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Dynamic panel analysis of the EU's fiscal reaction function with threshold effects Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2024-03-12 Emmanuel Mamatzakis
This study contributes to the ongoing reform of the EU's economic governance, particularly about fiscal performance. We opt for a fiscal reaction function of the cyclically adjusted primary balance. Given concerns over underlying endogeneity and heterogeneity across countries we employ a threshold dynamic analysis. The findings confirm that the fiscal policy in the EU has been procyclical overall.
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Public goods and diversity in democracies and non-democracies Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Roxanne Raabe, Christian J. Sander, Andrea Schneider
This paper analyzes how ethnic diversity affects the provision of public goods in democratic and non-democratic societies when political parties compete for voter support by offering a mix of private and public goods. Our model implies that increasing diversity that leads to more heterogeneous preferences for public goods decreases the provision of public goods in democracies, where political power
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The political process in nations: Civil society participation and income inequality Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2024-03-02 Andreas Sintos, Michael Chletsos, Konstantinos Kontos
This study delves into the influence of civil society participation on income inequality, a topic that has received limited scholarly attention. Civil society participation refers to the activities of citizens who organize into various groups, known as civil society organizations, to pursue common interests and goals. These organizations span a wide range, including interest groups, labor unions, spiritual
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A family member's death increases religious activity: Evidence from Germany Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2024-02-16 Tim Friehe, Christian Pfeifer
Religiosity influences economic behavior in various domains, but what determines religiosity? Using data from the representative Socio-Economic Panel Study for Germany (SOEP), this paper shows that religious activity increases after a family member's death. The life event's effect is larger after a partner's death when compared to a parent's death. Our results indicate that the influence of a family
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An empirical application of herding behavior and compliance in the COVID-19 crisis Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2024-02-15 Helena Nilsson, Mikaela Backman
There is evidence that individuals engage in herding behavior in diverse settings, ranging from fashion choices to financial markets. By examining the exogenous shock caused by the outbreak of COVID-19 and unique data measuring the footfalls in downtown Jönköping, Sweden, we empirically assess how individuals respond to the restrictions imposed by the government and to the behavior of others, that
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Smartphones and attitudes to intimate partner violence: Evidence from Africa Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2024-02-04 Robert Gillanders, Glenn McNamara
This paper, using data from the Afrobarometer surveys, examines the potential for smartphones to influence attitudes to intimate partner violence (IPV). Controlling for ownership of television and radio, we find that those living in areas with a higher incidence of smartphone ownership are more likely to state that it is never justifiable for a man to beat his wife. This is the case for both male and
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The shape of business cycles: A cross-country analysis of Friedman's plucking theory Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2024-01-19 Emanuel Kohlscheen, Richhild Moessner, Daniel M. Rees
We test the international applicability of Friedman's plucking theory of the business cycle in 18 advanced economies between 1970 and 2019. We find that in countries where labour markets are more flexible (Australia, Canada, Denmark, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States), unemployment rates typically return to pre-recession levels, in line with Friedman's theory. Elsewhere, unemployment rate
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Issue Information Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2024-01-02
No abstract is available for this article.
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Sunlight, culture and state capacity Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-12-15 Roberto Ezcurra
This paper examines the impact of ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) on state capacity. The results indicate that the intensity of UV-R is a strong predictor of cross-country differences in state capacity. Countries with a higher degree of UV-R exposure tend on average to have weaker states. This finding remains unaffected after controlling for different variables that may be correlated with both UV-R and
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Economics is beautiful! Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-12-06 Walter E. Block
Economics is beautiful, and all undergraduates who love and revere beauty should major in this dismal science. Beauty is defined, for present purposes as cooperation, coordination, teamwork, togetherness, inclusiveness, and assists in sports. The greater the number of people participating in the “team,” the more gorgeous is the cooperation. The less central direction, whether implicit or explicit,
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Income distribution and nudity on social media: Attention economics of Instagram stars Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-11-13 Sophia Gaenssle
Social media stars gain star-status with uploads on social media pages like YouTube, TikTok, or Instagram. One of the most popular platforms is “Instagram” owned by Meta/Facebook. The growing social, cultural, and economic power of so-called influencers raises questions about key drivers of success and, moreover, distribution of income on social media platforms. Instagram has been accused of strategically
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The impact of recentralization reform on corruption: evidence from a quasi-natural experiment Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-10-25 Hiep Ngoc Luu, Tram Anh Nguyen, Ngoc Minh Nguyen, Dam Duc Le, Khoi Trong Dao
How does government recentralization reform affect corruption? We utilize the pilot recentralization reform that transforms the legislative function, power, and responsibility of the district-level authorities to the higher level of the government organ in Vietnam as a quasi-natural experiment to address the aforementioned question. We find strong evidence that recentralization reform leads to lower
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Issue Information Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-10-01
No abstract is available for this article.
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A theory of the city-state: The rise and decline of the rule of law in Medieval Italy Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-09-24 Ennio E. Piano
We leverage theoretical insights from political economy to study several aspects of the institutional development of the Italian city-states during the High Middle Ages (1000–1350). A society's regime type depends on its domestic balance of power. When the ruled can credibly threaten to punish a rogue ruler, the rule of law prevails. If the ruler can easily overpower the ruled, despotism results instead
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Seventy-five years West German currency reform: Crisis as catalyst for the erosion of the market order Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-09-18 Gunther Schnabl
The paper analyzes the role of the 1948 currency and economic reform in West Germany for growth and social cohesion in Germany and Europe. It describes the theoretical foundation by Walter Eucken and the implementation and defense of the new economic order by Ludwig Erhard. The paper stresses the positive impact of the market economy on growth and welfare in Germany and Europe. Then, it is shown that
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A post-politics earnings penalty? Evidence from politicians' lifetime income trajectories (1970–2019) Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-09-11 Benny Geys, Rune J. Sørensen
Politicians are commonly believed to gain financially from holding and/or having held office. We argue that there may often also be economic downsides to pursuing a political career and investigate whether and when politicians can (not) capitalize on their political experience. We thereby study both entry into and exit from political office and directly compare the returns to politics across government
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Does the unemployment rate moderate the well-being disadvantage of the unemployed? Within-region estimates from the European Social Survey Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-09-04 Gábor Hajdu, Tamás Hajdu
Using pooled cross-sectional data (eight waves of the European Social Survey), this work analysed how the regional unemployment rate influences the well-being disadvantages of the unemployed. We estimate region fixed effects and slopes models that, unlike the standard region fixed effects approach, provide an unbiased estimate of the cross-level interaction term (between being unemployed and the unemployment
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The cost of love: Solving the gift anomaly Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-08-30 Elias L. Khalil
Friendship-and-love affords bonding that satisfies what can be called “transcendental preferences”—in contradistinction of “substantive preferences” afforded by, for example, food, clothes, and shelter. Substantive preferences involve ordinary “substantive cost,” whereas transcendental preferences involve “bonding cost” that includes heartaches, obsession, and emotional turmoil. What about the cost
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Optimal taxation for democracies with less than perfect voters: A public choice perspective Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Roger D. Congleton
This paper analyzes optimal tax policy from the perspective of voters who want public policies to systematically advance their interests. Self-acknowledged ignorance implies that voters have a practical interest in transparent and stable tax systems that allow personal tax burdens to be calculated accurately and easily. Such properties reduce voter mistakes. However, a voter's normative interests may
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Forever young: Relative age effects in Belgian political selection Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-08-15 Alan Al Yussef, Bruno Heyndels, Pauline Le Boulaire
Political selection is crucial for the functioning of democracy. However, the practice—in education and sports contexts—of artificially dividing school-age children into different age groups leads to a considerable bias in this selection. The probability of becoming a (successful) politician depends on individuals' relative age. Being born shortly after the cut-off date significantly increases the
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Free riding on short-time work allowances? Results from an experimental survey design Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-08-15 Mario Bossler, Christopher Osiander, Julia Schmidtke, Mark Trappmann
Short-time work (STW) is a policy measure whose prominence increases during economic crises and is intended to stabilize the labor market. Employers can temporarily reduce employees' working hours, which are in turn paid by the social security system in the meantime. Although short-time work—by design—saves employers a fraction of their wage costs, little is known about free riding behavior when using
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Social determinants of citations: An empirical analysis of UK economists Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-08-09 Carlo D'Ippoliti, Lucio Gobbi, Christian A. Mongeau Ospina, Giulia Zacchia
We investigate to what extent personal proximity and similarity in professional and political attributes, besides scientific factors, help explaining citations between economists. We do so by using a unique dataset of all academic economists based in the United Kingdom, created specifically for this study by merging RePEc data on works published in the past four decades with information collected by
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Learning from corporate governance: First conceptualization of a liability for political decision-making Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-07-27 Florian Follert
The institution of liability serves to mitigate the lack of care in almost all areas, whether private or business. However, we have not yet found such an institution in political decision-making. Surprisingly, the literature has not discussed a specific institution that subjects political actors who fail to exercise due diligence in their decision-making regarding personal liability. Hence, this paper
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Issue Information Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-07-02
No abstract is available for this article.
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Is there a happy culture? Multiple paths to national subjective well-being Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-07-03 Maria C. Pereira, Filipe Coelho, Graça Miranda Silva
This study relies on a novel research approach to analyze how national income, income inequality, institutional quality, and culture combine to generate different recipes for eliciting subjective well-being (SWB). Specifically, we use fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, which facilitates the study of the combinations of conditions (paths) that act synergistically to achieve a certain outcome
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Do 2 weeks of instruction time matter? Using a natural experiment to estimate the effect of a calendar change on students' performance Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-07-02 Ismael Sanz, J. D. Tena
This paper investigates the effect on academic performance of an exogenous educational reform that reduced the school calendar of non-fee-paying schools in the Madrid region (Spain) by approximately two weeks, leaving the basic curriculum unchanged. To identify the consequences of such a measure, we exploit the fact that it did not affect private schools (control group) and the existence of an external
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Between fearmongers and Samaritans: Does information provision affect attitudes towards the right of asylum in Germany? Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-06-30 Bernd Hayo, Florian Neumeier
We utilise data from a self-designed survey that includes information experiments to elicit the German public's attitude towards the right of asylum. The survey was carried out in 2018. We randomly assign 2048 interviewees to different groups and ‘treat’ each group with different information about the asylum seekers that came to Germany in 2015 and 2016. Treatments involve information about (i) the
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Parental education and child health: The exploration of the cross-gender intergenerational transmission mechanism Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-06-29 Simona Rasciute
This paper analyses the causal effects of different levels of mother's and father's education on child general and mental health, by applying a fixed effects instrumental variable panel data estimator with selection to nationally represented longitudinal data of over 13,000 observations in the United Kingdom from 2008 to 2019. The results reveal a negative association between mother's education and
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A market for citizenships: Should citizenship be commodified? Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-06-29 Ingemar Bengtsson
Starting from the assumption that citizenship is property that would be more valuable if it were transferable, the paper explores the idea of commodification of citizenship. The paper provides arguments in favor of commodification and recommendations to how the market for citizenships should be designed. A market for citizenships could result in an improved matching between employer and employee when
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The exchange theory of web3 governance Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-06-24 Darcy W. E. Allen, Chris Berg, Aaron M. Lane, Trent MacDonald, Jason Potts
Blockchains have enabled innovation in distributed economic institutions, such as money (e.g., cryptocurrencies) and markets (e.g., decentralised exchanges), but also innovations in distributed governance, such as decentralised autonomous organisations. These innovations have generated academic interest in studying web3 governance, but as yet there is no general theory of web3 governance. In this paper
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Misrepresentation and migration Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-06-09 Anders Kärnä, Patrik Öhberg
In a representative democracy, politicians should either implement policies that voters want or policies that politicians believe are in voters long-term interest, even if voters currently oppose them. The exact balance between these goals is debatable and politicians' policy engagement can tempt them to dismiss voters' preferences and resist information counter to their own policy position. In this
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Education and domestic violence: Evidence from a natural experiment in Turkey Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-05-05 Mustafa Özer, Jan Fidrmuc, Mehmet Ali Eryurt
We utilize a natural experiment, an education reform increasing compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years in Turkey, to obtain endogeneity-robust estimates of the effect of male education on the incidence of domestic violence against women. We find that husband's education lowers the probability of physical, emotional, and economic violence. Schooling lowers also the likelihood of having an arranged marriage
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Dying to die: New micro and macro evidence that suicide terrorists are suicidal Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-05-02 Simon Varaine
The self-sacrifice of suicide terrorists is subject to sophisticated models of altruistic sacrifice. Yet, a simpler account is that it reflects common suicidal tendencies. This paper offers new micro and macro evidence supportive of this hypothesis. At the micro level, the paper compares a sample of suicide and non-suicide terrorists in the United States from 1948 to 2017. Results indicate that suicide
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Labor mobility agreements and exit of migrants: Evidence from Europe Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-04-27 Rémi Bazillier, Francesco Magris, Daniel Mirza
In this paper, we study how free labor mobility agreements in Europe, usually thought to favor inward migration, might actually create good incentives for already settled migrants to exit their host country. Using outmigration data between 1990 and 2011, a period of observation where some countries entered the EU and especially a period during which Schengen agreements have been progressively implemented
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The case for independence: Does central bank independence curb the spread of the underground economy? Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-04-17 Aziz N. Berdiev, James W. Saunoris
This paper considers an alternate dimension of government institutions associated with the separation of powers between government and its central bank. A more independent central bank is consistent with greater institutional quality and constraints on government. We propose that central bank independence influences the prevalence of the shadow, or underground, economy. Using cross-country panel data
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Trust plays no role in regional U.S. economic development—And five other problems with the trust literature Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-04-14 Andrew C. Forrester, Alex Nowrasteh
Economists have developed a vast empirical literature on how cultural traits like generalized trust affect economic output. Much of this literature finds a positive causal relationship between measures of generalized trust, as gathered by international surveys, and economic output. However, the trust literature commits five deadly empirical and theoretical sins that undermine many of its findings.
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Issue Information Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-04-03
No abstract is available for this article.
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State history and political instability: The disadvantage of early state development Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-03-15 Trung V. Vu
This article hypothesizes and empirically establishes that statehood experience, accumulated over a period of up to six millennia, lies at the deep roots of the spatial distribution of political instability across non-European countries. Using the state history index measured between 3,500 BCE and 2000 CE, I consistently obtain precise estimates that long-standing states outside Europe, relative to
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Rot-Jaune-Verde: On linguistic bias of referees in Swiss soccer* Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-03-15 Richard Faltings, Alex Krumer, Michael Lechner
We utilize data from 5,010 soccer games in the top two Swiss divisions between the 2005/06 and 2018/19 seasons. In these games, a referee can share the same linguistic area with one of the teams. Using referee-per-season fixed effects, we find that referees issue significantly more penalties, in the form of yellow cards, to teams that are not from the referee's linguistic area. We also find some evidence
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Preference evolution, attention, and happiness Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-02-14 Edward Castronova
We present the first model of preference evolution in an environment where the fame of an agent affects selection. Specifically, agents who are famous are more likely to be selected for comparison by other agents. Agents compare happiness, and then switch preferences if the other agent is happier. Without the attention economy, only ‘happy’ preferences survive – happy preferences being those which
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Homophily in voting behavior: Evidence from preferential voting Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-02-07 Lucie Coufalová, Štěpán Mikula, Michal Ševčík
Homophily—the preference for people similar in their characteristics—is a strong determinant of many types of human relationships. It affects, for example, whom we marry and potentially also whom we vote for. We use data on preferential voting from eight (1996–2021) Czech parliamentary elections matched with census and administrative data to identify the effect of homophily on voting behavior. The
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Citizens' attitudes towards climate mitigation policies: The role of occupational exposure in EU countries Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-01-25 Gabriella De Sario, Giovanni Marin, Agnese Sacchi
Climate protection is a global public good. The related mitigation policies implemented by a single country could have little effect on climate change issue such that there could be no net gains for society. However, those measures might create winners and losers among individuals. We investigate the citizens' support for different pro-climate policies in EU countries, by considering the degree of
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Externally funded trade policy reforms and firm productivity: Evidence from a world database of reforms funded by foreign aid agencies Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-01-25 Jean Baptiste Habyarimana, Vikas Kakkar
This paper examines the impact of externally funded trade policy reforms on firm productivity by combining data from the International Aid Transparency Initiative and World Bank Enterprise Surveys. By specifying baseline and end-line surveys based on the 2006 to 2020 World Bank Enterprise Surveys, we find that 70 of 83 countries received external funds for trade policy reforms, and primarily use records
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Hot hand or choking under pressure – Evidence from professional basketball Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-01-20 Wen-Jhan Jane
This paper examines the existence of a hot hand and whether performing in front of a supportive audience creates a psychological pressure, which may impair performance. Using the task of free throwing in basketball competitions involving National Basketball Association (NBA) regular season and playoff games, I find strong evidence of a hot hand and a negative causal effect of the spectators on the
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Political selection when uncertainty is high Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-01-18 Thushyanthan Baskaran, Zohal Hessami, Temurbek Khasanboev
Do voters place their trust in tried and tested leaders when uncertainty is high or do they prefer a new slate of leaders who are arguably more competent? To study this question, we make use of hand-collected data on 402,385 candidates who competed in open-list local council elections (1996–2020) in Bavaria. The 2020 elections took place at the dawn of the Covid-19 pandemic, a time of high uncertainty
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Eudaimonic wellbeing and life expectancy Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-01-12 Leonardo Becchetti, Fabio Pisani, Berkan Acar
We investigate the relationship between eudaimonic wellbeing (sense of life) and subjective survival probability (SSP), a proxy for self-assessed life expectancy. Our econometric analysis uses 220,601 observations of SHARE panel data from 2006 to 2015. We find evidence of a robust and strong positive relationship between eudaimonic wellbeing and subjective survival probability after controlling for
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Issue Information Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-01-10
No abstract is available for this article.
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Can television reduce xenophobia? The case of East Germany Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2023-01-10 Lars Hornuf, Marc Oliver Rieger, Sven A. Hartmann
Can television have a mitigating effect on xenophobia? To explore this question, we investigate a natural experiment in which individuals in some regions of East Germany could not—due to their geographic location—consume West German television until 1989. By analyzing survey data from the periods before and after German reunification, we provide evidence that individuals who received West German television
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Meta-mining: The political economy of meta-analysis Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2022-11-25 Martin Paldam
Meta-analysis studies the literature reporting estimates of one parameter, which at present is assumed positive. The purpose of the analysis is to find the best meta-average, which corrects the mean of the estimates for bias. The two main biases are: (i) Publication bias, where the correction nearly always makes the average smaller. (ii) Omitted variable bias, where the correction typically makes the
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The strength of gender norms and gender-stereotypical occupational aspirations among adolescents Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2022-10-24 Andreas Kuhn, Stefan C. Wolter
We empirically test the hypothesis that adolescents' occupational aspirations are more gender-stereotypical if they live in a region where the societal norm towards gender equality is weaker. For our analysis, we combine rich survey data describing a sample of 1,434 Swiss adolescents who attended 8th grade in 2013 with municipal voting results dealing with gender equality and policy. We find that occupational
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Issue Information Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2022-10-03
No abstract is available for this article.
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Is pain associated with subsequent job loss? A panel study for Germany Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2022-08-25 Alan Piper, David G. Blanchflower, Alex Bryson
The cross-sectional association between pain and unemployment is well-established. But the absence of panel data containing information on pain and labor market status has meant that less is known about the direction of any causal linkage. Those longitudinal studies that do examine the link between pain and subsequent labor market transitions suggest results are sensitive to the measurement of pain
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Weaned off public money: The effect of discontinued reception of public cash on firm outcomes Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2022-08-15 Peter Grajzl, Jaka Cepec, Barbara Mörec
Given the large footprint of the public sector in modern capitalist economies, many businesses are recipients of public money. But how are recipient firms impacted when they are weaned off public money? Drawing on unique data from Slovenia, we assemble a firm-level panel linking comprehensive records on public-sector cash transactions to businesses with detailed annual information on more than 72,000
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Feeling the heat? Fear of failure and performance Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2022-08-11 Alberto Chong, Marco Z. Chong
We use new individual-level data from MasterChef, a television show in the United States in order to objectively capture situations of fear of failure. We codify situations in which the contestants are on the verge of being eliminated from competition and situations where they explicitly express fear of failing. These new data have the distinct advantage of being purely objective. We cover ten seasons
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Islam and democracy Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2022-08-04 Saeed Khodaverdian
The Muslim countries have a lower democracy level on average than the other countries. Yet, this cross-country comparison is not sufficient to blame Islam for the democracy deficit. This issue is related to the numerous fixed characteristics that differ across the countries and that also have an effect on democracy. When the differences are not considered, the estimates mix the effect of the fixed
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Ownership and media slant: Evidence from Swedish newspapers Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2022-08-01 Marcel Garz, Jonna Rickardsson
This study investigates the role of media owners for the political bias of newspapers in Sweden, using an original dataset on outlets, consumer preferences, and ownership between January 2014 and April 2019. We construct an index of slant based on similarities in the language between newspapers and speeches given by members of parliament. Our results indicate that newspapers held by the same owner
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Shaping strategic arms trade controls: A multivariate approach Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2022-07-15 Jeroen Klomp
The objective of this study is to measure the stringency of strategic arms trade controls across countries and explain the variation herein. This regulatory framework is implemented by sovereign states to control the international transfer of military-strategic items that potentially contain a security risk. For the purpose of this study, I apply a two-stage approach. In the first step, I employ factor
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Issue Information Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2022-07-05
No abstract is available for this article.
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Letting offenders choose their punishment? Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Gilles Grolleau, Murat C. Mungan, Naoufel Mzoughi
Punishment menus allow offenders to choose the punishment to which they will be subjected from a set of options. We present several behaviorally informed rationales for why punishment menus may serve as effective deterrents, notably by causing people to refrain from entering a calculative mindset; reducing their psychological reactance; causing them to reconsider the reputational impacts of punishment;
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Punishing or rallying ‘round the flag? Heterogeneous effects of terrorism in South Tyrol Kyklos (IF 1.796) Pub Date : 2022-06-07 Alessandro Belmonte
This paper studies the electoral effects of terrorism by examining a rich panel dataset on the South Tyrolean case. A Northern and predominantly German-speaking region of Italy, South Tyrol was the theater of a long war of attrition fought between the majority language group and the Italian state for autonomy and independence. Using detailed information on the whole record of 337 terrorist attacks