The use of effective clustering algorithms can extend the life of wireless sensor networks. In general, the clustering algorithm should have the ability to reduce the energy requirement. Henceforth, this paper presents the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique for the selection of master cluster head (MCH) and surrogate cluster head (SCH) and an efficient multidirectional routing is proposed

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of a large number of sensor nodes, which are primarily employed for collecting data from an environment of interest. Energy resources of WSN nodes are generally restricted, irreplaceable and non-rechargeable. Hence, lowering the level of energy consumption in such networks to save more energy is the key issue in the literature. Clustering, selecting the best

A 2 × 2 circularly polarized array is presented whose polarization diversity can be electronically controlled. The antenna array utilizes 180° rat-race and two pair of hybrid couplers. The antenna’s CPW feed-line comprises of a reconfigurable sequentially rotated network. Reconfigurable property is achieved by employing two pairs of PIN diodes that determine the right-handed and left-handed circular

In this paper, performance of super dense wavelength division multiplexing system (SD-WDM) has been evaluated using RAMAN-EDFA-RAMAN hybrid optical amplifier (HOA). Performances have carried out for RZ-DPSK and CSRZ-DPSK alternate polarized signals with channel spacing of 6.25 GHz and 3.125 GHz. Acceptable outcomes have been observed from Al-PCSRZ-DPSK signal in terms of quality factor and BER (bit

With expanding realms of Internet of Things (IoT), researchers have started venturing into designing such algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) that support IoT network requirements. However, collaborating a sensor network into Internet of Things applicability faces surging data flow amidst which the senor network is expected to provide reliable data over extended span. Amidst variant techniques

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) has been considered as one of the most promising wireless sensor technologies, which could enhance driving convenience and traffic efficiency through real-time information interaction. Nevertheless, emerging security issues (e.g., confidentiality, integrity, identity privacy, message authentication) will hinder the widespread deployment of VANETs. To address these issues

With the continuous development of network technology and the continuous expansion of network scale, the security of the network has suffered more threats, and the attacks facing them have become more and more extensive. The frequent occurrence of network security incidents has caused huge losses. Facing an increasingly severe situation, it is necessary to adopt various network security technologies

Unlike Rayleigh or Nakagami-m fading which has been widely studied in hybrid satellite-terrestrial relay network, the multi-branch Weibull fading which can be an alternative has been less studied due to its high intractability. In the proposed satellite-terrestrial Weibull system, by applying multi-branch optimal transmitting beamforming/receiving combination strategy, an upper bound of signal to noise

Data Dissemination is an essential transmitting method for a sensor network to the end-users across any set of interconnected frameworks. WSN is often used within an IoT system, in other words. As in a mesh network, a wide collection of sensors can collect data individually and send data to the web via an IoT system through a router. The conventional defined solution for data dissemination in Wireless

Augmented, mixed and virtual reality are changing the way people interact and communicate. Five dimensional communications and services, integrating information from all human senses are expected to emerge, together with holographic communications (HC), providing a truly immersive experience. HC presents a lot of challenges in terms of data gathering and transmission, demanding Artificial Intelligence

In mobile networks, maintaining the on-going call is critical while the user is still moving from one evolved node B (eNB) to another eNB or one sector to another sector within the same eNB. This phenomenon is called handover (HO). Proper HO decision avoids the call drop rate and ping-pond which maintains adequate Quality of Service. As HO parameters have competing interests, simultaneous setup of

In this era of Internet, the exchange of data between the users and service providers has grown tremendously. Organizations in health, banking, social network, criminal and government sectors have been collecting and processing the individuals’ information for their gainful purpose. However, collecting and sharing of the individuals’ information which could be sensitive and confidential, for data mining

Modern era of wireless communication relies on the evolution of adaptive antennas. This influences the new age antenna designs to adapt themselves to the changing RF environment. Reconfigurable antennas are one such design where the operating frequency, radiation pattern, and polarization can be altered according to the user’s requirement. Numerous research works have been contributed to the design

The energy saving of wireless sensor nodes, which are organize in an unfriendly environment, is a paramount challenge for the design of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). WSN have a lot of design issues in which hotspots problem is one of them. Hotspot problems occur when the cluster head (CH) near the BS can die prematurely due to uneven energy shortages resulting in the partitioning of the network

Energy consumption in a modern cellular communication system is increasing as there is a tremendous increase in demand for high data rate coupled with Quality of Service requirements from regulators and Quality of Experience from customers. Reduction of the network energy consumption is necessary in terms of economical perspective of the operators. Among the methods, dense deployment of small cells

With the many folds increase in demand for capacity in mobile broadband communication technology every year, wireless carriers must be prepared for the tremendous increase in mobile traffic in coming years. It forces scientists and researchers to come up with new wireless spectrum bands which has capabilities to support higher data rates. The higher spectrum bands like millimeter waves are the candidate

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network constructed with lot of remote computational gadgets associated as a group that works with lack of setup plus restricted source of energy. Energy source is the important constraint in ad-hoc system. The lifetime of the device will indeed be extended by properly reducing the strength requirement towards associations. This article introduces another calculation called compelling

Sports stadiums have a substantial influence on the environmental, urban, and social context. Information and communication technology applications in the international sports stadium increasingly use modern venues and facilities, containing the command and control system, intelligent application of sports facilities, television systems, ticket access control systems, communication systems for event

This paper presents the design and simulation of a modified CMOS low noise amplifier (LNA) circuit in 180 nm CMOS standard technology. We modified a cascade LNA using π model of capacitor circuit. Impedance matching network at the input of proposed circuit provides low noise figure (NF) and suitable gain at the operating frequency of 6 GHz. Obtained simulation results after extracting post layout (with

The recent communication receiver requires compact size, low cost, less weight and high-performance antenna for broadband applications. This paper compares the performance of the microstrip patch antenna designed using h-BN nano ceramic substrate with antenna designed using FR4 substrate. In this proposed new substrate is developed using powder metallurgy principle. Simulated and experimental results

Re-architecting mobile network functions and central office is one of the hottest topics of software defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV). It is known as Next generation mobile network (NGMN). The main benefit of re-architecting is to bring cloud advantages to mobile operator networks. On the other hand, while the openness is one of the most wanted characteristics of NGMN

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are ad-hoc wireless networks used in many domains involving the analysis of various properties. Along with the growth in the number of deployments of WSNs, there has been an increase in the size of the networks as well. These systems tend to generate a tremendous amount of data that require further processing and analysis. Transmission of data requires a huge amount of

The nonlinear confusion component is one of an integral part of any modern block cipher. This nonlinear confusion component is used to hides the relationship between the ciphertext and the key. The primary objective of this article is to formulate a new mechanism for the construction this confusion component. Usually substitution box (S-box) is used to achieve this kind of characteristics in block

The wireless sensor network (WSN) consist of battery-powered sensor nodes which are self-configured and are deployed for monitoring several physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure, humidity, vibration, pollutants etc. The major constraint in most of the WSN applications is the replacement/recharging of the battery contained by the node once it gets exhausted. This limitation

Chaos influence different fields of science and technology. The development of sciences is at peak expected to the rapid broadcast of information with the smart machine in constrained resources atmosphere. With the help of our smartphone, we can easily access the information within no time and with much ease. This ease makes our information open and can be accessed from the web or misuse by any person

Random Linear Network Coding (RLNC) is an erasure network coding technique used to improve communication and content distribution. However, RLNC is not efficient for data streaming applications, e.g., video streaming, where the data packets must be delivered in order and decoded within a tight deadline. Although some approaches have been proposed, these approaches have high computational complexity

In the mobile ad hoc network (MANET), the optimal route recognition is considered to be the major issue in the multipath routing technique. Selecting a multipath is also considered as one of the challenging tasks to enhance the network lifetime. The routing protocol imagines several parameters such as enlarged power, link failures, obstacles, and topological changes during the exploration of the optimal

The sector of agriculture facing numerous challenges for the proper utilization of its natural resources. For that reason, and to the growing risk of changing weather conditions, we must monitor the soil conditions and meteorological data locally in order to accelerate the adoption of appropriate decisions that help the culture. In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), a solution is to deploy a

Nowadays, the high number of devices and applications connected to the Internet has generated a great amount of data being which makes privacy and protection a more challenging task. In addition, new technologies, such as the Internet of Things, incorporate many resource-constrained devices in the network. Reliable cryptography algorithms have to be employed to deal with this problem, which also needs

Next-generation mobile technologies are the enablers for meeting the variable specific requirements of the public safety (PS) community. In particular, due to the development of commercially deployed 5G networks, PS providers look for ways to implement related solutions upon such infrastructures, potentially in a shared use with existing commercial networks. In particular, LTE and 5G NR networks are

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08608-8

Medical images possess significant importance in diagnostics when it comes to healthcare systems. These images contain confidential and sensitive information such as patients’ X-rays, ultrasounds, computed tomography scans, brain images, and magnetic resonance imaging. However, the low security of communication channels and the loopholes in storage systems of hospitals or medical centres put these

Reversible gates are acquiring interest in the new past because of its less warmth dispersing attributes. The reversible rationale gates are not quite the same as the ordinary rationale gates. Though in reversible rationale gates, there is no inner exchanging of signs and thus the warmth dispersal can be limited. Also, reversible circuits are latent-fault-free. Most reversible logic gates dissipate

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based Communication has been devised for exchanging data with low cost, minimal maintenance, and for more convenience. These communications are used in various applications like monitoring, surveillance, defence, healthcare, automation etc. Several routing protocols had been proposed for energy efficient wireless communication and to prolong the network life time. In such

The education sector has been experiencing the progressive popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT) systems with a range of applications that can monitor simple attendance to physical locations. IoT systems in the education sector are smoothly integrated for managing marks’ digital copies, providing certificates related to medical purposes, parental consent, and so on, due to the Hyperledger blockchain

Performance of RAMAN-EDFA hybrid optical amplifier (HOA) for 400 × 10 Gbps super dense hybrid optical system has investigated for multiplay services (voice, data, video, mobile service and integrated service) in terms of bit error rate (BER) and quality factor (Q-factor) in the context of fix channel spacing (100 GHz) and varying channel spacing (100 GHz, 50 GHz, 25 GHz, 12.5 GHz and 6.25 GHz). Further

The traditional channel sounding protocol requires that the whole sounding process must be completed within a coherent time. When the communication delay is close to or greater than the coherent time, the protocol will not work properly. In order to solve this problem, a novel Non-Time-Limited channel sounding protocol is proposed. The proposed channel sounding protocol does not need to guarantee the

In the modern era, WSNs broadly used in many research areas. Mainly researchers are focusing on rising the network lifetime, throughput and decreasing the energy utilization to make the network more reliable, robust and more responsive for a longer period of time. In this paper, two key aspects are taken into account; (i) network lifetime (ii) throughput of the network. The proposed approach is based

In Vehicular Sensor Networks (VSNs), the configuration of connected vehicles is in such a manner that enhances the data traffic. Due to this challenge, researchers have explored device to device (D2D) communication which provides the desired connectivity with mobility between the connected vehicles. It also reduces the energy consumption while increasing the system capacity. D2D communication is strongly

Wireless Sensor Networks are generally employed for observing and monitoring specific environments. WSNs are made from a huge amount of low-cost sensor nodes separated and distributed in different environments for distributing data through sensor nodes. The collection of data by the various sensors were transmitted into the Base Station. An enhanced Trust-Based Adaptive Acknowledgment based Intrusion-Detection

Twitter sentiment analysis is an automated process of analyzing the text data which determining the opinion or feeling of public tweets from the various fields. For example, in marketing field, political field huge number of tweets is posting with hash tags every moment via internet from one user to another user. This sentiment analysis is a challenging task for the researchers mainly to correct interpretation

In heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs), the energy reduction has a great impact on the operational cost and global carbon footprint, which has attracted more and more attention. To enhance the network energy efficiency (EE), we design two types of association mechanisms integrated with open loop power control (OLPC) for uplink code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) enabled HCNs. Specifically, they

Although money laundering does seem to be a new problem, the financial crisis generally occurs during an economic recession compared with standard economic development periods. Due to user fraud transactions and tolerance, they encountered numerous issues, particularly with internet banking fraud. Modernization and an enormous impact on online shopping have caused a significant increase in card payments

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a promising and widespread wireless communication technology for entity identification or authentication. By the emerging Internet of Things phenomenon, the use of RFID is densely augmenting in various daily life applications. However, RFID systems suffer from security and privacy issues. Recently, many researchers propose RFID authentication protocols based

To effectively reduce cost of e-government construction, operation and maintenance, and solve problems of using different standards, redundant construction, and decentralized resources in e-government construction, most local governments adopt cloud services to achieve non-confidential electronics under the guidance of national policies. However, how to improve the user satisfaction of e-government

The rapid growth of the technologies, high bandwidth applications, and cloud data centers consume heavy internet service. So, the consumer of the internet expects a high capacity medium for communication. The Elastic Optical Network (EON) provides a flexible and reliable transmission service for consumers. The spectrum fragmentation is a key challenge in EON. In simple terms, unaligned Frequency Slots

Object detection is the key process in any video surveillance application. In case of remote surveillance, it is a necessity to accurately detect the target and transmit the detected data rapidly to main station so that further actions can be taken. This paper concentrates on a framework which uses deep neural network and Internet of Things for target detection and transferring detected information

There are many kinds of big data in peer to peer communication network, traditional big data integration algorithms ignore the classification of big data state. The location correlation between big data cannot be accurately obtained, which leads to the time-consuming process of big data integration and the low acquisition accuracy of big data location correlation. A fuzzy integration algorithm for

Multiple carrier frequency offsets exist in the orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) uplink receivers, and consequently induce inter-carrier interference and multiple-access interferences simultaneously. We therefore propose a joint carrier frequency offset (CFO) and channel estimation scheme by leveraging the characteristic of transmission signals in the OFDMA uplink systems. A fully

The usage of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as a cooperative mobile relay is considered to be a promising technique to enhance the performance of future wireless networks. This paper studies the system performance of a dual hop decode and forward, full/half duplex (FD/HD) UAV assisted relay systems, in the presence of direct link between source and the destination. A radio frequency based energy harvesting

Due to low efficiency of communication data transmission, low security of dynamic migration and high error of communication data migration in current algorithms, an algorithm to enhance the security communication data of dynamic migration in optical fiber network based on multi-valued attribute and fuzzy attribute was proposed. Firstly, the communication data in the optical fiber network was abstracted

With an advent of social networks, spamming has posted the most important serious issues among the users. These are termed as influential users who spread the spam messages in the community which has created the social and psychological impact on the users. Hence the identification of such influential nodes has become the most important research challenge. The paper proposes with a method to (1) detect

Nowadays mobile/cellular phones are considered as the most common and the key medium for establishing communication amid the sensor nodes in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Though Mobile Wireless Sensor networks (MWSN) is highly reliable, often they are susceptible to various Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, jamming attack, attacks caused by anomalies, etc. due to its shared and open-access nature,

A lot of research has been done on the problem of finding the k nearest neighbor to a query point. Existing studies are usually intended to work on static data. Even the minimal number of existing work done on dynamic objects has not solved the problems caused by their dynamic nature. The problem with KNN algorithms is how to keep the results fresh and avoid unnecessary computation cost each time the

The presented antenna is a novel highly isolated compact four-element Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna with common ground, which can reject three undesired bands effectively for Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Communication. The overlapping of narrowband communication systems with the UWB spectrum makes radio signals interfere. Therefore, the proposed antenna is designed with triple-band rejection

Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) firstly spread in China since December 2019. Then, it spread at a high rate around the world. Therefore, rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 has become a very hot research topic. One of the possible diagnostic tools is to use a deep convolution neural network (DCNN) to classify patient images. Chest X-ray is one of the most widely-used imaging techniques for classifying COVID-19 cases

Existing energy efficient multi path routing protocol in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) are not spatially disjoint and did not consider link availability and queuing delay. Hence an energy efficient disjoint multipath routing protocol using Simulated Annealing technique is proposed in this paper. In this protocol, routing will be performed based on the path cost and link cost metric, which in turn is

In order to solve the problems of transmission delay and data loss caused by network congestion and strengthen the quality of service of transmission delay and throughput, a method of flow control in network media information transmission based on differential evolution algorithm was presented. By analyzing the delay effect of buffer on network instability, the problems of flow control at the receiving

Wireless sensor networks (WSN's) are preferred for industrial applications due to progressive increase of sensor electronics. One such application is deployment of WSN's in smart grids. Smart Grid integrates information and communication techniques with electricity network. Smart grids utilize sophisticated control and monitoring devices for improving the efficiency of the grid. For energy efficient

The cloud computing is interlinked with recent and out-dated technology. The cloud data storage industry is earning billion and millions of money through this technology. The cloud remote server storage is on-demand technology. The cloud users are expecting higher quality in minimal cost. The quality of service is playing a vital role in any latest technology. The cloud user always depends on thirty