with an initial pH of 1.6 ± 0.1, and nickel and cobalt concentrations of 1.59 ± 0.05 g.L−1 and

This work aimed to upgrade a low-grade sedimentary phosphate ore through attrition scrubbing/desliming and an anionic/cationic reverse flotation technique. The mineralogical and chemical examination showed that the sample contained low-grade apatite minerals (P2O5 ~ 22.5%), and the main associated gangue minerals were gypsum and quartz. The effects of both collector and depressant dosage were investigated

The sulfuric acid process is the dominant technology for lithium extraction from spodumene. However, this process generates huge quantities of waste residue and needs high-temperature pretreatment. The process can be optimized if other high-value elements are found in spodumene deposits, residual lithium can be recycled during mining and processing, and energy savings can be achieved. This paper evaluates

Coal refuse slurry impoundments have potential environmental concerns associated with water contamination and impoundment stability. Pressure filtration can be used as an alternative method of handling such coal waste streams as it offers an opportunity to stack the dewatered refuse solids for subsequent disposal, reducing or eliminating the need for the impoundment. A response surface methodology

The microwave drying of a Philippine nickel laterite ore was proposed as an alternative drying method to reduce the air pollution before further pyrometallurgical processing. The effect of thickness of ore bed and microwave power on the specific energy consumption and effective diffusivity were assessed. The results show that the specific energy consumption decreases with increasing the bed thickness

Platinum group elements have become imperative to many modern industrial applications (automobiles, jewelry, pharmaceuticals, electronics, fuel cells, etc.) but are mined in only a few places. Characterization followed by beneficiation and extraction of these elements has many challenges for the applied mineralogist and mineral engineers due to its ultratrace concentration (2–4 ppm), small grain size

Literature shows that flotation is highly size dependent and processing both coarse and fine size fractions is problematic. The latter is the subject of the current paper. Fine particles have a relatively high surface area, and therefore more reagents are needed for their processing. In addition, the problem of fine particle flotation is mainly due to their low collision and attachment efficiencies

An investigation on copper leaching from a chalcopyrite concentrate in methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and hydrogen peroxide at 75°C was carried out. Periodic additions of H2O2 were applied to enhance chalcopyrite dissolution and the reaction mechanism was analyzed using a shrinking core model. The results revealed that compared with the addition of H2O2 at the very beginning, periodic additions of H2O2

This study focuses on the recovery of valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and copper, from the printed circuit boards of waste computers, using physical separation followed by leaching methods. Characterization studies revealed that resins and glass fibers were attached as grain together with base and precious metals. A hammer mill was employed as a second stage crusher to disintegrate the different

Titanium ores are plentiful in the earth crust, and the corresponding metal content ranks as the fourth among structural metals; the application of titanium metal is restricted for its high cost in spite of its excellent mechanical properties, corrosion, and oxidation resistance. Titanium metal was first produced with Hunter process yet this has been practically replaced by Kroll process which contains

As the mining industry moves toward the extraction of increasingly complex ores to meet global demands, one of the challenges in gold processing is the treatment of preg-robbing ores. Preg-robbing occurs when gold that can be otherwise recovered is lost through adsorption, reduction, or absorption by carbonaceous compounds or other clays and minerals in the ore. This review discusses the sources and

Using a combination of energy – dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, the effect of acids (sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric) and energy impacts (electrochemical, mechanochemical, high power electromagnetic pulses, ultrasound) on the leaching parameters of eudialyte concentrate was studied. Zr and Σ REE recovery after

Additives play an important role in the recycling of complex refractory iron ore by coal-based reduction to improve the self-sufficiency rate of the ore. In this work, the influence mechanisms of CaF2, Na2CO3, and MgCO3 additives on the coal-based reduction of complex refractory iron ore were studied by x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy

Zinc leaching residue is an important secondary sources of zinc. To realize recycling utilization of this zinc secondary resource, a novel technology is proposed for the recovery of zinc from the zinc leaching residue by the bottom-blown reduction process in this study. The effects of reduction temperature, reduction time, coal rate, and lime addition on the metal content in the slag and the volatilization

The suitable electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) led to an increase in demand and the use of LIBs in electrical and electronic equipment. Naturally, increased demand will be accompanied by an enhancement in the supply of metals from mineral resources. On the other hand, the lithium metal supply scenario will not be able to meet market demand over the next few years. Spent LIBs

ABSTRACT Metal accounting is becoming an area of growing focus because of the requirement for the resulting data to feed directly into financial reports. It is vital in the fulfillment of best corporate governance practices and to provide assurance on metallurgical processes. The current metal accounting practices deliver a number of important measures, but an essential change in the approach toward

A comprehensive investigation was conducted to delineate the effect of ball size distribution, mill speed, and their interactions on power draw, charge motion, and balls segregation in a laboratory-scale mill. The mill was simulated at different critical speeds with different mill fillings. In total, 165 scenarios were simulated. When the mills charge comprising 60% of small balls and 40% of big balls

Red mud is generated at a rate of up to 175.5 million tons per year. The global stockpile of red mud is near 4 billion tons. This material is hazardous with pH values from 11 to 13. Reduction of this waste is critical. Current industry practices for disposal of red mud involve different stockpiling techniques on valuable land area or disposing into critical bodies of water. This review studies processes

Oily collectors are widely used to enhance the surface hydrophobicity of target minerals in flotation. However, the application of oily collectors is challenging in mineral flotation owning to their low adsorption on mineral surfaces. The presence of surfactants, fine particles and electrolytes in flotation has the potential to disperse oily collectors. In this paper, a thorough review of emulsions

During the grinding of pyrite, the grinding medium affects the properties of the grinding products, which in turn affects its flotation performance. In this study, we investigated the effects of cast iron ball (CIB) and ceramic ball (CB) grinding media on the grinding products characteristics and flotation performance of pyrite using atomic absorption spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy combined

With the fast development and popularization of electronic equipment and new energy industry, the consumption and demands for lithium are on a rapid rise. Spodumene is one of the important lithium resources, so it is of great significance to concentrate it. Beneficiation methods of spodumene include magnetic separation, gravity separation, and flotation. Since the major gangue minerals of spodumene

Vanadium-bearing steel slag is a typical solid waste in the steel industry and a valuable secondary resource for vanadium production. In this paper, a direct alkaline leaching process was proposed to extract valuable vanadium and achieve comprehensive utilization of the residue by incorporating the new process into the conventional Bayer alumina production process. The leaching mechanism showed the

Resources of germanium and its extraction from the resources by hydrometallurgical methods were reviewed. Although Ge exists in some sulfide ores, by-products and residues from the processing of these ores and coal combustion are the primary resources for Ge recovery. Optical fiber and solar panel wastes can be considered as important secondary resources of Ge. Hydrometallurgical processes consisting

The study focuses on the use of microwave energy in the reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation studies of an Indian Banded Hematite Jasper (BHJ) ore assaying about 48% Fe. Two coals having different origins have been used as the reductants, and the effects of their petrographical characteristics on the microwave-assisted carbothermic reduction have been discussed. The impacts of various

Presently, blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route is conventionally used in integrated steel plants (ISPs). As availability and cost of coking coal are becoming serious issues, alternative routes of iron and steel production such as COREX, shaft-based process for direct reduction of iron and electric arc furnace in combination with BF-BOF route is becoming a matter of focus. The possibility

A hydrochloric acid leaching solution of ilmenite contains Fe(III) and Ti(IV) and small amount of Mn(II) and Si(IV). Solvent extraction was employed to separate Ti(IV) and Fe(III) from the leaching solution. The co-extracted Ti(IV) was scrubbed from the loaded Alamine 300 by using a pure Fe(III) solution with 9 M HCl. Ti(IV) was then selectively extracted from the Fe(III) free raffinate by using PC88A

Improving metal–slag separation in pyrometallurgical processes is increasingly important. Due to the harsh conditions, direct observations of the molten phases behavior in the settler of the Outotec Flash Smelting Furnace (FSF) are not possible and the ways to improve metal settling can only be studied by simulation and modeling. This study focuses on kinetics and mechanisms of the chemical reactions

A smart selection of grinding media not only effectively reduces the grinding cost but also optimizes the flotation response of valuable sulfide minerals. This review highlights the influences of grinding media on pulp chemical properties (dissolved oxygen, pulp potential, pH, and ion concentration), particle size distribution, surface morphology and species, and crystal structure of grinding products

Response surface methodology has been applied in numerous studies using polynomial models despite some of them exhibit poor correlation coefficient R2, which implies an incorrect optimization. In this work, a methodology for obtaining response surfaces when a small data set is available and its behavior is complex is presented. The methodology consists of four steps. First, the classic experimental

Recovery of valuable metals such as cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and vanadium from spent catalysts has attracted much attention owing to the gradual depletion of high-grade ores. In this work, several hydrometallurgical methods have been reviewed for recovery of these metals from several spent catalysts. The main methods include adsorption, chelation, ion exchange, leaching, precipitation, and solvent

Red mud waste from aluminum processing was utilized as a material for extraction of iron. Red mud contains a high amount of iron, comparable to feedstock to North American iron mines, and extracting this iron value is paramount. The iron nugget process can extract iron from the iron minerals in red mud. The nugget process is a one-step alternative to the blast furnace which simultaneously reduces and

In this study, magnesium titanate was prepared through the high-temperature reaction of ilmenite and MgO in a reducing atmosphere, and its formation process and mechanism under different conditions were investigated. The results showed that a reducing atmosphere is necessary to prepare magnesium titanate. Although Mg could replace Fe and form magnesium titanate without reductant, the generated magnesium

With the depletion of high-grade ores, beneficiation of valuable minerals from mineral processing tailings attracts attentions of mining companies and researchers. Recovery of valuable sulfide minerals by flotation from the tailing of an iron-copper mine in central China was investigated in this paper. The surface oxidation status of sulfide minerals is an important factor influencing their flotation

Red mud is the main solid waste generated by the aluminum industry for the extraction of alumina. Considering the environmental problems associated with red mud, the recovery of iron from bauxite slag is still a promising field. The effect of sodium sulfate on the red mud separation roasting-magnetic separation process was studied. The results show that at the roasting temperature of 1100°C for 65

Spodumene is the main source of lithium among the lithium-containing minerals. A number of studies have been done on the extraction of lithium from naturally occurring α-spodumene as well as pre-treated β-spodumene and the effect of key factors that influence extraction and optimum processing conditions have been discussed. Some of these methods have remained at a laboratory scale because they were

Process flowsheet has a greater effect on equipment performance and operating conditions. For this purpose, performance of two iron ore beneficiation plants with the same equipment and feed characteristics but different arrangements in the grinding and classification circuit has been investigated. The first difference between the two plants was the screening type of HPGR product. Wet screening in the

The present investigation aimed to understand dewatering amenability of the tailing slurry generated during the beneficiation of chromite ore. The tailing includes mainly ultrafine particles with a concentration of Cr+6 which causes environmental and storage issues. Several dewatering techniques were investigated, including settling by using two different thickeners (high rate thickening and paste

Effects of different coals and coke on the direct reduction of vanadium titanomagnetite concentrate (VTC) added with calcium carbonate were investigated. Lignite was found to provide a better reduction effect than bituminous coal, coke or anthracite, mainly because the gasification reactivity of lignite was obviously better than that of other three reductants, and the metallization degree could reach

Waste electrical and electronic equipments (WEEE or e-waste) are an important source for rare earth elements (REEs). Among various type of WEEE, NdFeB magnets are known for their high content of neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy). Recovery of REEs from NdFeB magnets is of prime interest for the industry to meet the ever-growing demand for REEs. In this study, some physical and hydrometallurgical approaches

A tremendous amount of research has been done on refining the flotation process for iron ore and designing the reagents which go into it. This paper reviews the industrial practices and fundamental research surrounding iron ore flotation. The advantages and disadvantages of direct flotation, cationic reverse flotation, and anionic reverse flotation are reviewed. A novel stepped flotation technique

The aim of this work was to study the true flotation process and entrainment contamination along flotation banks. For this purpose, a new approach for characterizing the recovery and grade profiles down the industrial flotation banks was developed and tested in two industrial rougher banks, of nine 130 m3 and six 250 m3 cells. The procedure consisted of feed, top-of-froth (TOF) and concentrate grades

(2019). Honorary note: Jan Drzymala – 70th birthday. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review: Vol. 40, Special Issue on Flotation in Honor of Professor Jan Drzymala, for his 70th Birthday. Guest Editor: Przemyslaw B. Kowalczuk, pp. 369-369.

Various processes for the recovery of cerium from metallurgical, non-metallurgical and secondary sources are reviewed. Cerium is present as a major constituent of primary resources like monazite, bastnäsite, etc. Various secondary resources of cerium include phosphogypsum, red mud, blast furnace slag, NiMH batteries, FCC catalyst, glass films, CFLs, catalytic converters, etc. This review encompasses

The production and analysis of highly reactive Fe catalyzed coke through briquetting route were carried out in this work. The utilization of highly reactive coke in steel making is an alternative process to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions in a blast furnace. A scale-up approach is carried out by first optimization of parameters in laboratory scale and then implementing those results in

This research study reviews a direct comparison of the loading capabilities and selectivity of 13 different ion exchange resins represented in 24 different commercial resins for the removal of Fe(III) from synthetic Ni(II) leach liquor. The use of ion-exchange resins for selectively removing high concentrations of Fe(III) from leach liquor is presented as an alternative to current Fe precipitation

As the expectations for more consistent and higher density thickened and paste tailings in the minerals industry increase, so do the demands on flocculation performance within gravity thickeners. Low solids feed suspensions are delivered at a high velocity to center feedwells, which not only serve to dissipate the feed’s momentum and evenly distribute the solids, but are also the primary means by which

Iron ore tailings dams at Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil, are full and present significant risks. The material contains approximately 30% of the iron, and recovering this iron is important in decreasing the environmental impact and increasing production. The objective of the present work was to study magnetic concentration of processing plant tailings. Pilot tests optimized the processing

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely employed in portable electric devices, electric vehicles (EVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), indicating a potential increasing demand for LIBs over the next decade. Lithium, a critical element in LIBs, might encounter a potential supply crisis in the future. The irregular distribution of lithium mineral resources in countries and the unequal

In this work, the simultaneous effects of Ca2+ and Cl− ions in an aqueous solution at pH 10.5 on the flotation of quartz (the main impurity in itabiritic iron ore) and hematite by starch and amine was investigated. A strong depression in the flotation of both quartz and hematite conditioned with CaCl2 was observed. This effect was higher for hematite than for quartz. Based on zeta potential measurements

The study involved the chemical and mineralogical analysis of actual tailings production from Lubin Concentrator Plant (KGHM Polska Miedz SA Group). KGHM Polska Miedz SA Group is the world’s leading company that mines and processes sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits in SW Poland. From the beginning of copper ore mining, the problem of utilization and managing the deposited tailings has been

The interaction between bubbles and solid particles is an important mechanism in many industrial processes and flotation is a significant component of the most utilized applications. While flotation of mineral ores deals with fine particles and larger bubbles, the aim of this review is to focus on the opposite case; the interaction between smaller bubbles and larger particles encountered mostly in

(2020). A Novel Procedure for Performance Assessment of Paste Thickeners. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review: Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 396-404.

Gravity separation of a low-grade lead and zinc carbonate ore (case study: Angouran mine, Zanjan, Iran) was investigated based on detailed laboratory and modeling studies. The authors used two types of laboratory sink-float evaluations with single density and multiple densities to demonstrate the effectiveness of Dense Medium Cyclone (DMC) as a new application to separate lead and zinc minerals, in