U-Pb dating of cassiterite and zircon from the Yazov granite (Transbaikalia region, Eastern Siberia, Russia) and cassiterite from spatially associated tin mineralization in the Tuyukan ore district in the Tonod uplift was conducted using in situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. These analyses allow comparison of isotopic systematics for both minerals, especially related

The Shalipayco Zn–Pb deposit, in central Peru, is composed of several stratabound orebodies, the largest of which are the Resurgidora and Intermedios, contained in carbonate rocks of the Upper Triassic Chambará Formation, Pucará group. Petrography suggests that a single ore-forming episode formed sphalerite and galena within vugs, open spaces, and fractures. Three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling

The Santa Lúcia copper-gold deposit lies in the southeastern portion of the Carajás Mineral Province, along NW-SE splays of the Carajás Fault. The deposit is hosted by a rhyolitic subvolcanic rock, which is crosscut by pegmatite intrusions. The paragenetic evolution at Santa Lúcia encompasses an early stage of chlorite alteration, followed by potassic alteration with microcline, greisenization (qu

The Kanowna Belle deposit is a world-class Archean orogenic gold system that witnessed multiple fluid episodes over a protracted deformation history. The hydrothermal fluid circulation episodes at the Kanowna Belle deposit initiated with the precipitation of early gold-bearing carbonate-famatinite-pyrite-telluride-electrum veins (V1a). These early veins were subsequently folded during a NE-SW shortening

The Bolivian tin belt is a metallogenic province in the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes known for its Sn, W, Ag, and base metal deposits. Cassiterite, which is a major constituent in many magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits from the Bolivian tin belt, can incorporate dozens of elements within its crystal lattice, making it a useful geological tracer mineral and also a potential host of critical elements

The Niederschlag fluorite-barite vein deposit in the Western Erzgebirge, Germany, has been actively mined since 2013. We present the results of a first comprehensive study of the mineralogy, petrography, fluid inclusions, and trace element geochemistry of fluorite related to the Niederschlag deposit. Two different stages of fluorite mineralization are recognized. Stage I fluorite is older, fine-grained

The W Horizon is a thin continuous zone of low sulfide-high-grade platinum group element (PGE) mineralization in the Two Duck Lake gabbro at the Marathon Cu-PGE deposit, Coldwell Complex, Canada, that resembles reef-type PGE deposits found in much larger intrusions. The Marathon deposit was previously shown to have grown by accretion of syn-magmatic, sulfide-bearing sill-like intrusions that formed

The Westmoreland area is located in the southern part of the McArthur Basin (Australia) and hosts several uranium (U) deposits and prospects. Previous studies proposed that U mineralisation formed under conditions similar to the unconformity-related U deposits of the Alligator Rivers Uranium Field (ARUF), located north of the McArthur Basin. Detailed mineralogical, geochemical and geochronological

The Cu-Au deposit of Bor (Serbia) represents a continuum of mineralization styles, from porphyry-style ore occurring in quartz-magnetite-chalcopyrite veins and chalcopyrite disseminations to high-sulfidation epithermal Cu-Au ores in pyrite-chalcopyrite and anhydrite-sulfide veins. Decisive for the great economic importance of Bor is the presence of exceptionally rich high-sulfidation massive sulfide

More than 30 years ago, Cox and Singer (1986) suggested that magmatic platinum-group element (PGE)-Ni-Cu deposits are amongst the best understood of ore deposits, yet the origin of PGE mineralization in the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) remains controversial after a century of study. In the northern limb of the BIC, the unravelling of ore formation proved particularly difficult due to relatively poor

The Pha Lek Fe-polymetallic deposit in the southwest of the Truong Son orogenic belt records the evolution and metallogenesis of the southeastern Asia Tethys. Debates remain on the roles the Late Triassic volcanism played in the formation of the iron oxides of the deposit. Petrographic and SEM studies led to the recognition of two dominant iron oxides (magnetite and hematite) and three stages of mineralization

The Yangibana rare earth element (REE) district consists of multiple mineral deposits/prospects hosted within the Mesoproterozoic Gifford Creek Carbonatite Complex (GCCC), Western Australia, which comprises a range of rock types including calcite carbonatite, dolomite carbonatite, ankerite–siderite carbonatite, magnetite–biotite dykes, silica-rich alkaline veins, fenite, glimmerites and what have historically

The proximity to metasedimentary footwall rocks relative to platinum group element (PGE) mineralized intrusive rocks in the northern limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) has resulted in complex local contamination in the intrusions. To assess the extent of incorporation of non-magmatic material and its effects on PGE mineralization, major element, trace element, and S isotopic data were collected

The recently explored Tianzuo hydrothermal field in serpentinized ultramafic rocks of the amagmatic segment of the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge displays high-temperature sulfide mineralization (isocubanite, sphalerite, and minor pyrrhotite) and low-temperature (pyrite and covellite) phases. Pyrite can be subdivided into pyrite-I and -II, with the former generally having a pseudomorphic

Artificial hydrothermal vents, created by boreholes that discharge hydrothermal fluids and useful for observing secular changes in mineral precipitates and the chemical compositions of hydrothermal fluids, are periodically cleaned of scale deposits. Here, we report petrographic and geochemical features of hydrothermal scale with a concentric structure and extreme enrichment in Zn, recovered as an intact

The genesis and timing of molybdenum (Mo) mineralization in the Mada Ring Complex, north-central Nigeria, have been constrained using a combination of whole-rock elemental geochemistry, Nd-Sr isotopes, zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes, and molybdenite Re-Os geochronological data. The Mada Ring Complex is one of fifty-three within-plate alkaline ring complexes with economically significant Sn and Nb production

The Khetri Copper Belt of the Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt in western India hosts Cu (± Au ± Ag ± Co ± Fe ± REE ± U) mineralization that is likely of iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) type. The study on the Madan-Kudan deposit in this belt documents four vein types: Type-1 (pyrite ± chalcopyrite ± magnetite ± biotite ± scapolite ± amphibole ± chlorite), Type-2 (chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-pyrite-magnetite-amphibole-chlorite)

Understanding the magmatic-hydrothermal cooling and exhumation history is fundamental for investigating porphyry deposit formation and preservation. In the Zhunuo porphyry copper deposit of southern Tibet, hydrothermal biotite related to early potassic alteration likely formed from 14.7 ± 0.3 Ma (zircon U-Pb age) to 14.23 ± 0.13 Ma (molybdenite Re-Os age) and cooled below the closure temperature for

The eastern part of the Souss Basin (Morocco) contains several Mn deposits in the Tasdremt district. Three Mn orebodies occur within the Cenomanian-Turonian dolostones and the Senonian (Coniacian to Maastrichtian) detrital series, the main orebody being located at the boundary between them. The Mn ores consist of coronadite group minerals, mostly coronadite and hollandite, in a karstified dolostone

The Pusangguo skarn is a newly discovered Cu-Pb-Zn deposit in the Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet. In order to constrain the age of the deposit and the source of hydrothermal fluids, various types of titanite and coexisting minerals in the Pusangguo deposit were studied. The titanite occurring interstitially in fresh granodiorite is magmatic and characterized by high REE, Y, Mn, and Lu/Hf ratios

Magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide mineralisation is mostly confined to tholeiitic to komatiitic mafic-ultramafic intrusions, yet there have been an increasing number of occurrences recorded in alkaline-ultramafic, post-collisional magmatic systems, particularly in the lower and middle crust that generally display a characteristic Cu-Au-Te enrichment over more conventional Ni-Cu(-PGE) mineralisation. The Mordor

The Thelon Basin, Nunavut, Canada, is similar in age, size, and geology to the U producing Athabasca Basin in Saskatchewan. The Kiggavik project area, located immediately south of the Aberdeen sub-basin of the Thelon Basin, contains U deposits and showings along a ~ 30-km-long NE–SW structural trend. The basement-hosted Kiggavik deposit, comprising three separate mineralized zones (Main, Centre, and

The Cheoeum vent field (CVF) is the first example of an inactive ultramafic-hosted seafloor massive sulphide (SMS) deposit identified in the middle part of the Central Indian Ridge. Here, we report on the detailed mineralogy and geochemistry of ultramafic-hosted sulphide sample atop a chimney, together with a few small fragments. Hydrothermal chimneys are characterised by high concentrations of Au

We have compiled the trace element concentrations in pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite from magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE ore deposits with the aim of understanding their petrogenesis and whether these minerals can be used as indicator minerals. Among the samples, there are some of the most studied world-class Ni-Cu- (Aguablanca, Duluth, Jinchuan, Noril’sk-Talnakh-Kharaelakh, Sudbury, Voisey’s

Carbonate-bearing fluorapatite rocks occur at over 30 globally distributed carbonatite complexes and represent a substantial potential supply of phosphorus for the fertiliser industry. However, the process(es) involved in forming carbonate-bearing fluorapatite at some carbonatites remain equivocal, with both hydrothermal and weathering mechanisms inferred. In this contribution, we compare the paragenesis

The origin of PGE-Ni-Cu mineralization in the Platreef, northern limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC), and the possible correlation with the Merensky Reef in the eastern and western limbs has been long debated. The Platreef and Merensky Reef share the same stratigraphic position in the uppermost part of the Upper Critical Zone (UCZ), near the transition to the overlaying Main Zone (MZ). However

A number of large and high-grade unconformity-related uranium deposits formed in intracratonic Proterozoic basins, including the Athabasca Basin in Canada and the McArthur Basin in Australia. These deposits occur close to the unconformities between the Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic basinal sequences and their Archean to Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary basement, and are spatially associated with reactivated

Although Cu-sulfide mineralization within the Loolekop pipe of the Phalaborwa Igneous Complex has been extensively studied, certain aspects of the sulfide metallogenesis remain unclear. This research aims to constrain the relative timing and processes involved in Cu-sulfide mineralization within the Loolekop pipe through textural analysis and trace element composition of the three different types of

Trace element composition of hydrothermal quartz reflects the P-T-X conditions of the mineralizing fluids and can be a potential tracer of the fluid evolution. To explore this potential, quartz trace element data from 21 porphyry Cu-(Au-Mo) and epithermal polymetallic deposits were compiled. In addition, quartz trace element data from six granite-related systems (granite, pegmatite, greisen, Sn-W-Mo

The Epilchik Ural-Alaskan type mafic-ultramafic zoned complex, located in the northernmost part of the Koryak-Kamchatka Platinum Belt (Russian Far East), contains lode platinum mineralization. The outcrops of the complex are crossed by the Snegovaya River, which hosts placer platinum-group minerals (PGM) occurrences. The primary PGM assemblage of the Epilchik lode chromitites is typical for Ural-Alaskan

The evolution of the magmatic-hydrothermal system that formed the Eocene Yulong Cu-Mo porphyry deposit of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China, is reconstructed based on the study of the sequence of stockwork vein sets showing systematic crosscutting relationships in hand specimen. Early A veins associated with potassic alteration of the porphyritic host are composed of vitreous quartz that is extensively

Field mapping, drill-core logging, petrography, laser ICP-MS analysis on pyrite, chlorite geothermometry and geochemical analysis of hydrothermally altered rocks reveal two distinct styles of gold mineralisation at Mt. Percy. The first style is D2 shear zone-hosted and correlates with Fimiston-style mineralisation documented in the Golden Mile. Laser ICP-MS analyses on pyrite indicate high As concentrations

The Troodos ophiolite Cyprus hosts the on-land analogue for actively forming mafic, Cu-rich, or Cyprus-type VMS deposits. In addition to high-temperature (> 350 °C) sulfide mound-related mineralization, other fossil seafloor mineralizing systems are known to operate, including those characterized by an enrichment in Au and abundant silicification. In this study the mineralogy and geochemistry of four

The Mayo-Kebbi massif (Chad) exposes a Neoproterozoic juvenile crustal segment that has been tectonically accreted in the Central African Orogenic Belt and reworked during the Pan-African orogeny. It comprises a syntectonic high-K magmatic suite including the Zabili A-type granitic pluton. The Zabili pluton is made of a highly differentiated granite generated by fractional crystallization of a magma

The Kiaka orogenic gold deposit (Burkina Faso), located in the Paleoproterozoic domain of the West African Craton, is characterized by a two-stage gold mineralization hosted in volcano-sedimentary metamorphic rocks that was formed during the Eoeburnean (2.20–2.13 Ga) and Eburnean (2.13–2.05 Ga) orogenic cycles. These two stages include an early disseminated low-grade gold mineralization and a late

The Yinyan porphyry tin deposit in western Guangdong is spatially associated with quartz porphyry and granite porphyry. LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating defined an emplacement age of 78.5 ± 0.4 Ma for the quartz porphyry and 79.2 ± 0.9 Ma for the granite porphyry. LA–ICP–MS cassiterite U–Pb dating yielded Tera–Wasserburg lower intercept ages of 78.5 ± 0.6, 78.6 ± 1.2, and 78.2 ± 0.7 Ma, for cassiterite

The Shaxi porphyry Cu–Au deposit is located in the northern part of the Luzong Basin on the outer edge of the southern Middle-Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt, China. It is typical of the porphyry Cu–Au deposits in the metallogenic belt, with more than 1 Mt Cu at 0.55 wt% and 45 tons Au at 0.47 g/t. Hydrothermal alteration consists of a core of potassic alteration overprinted by a phyllic alteration

The Huaishuping gold deposit is located in the Xiong’ershan Mountains of the Qinling-Dabie Orogen of central China. The mineralisation is structurally controlled and hosted by faulted rhyolite, quartz andesite, volcaniclastic rocks and volcanic breccia assigned to the Jidanping Formation towards the top the Palaeoproterozoic Xiong’er Group. The deposit has a resource of around 32 t with an average

The Platreef of the Bushveld Complex is one of three key stratigraphic units, along with the Merensky and UG-2 reefs, in which platinum-group elements are concentrated. The correlation between the Platreef and the stratigraphy from the western and eastern limbs of the BC has been challenging due to the heterogeneous and variable nature of the Platreef along strike. However, the discovery of the Flatreef

Chalcopyrite from the Cu–PGE sulfide deposits in the Eastern Gabbro, Coldwell Complex, Canada, exhibit a > 2‰ variation in δ65Cu. In the Marathon deposit, the δ65Cu of chalcopyrite increases from the lower Footwall Zone (− 1.49 to − 0.75‰), to the Main Zone (− 1.04 to 0.08‰), to the upper W Horizon (− 0.35 to 1.07‰). In the northern deposits, chalcopyrite at Four Dams and Sally have δ65Cu that range

New lithological and whole rock compositional data show that the main platinum-group element (PGE) horizons of the Flatreef succession show strong compositional similarities to the Merensky and Bastard reefs of the western Bushveld Complex (WBC), notably in terms of many immobile and incompatible minor and trace elements such as TiO2, Zr, Y, and REE. However, Al2O3, CaO, and Na2O contents are markedly

Rare metals (Ge, Ga, In, Cd) are key resources for the development of green technologies and are commonly found as trace elements in base-metal mineral deposits. Many of these deposits are in orogenic belts and the impact of recrystallization on rare metal content and distribution in sphalerite needs to be evaluated. Based on laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses

Numerous modern sedimentary basins contain geological features similar to those associated with the giant (150 Mt) Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit (British Columbia) in the Mesoproterozoic Belt-Purcell Basin. Important features at Sullivan include a large synsedimentary mud volcano that hosts the stratabound and partly stratiform sulfide ores, an underlying vent complex of altered and mineralized rocks,

The Mustajärvi gold occurrence lies in the southern part of the Paleoproterozoic Central Lapland Greenstone Belt, in proximity to the first-order transcrustal Venejoki thrust fault system. The gold occurrence is structurally controlled by the second-order Mustajärvi shear zone, which is located at the contact between siliciclastic metasedimentary and mafic to ultramafic metavolcanic rocks. The main

The Kallianos Au-Ag-Te deposit in Evia Island (Greece) comprises sixteen syntaxial veins that intersect the schists and marbles of the Cycladic Blueschist Unit. The veins are filled with quartz-I and quartz-II, contain two hypogene ore stages (stages I and II), and are surrounded by infrequent muscovite-chlorite alteration zones. A magmatic origin is deduced for the Kallianos Au-Ag-Te mineralization

The Eastern Gabbro of the alkaline Coldwell Complex, Canada, represents a Ni-poor conduit-type system that comprises two rock series, the Layered Series and Marathon Series, which intruded into a metabasalt package. Based on distinct variations in magnetite compatible (e.g., Ni, Cr) and incompatible (e.g., Sn, Nb) elements in Fe–Ti oxide intergrowths, the metabasalts, Layered Series, and Marathon Series

The Nimbus Ag–Zn(–Au) deposit is a hybrid VHMS deposit with epithermal characteristics formed in the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane, Yilgarn Craton, under shallow water (~ 700 mbsl), low-temperature conditions. Intersections of some ore lenses are high-grade and polymetallic, making similar styles of mineralization attractive Yilgarn exploration targets. The mineralization at Nimbus is hosted by a

Magnetite (mag)–ilmenite (ilm) intergrowths are more common than mag–ulvöspinel (usp) intergrowths in mafic–ultramafic Ni–Cu–PGE systems, yet the former has no known solid solution. The most accepted model for the formation of mag–ilm intergrowths in terrestrial environments is fluid-induced oxidation of mag–usp assemblages by oxygen in water. In this study, we re-examine this model in light of the

We report whole-rock major, trace, and platinum-group element (PGE) geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Teutonic Bore complex that hosts the Jaguar and Bentley Cu–Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits. This study aims to understand their sulfide saturation history and chalcophile element evolution during differentiation of the Jaguar and Bentley magmas, and investigate the role of chalcophile

The magnetite ore bodies of the Paleozoic Glubochenskoe iron deposit (315.7 Mt at ~ 30.15% Fe) are located in the northern part of the Valerianovka arc zone (“Turgai belt”) within the Transuralian Megazone, Russia. They occur in calcareous-volcaniclastic rocks, exhibit layered textures, and contain primary seafloor hematite ores. The sequence of mineral formation reflects the diagenetic to metamorphic

Mineralized shear zones in the Archean Missanabie-Renabie gold district (~ 1.1 Moz Au; Wawa, Ontario, Canada) locally define composite orebodies that record three hydrothermal events: (1) a pre-orogenic Au1 event (pre-D1 and pre-prograde-metamorphic); (2) a syn-orogenic, post-peak-metamorphic Retrograde event (syn-D3); and (3) a late syn-to post-orogenic Au2 event (late syn- to post-D4). Genetic considerations

Tourmaline from 18 orogenic gold deposits and districts, hosted in varied country rocks and metamorphic facies, was investigated by EPMA (electron probe micro-analyzer) and LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry) to establish discriminant geochemical features to constrain indicator mineral surveys for gold exploration. Such tourmaline most commonly belongs to the alkali

Hematite and goethite from 100 samples collected from various uranium deposits and prospects, associated alteration zones, and overlying Thelon sandstones in the Kiggavik–Andrew Lake structural trend (KALST; Nunavut, Canada) were investigated by EPMA (electron probe micro-analyzer) and LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer) to establish discriminant geochemical features

The Cigar Lake uranium deposit in the Athabasca Basin is the world’s second largest high-grade unconformity-related uranium deposit. Its distinct geological architecture includes heterogeneous basement lithologies, a local basement high and sub-vertical faults. The sub-vertical faults are classified further into two sub-types: faults that are restricted to the basement, termed ‘basement faults’, and

White mica and tourmaline are the dominant hydrothermal alteration minerals at the world-class Panasqueira W–Sn–Cu deposit in Portugal. Thus, understanding the controls on their chemical composition helps to constrain ore formation processes at this deposit and determine their usefulness as pathfinder minerals for mineralization in general. We combine whole-rock geochemistry of altered and unaltered

Spinifex-textured olivine plates hosted in sulfides are usually named “interspinifex ore” in komatiite-hosted sulfide deposits. This ore type is rare but provides important genetic information on sulfide deposits, komatiite volcanology and thermomechanical erosion processes. Occurrences in Victor South-McLeay and Moran South (Kambalda, Western Australia) differ significantly from previously reported

Mafic sills of the Marginal Zone are widespread within the footwall of the Bushveld Complex with some of them being enclosed in later Bushveld intrusions. In the central sector of the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex on the Turfspruit farm, a sill of norite enclosed within the Lower Zone cumulates contains numerous semi-assimilated fragments of anorthositic and magnetite-orthopyroxenitic lithologies

The Zhunuo porphyry copper deposit in the Gangdese belt of southern Tibet contains 2.37 Mt at 0.57% Cu. In this deposit, Eocene rhyolite (51.6 ± 1.0 Ma) and quartz porphyry (49.1 ± 0.6 Ma) were intruded by monzogranite (14.7 ± 0.3 Ma) and monzogranite porphyry (14.5 ± 0.2 Ma) which commonly host mafic microgranular enclaves (14.9 ± 0.3 Ma). Late-mineralization diorite porphyry (14.2 ± 0.2 Ma) and post-mineralization

The small Kedengjian volcanic rock-hosted hydrothermal vein-type Cu deposit (100,000 t Cu metal content at about 3% Cu) is located in the Lanping Basin, one of several Mesozoic–Cenozoic continental sedimentary basins in the northern part of the Indochina block and in the eastern part of the North Qiangtang block. Many sediment-hosted base metal ore deposits with ages of < 65 Ma, which coincide with

The flake graphite occurrence in Piippumäki, Eastern Finland, as indicated by an airborne electromagnetic anomaly, was located during fieldwork by electromagnetic measurements with Slingram. The anomaly is approximately 0.1 × 1 km in size. The flake graphite is hosted by quartz-feldspar gneiss and amphibolite that have been subjected to retrograde metamorphism. This is observed in thin sections as