ABSTRACT Methanesulfonic acid was proven to be an alternative lixiviant for copper leaching from chalcopyrite with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Two alternative oxidants, dichromate and nitrate, were studied for the copper dissolution from chalcopyrite, a refractory copper sulfide mineral. During chalcopyrite leaching tests, both oxidants achieved the copper extraction above 90% in 30 g/L methanesulfonic

ABSTRACT Ferrochromium production is a highly energy-intensive process, consuming between 3000 and 4000 kWh for producing one ton of ferrochrome alloy. The alloy produced contains chromium, iron as a principal constituent and silicon and carbon as an impurity. Minor quantity of silicon is desirable to aid in the fluidity of the alloy while smelting chromite ore. Still, at a higher level, it not only

ABSTRACT Cobalt demand has witnessed tremendous growth in recent years due to its wide utilization in many critical industries. However, more than half the world’s demand for cobalt is supplied only by one country, raising concerns about the potential future supply. Considering the status of cobalt as a critical raw material, recycling is viewed as an option to provide an alternative stream of supply

ABSTRACT Declining ore grades, coupled with the increasing mineralogical complexity of ores, have forced the platinum group mineral (PGM) industry to search for collectors that outperform the conventional options. One such potential alternative is Nouryon’s Tecflote™ family of nitrile-based collectors for sulfide flotation; whilst notable success has been reported in the copper industry, the potential

ABSTRACT Roller screen is a key device in pelletizing plants employed to size classification of green pellets. Realistic observations showed that some pellets with size slightly larger than the gap were trapped between the rollers and caused blockage and decreasing the device efficiency consequently. Here, a speed regime for the rollers is proposed and its effects on the device efficiency were studied

ABSTRACT Polymetallic nodules and nickel laterite ores are composed of various valuable metals and have similar nickel concentration, which makes them ideal alternatives for industries seeking to meet the increasing demand for nickel resources. The extraction process of polymetallic nodules can utilize the well-established nickel laterite treatment process without the need for developing new processes

ABSTRACT A simulation-based life cycle assessment was conducted to compare the impacts of different cyanide-free chloride processing routes for refractory ores to determine whether one-stage leaching of gold from the ores could be advantageous over chloride leaching after conventional pressure oxidation from an environmental perspective. It was shown that both leaching conditions and the refractoriness

ABSTRACT High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) is a high-energy efficiency device that has the ability to weaken the particle. This leads to lower energy consumption at subsequent grinding stages. Currently, no commonly used standard indices exist for predicting breakage, and weakening behavior of particles by HPGR. Accordingly, the current study mainly aimed at investigating the relationship between

ABSTRACT Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are employed in various electronic devices and industries. The recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs has attracted much interest due to potential environmental issues and economic values. Metallic alloys can be obtained from the UHT process of spent LIBs. In this study, a hydrometallurgical process was developed for the recovery of metal compounds from synthetic

ABSTRACT The leaching kinetics of chalcopyrite is sluggish due to the refractory nature of chalcopyrite and the formation of passive layers. In this study, the effect of mechanical activation on the leaching behavior and mechanism was studied by leaching tests, electrochemical measurements, particle size distribution analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential

ABSTRACT In recent years, lead and zinc, emerge to become one of the most widely used non-ferrous metals for their growing demand in lead-acid batteries, galvanization, radio-active shielding, alloy, and pigments, etc. With continuous exploitation and expanding plant capacity, exhaustion of primary high-grade lead-zinc resources has already been initiated. This culminates into low grade, fine grain

ABSTRACT The limited availability of conventional water resources and inefficient water management has resulted in seawater use in the flotation process of copper sulfide ores at several concentrator plants. The flotation process in seawater is complex and multifaceted, as its chemistry is different compared to fresh water. This article presents the current status of the effect of seawater ions on

ABSTRACT The behavior of iron ore pellet binders is complex. Any pellet binder is subject to a handful of practical requirements: that it be readily dispersed through a pellet, that it effectively controls the movement of water within the pellet, and that it contributes to the inter-particle bonding within the pellet. Meeting these requirements leads to the formation of strong pellets by efficiently

ABSTRACT The zeolitisation of fly ash originating from hard coal combustion in a Polish power plant was conducted using the alkaline hydrothermal method with and without the application of ultrasound. The output ash primarily contained glass, mullite, quartz and hematite, and its dominant chemical components included SiO2 (over 50 wt.%) and Al2O3 (over 28 wt.%). The synthesis of two zeolitic materials

ABSTRACT Heap bioleaching is a microbial technology that catalyzes the decomposition of ore without grinding. The crushed ore is stacked on the liner, and the microbial solution flows through the heap from top to bottom. Under the oxidation action of Fe3+, valuable metals in sulfide enter the liquid phase as ions, which are then recovered from the subsequent process. The main function of microorganisms

ABSTRACT Vanadium is a strategic transition metal that has been extensively utilized in steelmaking, green chemistry, energy storage, and aviation industries, and the sustainable development of vanadium production industries is therefore of significant importance. In this review, the production of vanadium using primary resources including vanadium titano-magnetite, vanadium slag, vanadium bearing

ABSTRACT Part I of this investigation, addressing two-phase systems, showed that etherdiamine produces more stable and dryer foams, whereas smaller bubbles are formed with faster kinetics by ethermonoamine. These remarkable differences in foam stability, attributed to the distinct chain length and consequent hydrophilic–lipophilic balance, influence froth properties, and may affect the selectivity

ABSTRACT In the present study, a sustainable production of boric acid from colemanite mineral and sulfuric acid was investigated, considering waste treatment and colemanite mineral processing costs. The purchasing price of sulfuric acid and the selling price of boric acid obtained from the market were used as $50/t and $900/t, respectively, to perform the simulation via professional SuperPro designer

ABSTRACT It is well documented that chemical additives (grinding aid “GA”) during grinding can increase mill throughput, reduce water and energy consumption, narrow the particle size distribution of products, and improve material flowability. These advantages have been linked to their effects on the rheology, although there is a gap in understanding GA effectiveness mechanism on the flow properties

ABSTRACT This study presents an up-to-date review on the methods and technologies applied for the recovery of Co from end-of-life Li-ion batteries. Considering the upcoming world demand for electric vehicles, it has been demonstrated that Co recycling from such batteries is technically feasible and vital in an attempt to provide a global supply of the metal. In this study, a number of recovery methods

ABSTRACT Copper smelters produce solid waste streams that pose potential pollution problems because of the dust and metal content. Dust from flash and electric furnace smelters is normally recycled to the smelting process, but this decreases the capacity for concentrate feed, and increases impurities and carryovers in the dust with time. The purpose of this study was to test an acid bioleaching process

ABSTRACT Etheramines are quartz collectors and also play a role as frothers in cationic reverse flotation of iron ores. While the adsorption of this surfactant on quartz surface has been widely investigated, the impact of its foam/froth properties on the selectivity in iron ore flotation has not yet been addressed in detail. The structural differences between ethermonoamine and etherdiamine result

ABSTRACT The use of iron ore concentrate and micropellets as sinter feed was evaluated. Five mixtures containing different proportions of concentrate and micropellets, together with iron ore fines, were granulated and sintered in a pilot scale sinter plant. It was found that the addition of iron ore concentrate and/or micropellets to the sinter feed resulted in a significant increase in permeability

ABSTRACT The relation between rate constant k 1 and absolute temperature T for graphite, anthracite, and coal floated with only frother was investigated using combined theoretical and empirical approaches. It was determined that the relation between lnk 1 and 1/T is curvilinear and requires a polynomial of a second degree for a sufficient approximation of the experimental data points. Therefore, the

ABSTRACT One of the main merits of using High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) is particle weakening, which leads to less energy consumption at downstream grinding processes. Normally, HPGR feed contains various minerals with different weakening behaviors. Therefore, understanding the difference between particle weakening behavior in pure and multi-component feed grinding by HPGR is very important. In

ABSTRACT Flash furnace dusts generated in copper pyrometallurgy are habitually recirculated to the furnace for copper recovery and as a cold burden material. However, it is necessary bled the dusts in order to reduce the amount of impurities to be recycled to the furnace. The most important processes for the treatment of Flash furnace dusts applied at the industrial scale are hydrometallurgical and

ABSTRACT The melting behavior of Platreef and UG–2 platinum group metal (PGM) concentrates was studied under conditions typically found in the black top of PGM smelters. In order to understand how the phase changes influence the separation between matte and slag, the concentrates were characterized before and after firing at eight temperatures from 800°C to 1480°C. The PGM concentrates were isothermally

ABSTRACT Serpentine, a typically magnesium phyllosilicate gangue mineral, is often associated with chalcopyrite. In the process of flotation, serpentine is easy to get into the concentrate together with useful minerals, which seriously affects the quality of concentrate products. In this study, galactomannan (GM) was introduced for effectively separating chalcopyrite from serpentine with sodium butyl

ABSTRACT In the Quadrilátero Ferrífero Region, located in the state of Minas Gerais – Brazil, the utilization of recycled water from the tailing dams in the reverse cationic flotation of siliceous iron ores is common practice. In such process, ore concentrates assigning dolomite (2.5% to 10%) besides quartz in the mineral gangue, do not reach the desired specification for the production of blast furnace

ABSTRACT Using a combination of UV-spectrophotometry, IR-Furie spectroscopy, analytical scanning electron (LEO 1420VP INCA OXFORD ENERGY 350) and laser (KEYENCE VK-9700) microscopy the effect of complexing reagents DBDTC, TMPPh, TOFA, and IM-50 on adsorption layer on the surface of chalcopyrite, galena, arsenopyrite, and cassiterite was studied. The individual formation character of the adsorption

ABSTRACT The copper flue dust is an important secondary source for various metals and also a potential threat to the environment. In this study, a process was developed to convert a local copper flue dust containing 20.60% copper, 21% iron and 2.88% zinc into value-added products via a hydrometallurgical route. The response surface methodology was applied for the optimization of base metals leaching

ABSTRACT The dissolution behavior of Co, Ni, and Cu and the metallic mixture in acid solutions like HCl, H2SO4, CH3SO3H, and CH3COOH and their mixture with H2O2 was investigated. The effect of parameters such as acid and H2O2 concentration, pulp density, reaction temperature, and time on the dissolution of metals was studied. The CH3SO3H-H2O2 system showed highly selective leaching ability for Co over

ABSTRACT In this work, methods to measure froth phase bubble sizes in mineral froth flotation are reviewed. For each method, the state of development, the equipment set-up, bubble size estimation procedure, and the pros and cons are discussed. Further, techniques that have typically been applied in the study of foams in non-mineral processing fields that have a potential for use in the study of bubble

ABSTRACT Chromia-bearing raw materials in nickel and copper matte smelting are difficult to process due to their tendency of forming solid chromite spinel precipitates, leading to formation of mushy slag and buildups in the smelting vessel. The solubility of chromia in smelting slags, and especially in mattes, are not known accurately and new data for iron-silicate slags in equilibrium with low-iron

ABSTRACT Gold-bearing dust generated during the roasting process of refractory gold concentrates is valuable as secondary gold resources. In this study, the characterization of gold-bearing dust from carbon-bearing gold concentrates was determined by direct cyanidation and mineralogy research. Moreover, identification of refractoriness in the dust was determined by selective removal of minerals. Results

ABSTRACT Carbon is used in the hematite ore pellet as a partial heat source for induration. Apart from this, it has several other roles in the pellet. To achieve the maximum benefit of carbon in pellet quality improvement and energy reduction, a detailed study on the mechanism of C reaction in hematite pellets is required. Although some investigators have reported improvement in pellet properties on

ABSTRACT The depletion of high-grade iron ores has necessitated the beneficiation of low-grade iron ores. Flotation is considered the most efficient operation to upgrade the iron content of fine-grained ores that do not respond to gravity or size classification units. Out of several reagents used in iron ore reverse flotation, depressants play a crucial role in selectively making the iron oxides hydrophilic

ABSTRACT Handling and disposal of high volume of fine coal tailings is a biggest challenge for coal washeries. Separation of clean coal by density separation and flotation shows limited yields of 23–28% and 13–14% respectively. Chemical leaching process has a challenge with the formation of insoluble salts. The present investigation aimed to separate clean coal by a combination of chemical-physical

ABSTRACT Dry processing options, involving the use of a circulating air classifier and thermal roasting (advanced microwave-assisted magnetizing roasting), followed by magnetic separation using an Induced Roll Magnetic Separator (IRMS), were evaluated for upgrading low-grade hematite-goethite iron ore fines. The novel magnetizing roast was conducted under reducing conditions using CO/CO2 gas mixtures

ABSTRACT Red mud as the main byproduct generated during alumina extraction from bauxite. Owing to the high iron content in the red mud and the high correlation between iron and scandium during the leaching process, it is necessary to extract the iron from the red mud and to further enrich the scandium in advance for the acid leaching extraction of scandium. In this research, the theory of red mud segregation

ABSTRACT The effect of thermal oxidization pretreatment (TOP) on the magnetization roasting and separation of refractory iron ore was investigated. The TOP of raw samples was performed in a muffle furnace at 750°C for 30 min. The magnetization roasting and separation experiments of the raw samples and TOP samples were performed, which revealed that TOP could decrease the optimal CO concentration required

ABSTRACT The surface chemistry of cassiterite mineral and selective dispersion-flocculation-flotation studies on cassiterite tailings have been investigated using xanthan gum. Mineralogical studies indicate that quartz is the major mineral encapsulating cassiterite. The results of the adsorption, electrokinetic, co-precipitation, and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic studies indicate that xanthan

ABSTRACT Gravity gold characterization provides a comprehensive understanding on the effect of mineralogy, particle size, and liberation on gravity concentrator performance. This is of significant economic importance for gold ores with a high amount of coarse gold particles. In this study, the effect of pulp rheology on gravity recoverable gold (GRG) was investigated using a single-stage GRG test on

Scheelite and calcite are usually intergrown calcium minerals that are separated via froth flotation. However, their selective separation remains difficult because of their similar surface properties. 2-phosphonobutane −1, 2, 4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA or H5L) is widely used in water treatment due to its low phosphorus content and efficient anti-scaling performance. With its excellent calcium-chelating

Bath smelting and converting technologies for copper production have been improved, resulting in higher production efficiency and less polluting emissions. Reported studies on experimental and computational modeling approaches are reviewed in this paper, focusing on adjustable variables and flow details, for a thorough understanding of the complex flow phenomena of the high-temperature reactors used

(2020). Editorial. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review: Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 439-440.

A two-step closed circuit, operated at 90–95ºC, was found suitable for practical iron removal from real sulfuric acid leach liquors, resulting in low losses of nickel and cobalt to the solid phase. In the first step, NH4OH was used as a reagent to treat iron-rich liquors (1.8 g.L−1 < [Fe]total <8.7 g.L−1) with an initial pH of 1.6 ± 0.1, and nickel and cobalt concentrations of 1.59 ± 0.05 g.L−1 and

This work aimed to upgrade a low-grade sedimentary phosphate ore through attrition scrubbing/desliming and an anionic/cationic reverse flotation technique. The mineralogical and chemical examination showed that the sample contained low-grade apatite minerals (P2O5 ~ 22.5%), and the main associated gangue minerals were gypsum and quartz. The effects of both collector and depressant dosage were investigated

The sulfuric acid process is the dominant technology for lithium extraction from spodumene. However, this process generates huge quantities of waste residue and needs high-temperature pretreatment. The process can be optimized if other high-value elements are found in spodumene deposits, residual lithium can be recycled during mining and processing, and energy savings can be achieved. This paper evaluates

Coal refuse slurry impoundments have potential environmental concerns associated with water contamination and impoundment stability. Pressure filtration can be used as an alternative method of handling such coal waste streams as it offers an opportunity to stack the dewatered refuse solids for subsequent disposal, reducing or eliminating the need for the impoundment. A response surface methodology

ABSTRACT The microwave drying of a Philippine nickel laterite ore was proposed as an alternative drying method to reduce the air pollution before further pyrometallurgical processing. The effect of thickness of ore bed and microwave power on the specific energy consumption and effective diffusivity were assessed. The results show that the specific energy consumption decreases with increasing the bed

Platinum group elements have become imperative to many modern industrial applications (automobiles, jewelry, pharmaceuticals, electronics, fuel cells, etc.) but are mined in only a few places. Characterization followed by beneficiation and extraction of these elements has many challenges for the applied mineralogist and mineral engineers due to its ultratrace concentration (2–4 ppm), small grain size

Literature shows that flotation is highly size dependent and processing both coarse and fine size fractions is problematic. The latter is the subject of the current paper. Fine particles have a relatively high surface area, and therefore more reagents are needed for their processing. In addition, the problem of fine particle flotation is mainly due to their low collision and attachment efficiencies

ABSTRACT An investigation on copper leaching from a chalcopyrite concentrate in methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and hydrogen peroxide at 75°C was carried out. Periodic additions of H2O2 were applied to enhance chalcopyrite dissolution and the reaction mechanism was analyzed using a shrinking core model. The results revealed that compared with the addition of H2O2 at the very beginning, periodic additions

Titanium ores are plentiful in the earth crust, and the corresponding metal content ranks as the fourth among structural metals; the application of titanium metal is restricted for its high cost in spite of its excellent mechanical properties, corrosion, and oxidation resistance. Titanium metal was first produced with Hunter process yet this has been practically replaced by Kroll process which contains

As the mining industry moves toward the extraction of increasingly complex ores to meet global demands, one of the challenges in gold processing is the treatment of preg-robbing ores. Preg-robbing occurs when gold that can be otherwise recovered is lost through adsorption, reduction, or absorption by carbonaceous compounds or other clays and minerals in the ore. This review discusses the sources and

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the recovery of valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and copper, from the printed circuit boards of waste computers, using physical separation followed by leaching methods. Characterization studies revealed that resins and glass fibers were attached as grain together with base and precious metals. A hammer mill was employed as a second stage crusher to disintegrate

Using a combination of energy – dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, the effect of acids (sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric) and energy impacts (electrochemical, mechanochemical, high power electromagnetic pulses, ultrasound) on the leaching parameters of eudialyte concentrate was studied. Zr and Σ REE recovery after

Additives play an important role in the recycling of complex refractory iron ore by coal-based reduction to improve the self-sufficiency rate of the ore. In this work, the influence mechanisms of CaF2, Na2CO3, and MgCO3 additives on the coal-based reduction of complex refractory iron ore were studied by x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy

Zinc leaching residue is an important secondary sources of zinc. To realize recycling utilization of this zinc secondary resource, a novel technology is proposed for the recovery of zinc from the zinc leaching residue by the bottom-blown reduction process in this study. The effects of reduction temperature, reduction time, coal rate, and lime addition on the metal content in the slag and the volatilization