Vanadium-bearing steel slag is a typical solid waste in the steel industry and a valuable secondary resource for vanadium production. In this paper, a direct alkaline leaching process was proposed to extract valuable vanadium and achieve comprehensive utilization of the residue by incorporating the new process into the conventional Bayer alumina production process. The leaching mechanism showed the

Resources of germanium and its extraction from the resources by hydrometallurgical methods were reviewed. Although Ge exists in some sulfide ores, by-products and residues from the processing of these ores and coal combustion are the primary resources for Ge recovery. Optical fiber and solar panel wastes can be considered as important secondary resources of Ge. Hydrometallurgical processes consisting

The study focuses on the use of microwave energy in the reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation studies of an Indian Banded Hematite Jasper (BHJ) ore assaying about 48% Fe. Two coals having different origins have been used as the reductants, and the effects of their petrographical characteristics on the microwave-assisted carbothermic reduction have been discussed. The impacts of various

Presently, blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route is conventionally used in integrated steel plants (ISPs). As availability and cost of coking coal are becoming serious issues, alternative routes of iron and steel production such as COREX, shaft-based process for direct reduction of iron and electric arc furnace in combination with BF-BOF route is becoming a matter of focus. The possibility

A hydrochloric acid leaching solution of ilmenite contains Fe(III) and Ti(IV) and small amount of Mn(II) and Si(IV). Solvent extraction was employed to separate Ti(IV) and Fe(III) from the leaching solution. The co-extracted Ti(IV) was scrubbed from the loaded Alamine 300 by using a pure Fe(III) solution with 9 M HCl. Ti(IV) was then selectively extracted from the Fe(III) free raffinate by using PC88A

Improving metal–slag separation in pyrometallurgical processes is increasingly important. Due to the harsh conditions, direct observations of the molten phases behavior in the settler of the Outotec Flash Smelting Furnace (FSF) are not possible and the ways to improve metal settling can only be studied by simulation and modeling. This study focuses on kinetics and mechanisms of the chemical reactions

A smart selection of grinding media not only effectively reduces the grinding cost but also optimizes the flotation response of valuable sulfide minerals. This review highlights the influences of grinding media on pulp chemical properties (dissolved oxygen, pulp potential, pH, and ion concentration), particle size distribution, surface morphology and species, and crystal structure of grinding products

Response surface methodology has been applied in numerous studies using polynomial models despite some of them exhibit poor correlation coefficient R2, which implies an incorrect optimization. In this work, a methodology for obtaining response surfaces when a small data set is available and its behavior is complex is presented. The methodology consists of four steps. First, the classic experimental

Recovery of valuable metals such as cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and vanadium from spent catalysts has attracted much attention owing to the gradual depletion of high-grade ores. In this work, several hydrometallurgical methods have been reviewed for recovery of these metals from several spent catalysts. The main methods include adsorption, chelation, ion exchange, leaching, precipitation, and solvent

Red mud waste from aluminum processing was utilized as a material for extraction of iron. Red mud contains a high amount of iron, comparable to feedstock to North American iron mines, and extracting this iron value is paramount. The iron nugget process can extract iron from the iron minerals in red mud. The nugget process is a one-step alternative to the blast furnace which simultaneously reduces and

In this study, magnesium titanate was prepared through the high-temperature reaction of ilmenite and MgO in a reducing atmosphere, and its formation process and mechanism under different conditions were investigated. The results showed that a reducing atmosphere is necessary to prepare magnesium titanate. Although Mg could replace Fe and form magnesium titanate without reductant, the generated magnesium

With the depletion of high-grade ores, beneficiation of valuable minerals from mineral processing tailings attracts attentions of mining companies and researchers. Recovery of valuable sulfide minerals by flotation from the tailing of an iron-copper mine in central China was investigated in this paper. The surface oxidation status of sulfide minerals is an important factor influencing their flotation

Red mud is the main solid waste generated by the aluminum industry for the extraction of alumina. Considering the environmental problems associated with red mud, the recovery of iron from bauxite slag is still a promising field. The effect of sodium sulfate on the red mud separation roasting-magnetic separation process was studied. The results show that at the roasting temperature of 1100°C for 65

Spodumene is the main source of lithium among the lithium-containing minerals. A number of studies have been done on the extraction of lithium from naturally occurring α-spodumene as well as pre-treated β-spodumene and the effect of key factors that influence extraction and optimum processing conditions have been discussed. Some of these methods have remained at a laboratory scale because they were

Process flowsheet has a greater effect on equipment performance and operating conditions. For this purpose, performance of two iron ore beneficiation plants with the same equipment and feed characteristics but different arrangements in the grinding and classification circuit has been investigated. The first difference between the two plants was the screening type of HPGR product. Wet screening in the

The present investigation aimed to understand dewatering amenability of the tailing slurry generated during the beneficiation of chromite ore. The tailing includes mainly ultrafine particles with a concentration of Cr+6 which causes environmental and storage issues. Several dewatering techniques were investigated, including settling by using two different thickeners (high rate thickening and paste

Effects of different coals and coke on the direct reduction of vanadium titanomagnetite concentrate (VTC) added with calcium carbonate were investigated. Lignite was found to provide a better reduction effect than bituminous coal, coke or anthracite, mainly because the gasification reactivity of lignite was obviously better than that of other three reductants, and the metallization degree could reach

Waste electrical and electronic equipments (WEEE or e-waste) are an important source for rare earth elements (REEs). Among various type of WEEE, NdFeB magnets are known for their high content of neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy). Recovery of REEs from NdFeB magnets is of prime interest for the industry to meet the ever-growing demand for REEs. In this study, some physical and hydrometallurgical approaches

A tremendous amount of research has been done on refining the flotation process for iron ore and designing the reagents which go into it. This paper reviews the industrial practices and fundamental research surrounding iron ore flotation. The advantages and disadvantages of direct flotation, cationic reverse flotation, and anionic reverse flotation are reviewed. A novel stepped flotation technique

The aim of this work was to study the true flotation process and entrainment contamination along flotation banks. For this purpose, a new approach for characterizing the recovery and grade profiles down the industrial flotation banks was developed and tested in two industrial rougher banks, of nine 130 m3 and six 250 m3 cells. The procedure consisted of feed, top-of-froth (TOF) and concentrate grades

Various processes for the recovery of cerium from metallurgical, non-metallurgical and secondary sources are reviewed. Cerium is present as a major constituent of primary resources like monazite, bastnäsite, etc. Various secondary resources of cerium include phosphogypsum, red mud, blast furnace slag, NiMH batteries, FCC catalyst, glass films, CFLs, catalytic converters, etc. This review encompasses

The production and analysis of highly reactive Fe catalyzed coke through briquetting route were carried out in this work. The utilization of highly reactive coke in steel making is an alternative process to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions in a blast furnace. A scale-up approach is carried out by first optimization of parameters in laboratory scale and then implementing those results in

This research study reviews a direct comparison of the loading capabilities and selectivity of 13 different ion exchange resins represented in 24 different commercial resins for the removal of Fe(III) from synthetic Ni(II) leach liquor. The use of ion-exchange resins for selectively removing high concentrations of Fe(III) from leach liquor is presented as an alternative to current Fe precipitation

As the expectations for more consistent and higher density thickened and paste tailings in the minerals industry increase, so do the demands on flocculation performance within gravity thickeners. Low solids feed suspensions are delivered at a high velocity to center feedwells, which not only serve to dissipate the feed’s momentum and evenly distribute the solids, but are also the primary means by which

Iron ore tailings dams at Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil, are full and present significant risks. The material contains approximately 30% of the iron, and recovering this iron is important in decreasing the environmental impact and increasing production. The objective of the present work was to study magnetic concentration of processing plant tailings. Pilot tests optimized the processing

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely employed in portable electric devices, electric vehicles (EVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), indicating a potential increasing demand for LIBs over the next decade. Lithium, a critical element in LIBs, might encounter a potential supply crisis in the future. The irregular distribution of lithium mineral resources in countries and the unequal

High stability and low settling rate of phosphate fines in water suspensions encountered the dry area-located mines with serious environmental and technical challenges. The best suggestion for these mines is paste thickener installation for dewatering. In this research, the novel procedure has been proposed for evaluating the potential of paste thickeners in dewatering mining tailings. The case study

Gravity separation of a low-grade lead and zinc carbonate ore (case study: Angouran mine, Zanjan, Iran) was investigated based on detailed laboratory and modeling studies. The authors used two types of laboratory sink-float evaluations with single density and multiple densities to demonstrate the effectiveness of Dense Medium Cyclone (DMC) as a new application to separate lead and zinc minerals, in

Coal preparation plants are increasingly turning to alternative sources of water to reduce their consumption of fresh water. These alternative sources can vary significantly in ionic content. This review discusses the effect of dissolved inorganic electrolytes on coal flotation. It is argued that increasing process monitoring will enable a better understanding of the effects of salts on the flotation

Recycling of the process water is an essential aspect for the mineral and coal processing industries to address the challenges on the sustainability of the environment. In this study, the influence of dissolved ions presents in the process water of an Indian coal preparation plant is investigated on flotation behavior of coal by a combination of release analysis, batch flotation tests, dynamic froth

Black dross contains alumina, metal oxides and nitrides and some salts. In order to recover pure alumina from black dross, a hydrometallurgical process consisting of leaching and solution purification was investigated. Alkaline leaching of mechanically activated black dross resulted in an aluminate solution with 98% purity together with a small amount of silicate. In order to obtain pure aluminate

The effect of chloride ions on the copper extraction equilibria, the rate of extraction, copper/iron selectivity, and chloride extraction was studied for organic phases containing pure ketoxime (LIX 84-IC) and pure nonylaldoxime (LIX 860N-IC). In these systems, the used aqueous phase contained total chloride concentrations from 0 to 110 g/l. It was determined that the chloride ions in the aqueous solution

Gold and copper thiosulfate adsorption from an alkaline gold ore leachate was investigated by using polyethylenimine-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (NPs). The ore, sourced from a mine in Nevada, USA, was leached with calcium thiosulfate for 48 h in the presence of Cu(II) at a pH of 8 and a temperature of 50°C. A response surface methodology was used to analyze the effect of adsorbent dosage

Among lithium minerals, spodumene contains the highest value of lithium, and therefore developing new or improving existing processes for extracting lithium from spodumene can have a significant effect in lowering the cost of lithium production. Spodumene can exist in three different polymorphs, namely α-, β-, and γ-spodumene. Studies to date confirm that α-spodumene, which is the naturally occurring

Ionic liquids (ILs) are finding applications in various domains of physical sciences these days. They are used in organometallic syntheses, catalysis, electrochemistry, fuel, solar cells, lubricants, enzyme, separation technologies, nanomaterials, tissue preservation etc. However, the application of ILs in the area of mineral processing is minimal. Considering the potential use of ILs in metal extraction

Increased demand for manganese alloys and compounds for various industries created a dire need of Manganese (Mn) ore beneficiation technology. Significant variability in ore grades and mineralogical characteristics impose challenges during selection of a proper beneficiation process to upgrade the low-grade manganese ores. In the present review paper, an attempt has been made to summarize the various

This paper discusses the incremental development of an empirical model of volumetric hold-up of slurry inside a cylindrical mill as a function of pool volume. Relevant experimental data from three geometrically similar mills were considered for calibration and testing against the pool-based model. The data included information on ball filling, slurry hold-up, mill speed, mill internal volume, shoulder

In a recent study by the authors, green pellets motion behavior and interactions among themselves and with the equipment during classification were successfully modeled through simulations with the discrete element method using the Hertz-Mindlin with JKR contact model. The present work initially deals with a parametric simulation study of five important variables in a roller screening operation, namely

Manganese ore smelting is reviewed in terms of processing parameters such as feed material particle sizes, energy input methods, heat transfer modes, smelting mechanisms, experimental findings on specific smelting aspects, and rates of MnO reduction and carbon dissolution into ferrous alloys. This paper provides a comprehensive current review of our fundamental understanding of manganese ore smelting

Spent catalysts generated from petroleum refining contain some valuable metals and their surface is covered by elemental sulfur. During the recovery of valuable metals in the spent catalysts, the sulfur present in the surface of spent catalyst should be treated. In order to develop an environment-friendly process to treat these spent catalysts, the dissolution behavior of elemental sulfur between nonaqueous

Improving utilization efficiency of refractory iron ore resources is a common theme for the sustainable development of the world’s steel and iron industry. Magnetization roasting is considered as an effective and typical method for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores. After magnetization roasting, the weakly magnetic iron minerals, including hematite, limonite and siderite, are selectively reduced

Organic binders have been used as alternative to bentonite in the iron ore pelletizing process mainly because it burns without leaving residue in the pellet. There are two main types of organic binders, those based on cellulose and those based on polyacrylamide structures. The purpose of this investigation was to explore how an organic binder based on carboxymethyl cellulose structure improves the

A fundamental study on using emulsion liquid membranes(ELMs) with modified quaternary amine salt to extract copper and cyanide from waste cyanide solutions has been conducted. Both copper and cyanide can be effectively extracted by ELMs. A low pH of the external phase favors copper and cyanide extraction. A high molar ratio of CN/Cu tends to suppress copper extraction and results in more extraction