Crusher models presented in research is calibrated using experimental data. This approach is everyday praxis and is made in many different ways. One method is to use two different compression tests. The single-particle breakage test (SPB) and the inter-particle breakage test (IPB). Models for predicting the breakage energy and size distribution for the SPB test and also to show the correlation between

This paper presents the studies carried out to estimate the grinding energy of vertical roller mills via breakage test. An extensive laboratory and pilot scale test work was performed. In the first step, breakage characteristics of eight samples having different competence were determined by piston-die tests. Then, the samples were subjected to a size reduction process using a pilot scale vertical

It is a common rule that the strength of the frother is assessed by either its dynamic foamability index (DFI) or its critical coalescence concentration (CCC). The smaller the value of CCC the stronger the frother is. This general rule (CCC rule) however is superficial although being well accepted. Yet, there are critical questions about the performance of the frothers on the bubbles: 1. Are the Gibbs

Argan nutshells, available in Morocco as a low-cost by-product from Argan oil production, were used to produce a sawdust biosorbent for the extraction of U and other heavy metals (Cd, As, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr) from merchant-grade phosphoric acid (PA). Packed column (D = 20 mm, L = 250 mm, flowrate 1 mL/min) lab-scale experiments were carried out with three different solutions: (1) a synthetic heavy metals

Red mud is an industrial waste generated during alumina production containing residual minerals of bauxite ore. Significant metallic values with appreciable concentration make it a potential polymetallic source. The current red mud management involves storage in artificial ponds/dams or dry stacked in open areas, which poses an environmental risk, and disposal processes are costly. Recently, red mud

The mixture of dodecylamine (DDA) and α-bromododecanoic acid (α-BDDA) was used as a collector to separate spodumene from feldspar and quartz. It was found that at the condition of molar ratio of DDA: α-BDDA 1:19, the collector concentration 0.500 mmol/L, and pH 7.1, the recoveries of spodumene, feldspar, and quartz were 85.90%, 4.48%, and 3.92% respectively in single mineral micro-flotation experiments

In this paper, sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) has been used for the first time as an activator of heteromorphite. In the flotation of heteromorphite, 93% recovery was obtained at the concentration of collector ODA 0.4 × 10–4 mol/L in the presence of NaSCN, while the concentration of collector should be 2.5 × 10–4 mol/L and 0.6 × 10–4 mol/L for the non-activator or Na2S treatment, respectively. The Micro-flotation

Sulfate minerals have gradually become the main gangue minerals of fluorite deposits, and the flotation separation of fluorite and sulfate minerals is difficult with commonly used depressants. In this paper, the high selectivity of a novel depressant sodium polynaphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate (SPS) for the flotation separation of fluorite and celestite both in single mineral and artificial mixed

In copper dump leaching, run-of-mine ore is irrigated with acidic leaching solution to generate aqueous cupric ions for further processing. The very large size of the ore particles being leached, as much as two meters in diameter, should preclude any significant metal recovery. Dump leaching should not work; and yet it does. This study investigated the leaching of coarse-sized copper sulphide ore,

The flotation separation of fluorite and calcite poses a long-standing challenge in the mineral processing industry. Conventional flotation exhibits a poor separation for high-calcite-type fluorite ores. In this study, solution chemical calculations and lead ion adsorption experiments were performed to test the effects and mechanisms of lead ion pretreatment surface modification on the reverse flotation

Extraction of gallium and indium from zinc refinery residue (ZRR) has continued to attract attention because of different mineralogy of residues and occurrences of trace elements in ZRR. About 90% of gallium is currently extracted from Bayer liquor, whereas, ZRR has been a primary source for indium recovery. The primary production of gallium and indium in USA is currently zero. However, zinc residues

As high-grade and easily exploitable copper ores have been getting depleted, the development of flotation techniques for copper ores with low-grade and small grain size is becoming an important issue. To process these kinds of ores, fine grinding is essential to achieve sufficient liberation; however, flotation rate of finely ground minerals (<5 µm) is substantially low due to the low collision probability

This paper describes a geometallurgical approach for predicting separation performance of a mineral deposit that is applicable to existing operations and projects in the early stage of mine development. The method includes a class-based analysis to understand the variability in geological and mineralogical characteristics, class-based modelling to understand the influence of these characteristics on

Co(II) is effective in catalyzing gold thiosulfate leaching, but Co(III) has seldom been adopted directly as the catalyst. This paper examined the effect of hexaamminecobalt(III) on the thiosulfate leaching of gold from a concentrate calcine and the gold recovery via resin adsorption from the leach solution. Under the leaching solution conditions, the Co(NH3)63+/Co(NH3)x2+ (x = 4, 5) redox couple is

In copper electrorefining and electrowinning, the conductivity and viscosity of the electrolyte affect the energy consumption, and for electrorefining the purity of cathode copper. Consequently, accurate models for predicting these properties are highly important. Although the modeling of conductivity and viscosity of synthetic copper electrolytes has been previously studied, only a few models have

This paper examines the critical research works that have been conducted on laboratory or pilot scales to extract gold from ores using the lixiviants that are produced by microorganisms. Different flowcharts are included to clearly show the central points of the selected published works and the key results to those in the mining and metallurgy industries who are pursuing new alternatives to cyanide

In this paper, the effect of alkaline fusion associated with acid leaching for the purification process of tantalum-niobium ore (Fe,Mn)(Ta1−xNbx)2O6 was investigated. The milled, screened, and sieved ore was melted upon the use of alkaline fluxing agents: potassium pyrosulfate, an equimolar mixture of potassium pyrosulfate and potassium bisulfite, and potassium bisulfate. The fused and crushed samples

Due to environmental reasons and water shortage, concentrators have to increase water recirculation in the plant. The water originates from different sources, and depending on their origins, the water chemistry varies from stream to stream. Water chemistry has many significant impacts on flotation, beneficial or non-beneficial. Flotation tests have been conducted using process water (originates from

In order to tackle the high compute cost of the multiphase simulations for dense medium cyclones, the development of an open source high fidelity LES based algebraic slip mixture multiphase flow solver is presented. The solver is parallelized on a general purpose GPU using a full load model, which provides around 13 times speed up as compared to a CPU implementation thereby, making design explorations

X-ray computed tomography (CT) can be used to generate 3D models of physical structures, but there is no explicit chemical or mineral information in a CT dataset. An image registration method is described here that uses CT and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) to measure the volume of the apatite-bearing phase, φP, and the local variations in apatite concentration

Ammoniacal leaching solutions have been considered as an effective lixiviant for the oxidative dissolution of chalcopyrite. However, compared with the extensive studies of acidic chalcopyrite dissolution, the dissolution mechanism of chalcopyrite in ammoniacal solutions needs further understanding. In this study, the oxidative dissolution of chalcopyrite in ammonium chloride solutions under room temperature

A mixture of green organic compounds (MOC) with powerful depression to both pyrite and pyrrhotite was introduced to replace NaCN in the separation of highly complicated Zn-S bulk concentrate. The results of single, batch as well as pilot flotation tests indicated its excellent selective depression in the Zn-S bulk concentrate flotation. Especially, the comparison of the pilot tests showed an evident

Studies of flotation kinetics are essential for understanding, predicting, and optimizing the selective recovery of minerals and metals through flotation. Recently, much effort has been made to use intrinsic ore properties to model flotation behavior. Particle-based characterization methods, e.g. SEM-based image analysis, have enabled much of this development. However, currently available methods for

Multifunctionality is a recurring issue in the life cycle assessment (LCA) of primary metals production, as one metal is often co-produced with other metals. In this context, this study aims at i) reviewing the approaches actually implemented in the literature for solving multifunctionality in the context of the LCA of primary metals co-production; ii) comparing the currently existing multifunctionality-solving

Solid bowl centrifugation (SBC) is widely used for various solid-liquid separation tasks in mineral and coal processing. The SBC often suffers from a relatively high solids loss during the separation process, mainly owing to lack of an effective tool that can monitor the solids recovery. Despite its importance, the information on monitoring the solids recovery in the solid bowl centrifugation is scarce

Pyrite and arsenopyrite are known to be the most common gold-bearing sulfide minerals in refractory gold ores. Traditionally, these minerals have been first oxidized by roasting, acidic pressure oxidation or bio-oxidation to release gold, after which the gold is dissolved in the subsequent cyanide leaching step. The chloride (chloride-bromide) solution presents an alternative cyanide-free media, which

In this study, the flotation separation of cassiterite (SnO2) from calcite (CaCO3) was investigated using hydroxycitric acid (HCA) which could effectively depress the flotation of calcite. Under the conditions of pH 8.0, styrene phosphonic acid (SPA) 80 mg/L, and HCA 6 mg/L, the flotation recovery of cassiterite and calcite was 82.01% and 19.18%, respectively, in the flotation experiments of single

To effectively recognise the working condition in froth flotation, many existing methods separately focus on handcrafted features or deep features. Considering that deep features complement handcrafted features with more detailed information, a layered working condition perception method integrating handcrafted features with deep features is developed for zinc flotation. In the proposed method, a fuzzy

The use of mine wastes as alternative materials to finite natural resources in the construction sector is a sustainable solution to better protect the environment and manage solid wastes. This paper aims to investigate the integrated valorization of silver mine tailings (RST) through the recovery of residual silver by froth flotation and ecofriendly use of the resulting treated tailings (SMT) to manufacture

The sulfidation-flotation of Fe-bearing smithsonite is still a challenge in practice. Currently, theoretical understandings on reagents adsorption on impurity-bearing mineral surface are still lacking. Here we first systematically investigated the adsorption of HS on perfect and Fe-impurity smithsonite (1 0 1) surfaces in the absence and presence of H2O by density-functional theory (DFT). We found

This work reports the semiquantitative laboratory chemical procedures developed for some Rare Earth Elements (REE) extraction and concentration from coal bottom ash (BA), including recycling the recovered valuable components. This preliminary assessment applied in case of 25 coal BA samples of Ceplea Valley landfill of Romania describes the chemical methods by using digestion with nitric acid coupled

Conventional inorganic depressants are widely used to separate pyrite in the flotation process of chalcopyrite, however, their widespread use entails some inevitable disadvantages, such as low-selectivity, additional costs, and especially hypertoxicity. In this work, we tested locust bean gum (LBG), a natural polysaccharide polymer, as a selective depressant in the Cu-Fe flotation separation. Micro-flotation

One of the problems associated with polymetallic ore concentration is the separation of bulk concentrates, which is difficult due to the textural and structural characteristics of mineral particles. In this paper, we proposed selective bioleaching of zinc and nickel from bulk copper-zinc and copper-nickel sulfide concentrates, respectively, to extract these metals into solution and to produce high-grade

Machine vision and machine learning have been researched widely in froth flotation and the technology continues to benefit from advances in computer technology. The feature engineering leads to a predicted resistance in the machine learning pipelines, especially in coal flotation. This study sought to examine the performance of feature engineering of coal flotation froth image on ash content prediction

A comprehensive dynamic fundamental model with Danckwerts’ boundary conditions at the pulp/froth interface has been developed for a continuous hybrid flotation column that includes a mechanically agitated section at the bottom. The model accounts for three phases, namely the water, gas, and solid particles (hydrophobic and hydrophilic), in one space dimension. The modeling framework is based on three

In recent years, the demand for copper has increased considerably due to population growth, economic development, and the transition of the power sector to sustainable energy. Increases in copper production created an additional pressure on the environment resulting in a need for accurate assessment of environmental sustainability of copper extraction. However, environmental sustainability evaluation

Arsenic trisulfide (As2S3), in both amorphous and crystalline form, is a significant arsenic-containing compound naturally occurring in mine waste rock or generated as metallurgical waste. It is typically unstable in the enviroment, especially under alkaline and oxidizing conditions, which is a significant barrier to fixation of arsenic present in metallurgical waste streams in the form of arsenic

Run-of-mine ore is usually too large to be useful for construction or metallurgy. Large particles must be reduced to specific sizes to either comply with aggregate sizing regulations, or facilitate mineral liberation; therefore, in the aggregates and mineral processing industries, run-of-mine ore is broken in crushing circuits by cone crushers. Here, we review the cone crusher literature, focusing

The mixed BHA/NaOL collector was studied to improve the floatability of ilmenite in the presence of lead ions. The mechanism was discussed through surface tension measurements, zeta potential measurements, adsorption amount measurements, and XPS analysis. Microflotation results show that the mixed BHA/NaOL collector exhibited a better performance on the floatability of ilmenite than single BHA and

Tungsten is a crucial rare metal with extensive application in modern industries and scheelite is the major resource for tungsten production. In this work, xanthan gum (XG), a non-toxic, environmentally friendly polysaccharide, was explored as a depressant of apatite during the scheelite flotation. The results of single mineral flotation and artificial mixed minerals flotation showed that XG exhibited