This paper prosed a novel 6G QoS over the future 6G wireless architecture to offer excellent Quality of Service (QoS) for the next generation of digital TV beyond 2030. During the last 20 years, the way society used to watch and consume TV and Cinema has changed radically. The creation of the Over The Top content platforms based on Cloud Services followed by its commercial video consumption model,

The elaborate architectures used in millimeter wave (mmWave) MIMO communication system make its channel characteristics prediction difficult. In this regard, we consider the problem of predicting the path power loss for both line of sight and non line of sight mmWave channels by employing deep learning (DL) based data driven model. The success of a DL technique depends on how well we train the model

This article presents a compact Co-Planar Waveguide (CPW) fed antenna for next-generation Vehicular Communications. The antenna is designed by employing two rectangular stacked patch structures and slots, making the antenna resonate at dual frequency bands. The analytical study of antenna design is carried out using the governing microstrip patch equations. On optimizing the patch's dimensions for

Human communication is a new method that uses human body biological tissue as the transmission medium for short-distance communication. Because static human communication characteristics have been studied more, this paper proposed and verified a dynamic human body communication channel model in the Human Body Communication band, and the dynamic channel characteristics of 35 kinds of human body continuous

The daily presence of learners in the classroom is crucial for significant experiences with people. In general physical education for students with incapacities can benefit from social experiences. These social interactions are comprehensive, regular, substantive, and constructive and anyplace equity is promoted and established. Social interactions have been proved very successful in communicating

Multimodal biometric systems combine feature knowledge from multiple traits to overcome shortcomings of unimodal systems. However, most of the traditional biometric systems, during the last decade focused on use of handcrafted features for human recognition. The extraction of features is undoubtedly a critical step for the performance of these approaches, due to the difficulty in developing reliable

Numerous disruptive incidents including technical issues as well as natural disasters have affected Railway Networks (RN) in the past few decades. For optimizing the RN, the work created a novel RN architecture with four separate modules. The infrastructure module allots disruption to the RN. The control system module defines whether the RN is disrupted or not utilizing the Gaussian Membership Function-based

Nowadays, there is a great demand for ultra-high data rate (UHDR) transmission on most 5th generation wireless networks. In this concern, the multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) scheme is used on a large scale to achieve UHDR transmission with reduced inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI). Discrete wavelet transform-based

Cooperative Communication (CC) is implemented extensively in mobile Ad hoc networks to leverage the benefits of CC technique. Energy consumption and routing are major challenges for large scale Cooperative Mobile Ad hoc Networks since each node in the network have mobility. To address these challenges, a hybrid multi-hop cooperative routing algorithm is formulated by combining clustering and location-based

Sustainable communication for various wireless networks in the smart city has recently received considerable attention from researchers. Sustainable communication focuses exclusively on improving green energy in a smart city for effective economic management. The wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of arbitrarily and widely deployed sensor nodes, and these nodes themselves can interact, track, and

Setting up new doors for smart production is to fill the gaps between virtual and physical systems. Using a digital twin to represent production cells, simulate system behavior, forecast process failures, and alter variables adaptively. This paper presents a novel digital twin training model to automate intelligent production systems using digital transformation techniques. First, the cell is customized

Neighbor discovery is an important first step after the deployment of ad hoc wireless networks since they are a type of network that do not provide a communications infrastructure right after their deployment, the devices have radio transceivers which provide a limited transmission range, and there is a lack of knowledge of the potential neighbors. In this work two proposals to overcome the neighbor

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network that consists of spatially distributed autonomous devices with sophisticated subsystem called sensors to monitor the environmental conditions. WSN’s measure environmental conditions like temperature, sound, pollution levels, humidity, wind, etc. Data fault detection is a challenging problem due to presence of sensors in unforeseeable areas. This detection

Ad Hoc networks for communication have completely replaced the existing communication technologies which are dependant on infrastructure. An attractive and widely utilized field in communication systems is Mobile Ad Hoc Networks or the MANETs which are a derivative of the conventional Ad Hoc Networks. Security of information communicated through MANETs as well as the robust nature of the network is

Constraints imposed due to the cameo of the novel corona virus has abruptly changed the operative mode of medical sciences. Most of the hospitals have migrated towards the telemedicine mode of services for the non-invasive and non-emergency patients during the COVID-19 time. The advent of telemedicine services has remotely rendered health services to different types of patients from their isolates

Towards enabling 5G and beyond radio access technologies to meet the requirements for continuous dynamic and diverse services, flexibility and scalability of the cellular network are of utmost important. In part, the revolution in information technology is craving way to the realization of the desired flexibility and scalability through advancement in softwarization and virtualization technologies

Real-time continuous and remote health monitoring has become widespread due to the developments in Wireless body area networks (WBANs). Based on the criticality of health data to be transmitted, regular healthcare data and critical emergency health data must be provided differential service. In this paper, we consider the beyond WBAN communication in a system comprising multiple WBANs with different

The active field of research is to achieve fast answers with minimal energy usage in mobile edge computing. The latest development of mobile edge computing (MEC) is a new model for allowing access to advanced computing resources at the edge of the network, near-end devices, enabling an abundance of latency-sensitive services needed for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. IoT devices associatedwith the

The energy turnaround created a high volatility in the energy production based on renewable energy. To integrate renewable energy economically in buildings and smart cities an additional concept of energy storage and energy supply based on energy management concepts must be claimed. The political views have changed during the last years and energy efficiency in buildings is seen important because 35%

An aperture coupled two element metamaterial antenna suitable for multiple input multiple output applications in the frequency band of 7.525–9.1 GHz is proposed. This three-layered structure utilizes a vertical array of rectangular complementary split ring resonators between the contiguously placed circular non-bianisotropic complementary split ring resonator radiating elements for enhancement of isolation

The innovative services of Internet-of-Things (IoT) led to the design of sophisticated systems using heterogeneous technologies. IoT poses integrating networks to offer smooth services to humans. Irrigation plays a trending role in sustainable sugarcane crop production in areas that suffer from water scarcity. The effective usage of water is a major constraint in agriculture due to the increasing demand

The International Telecommunication Union has required that the control plane (C-plane) latency in the fifth generation (5G) ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) application scenarios should not exceed 20 ms and encouraged technical innovation to further reduce it to less than 10 ms. However, the average C-plane latency in the fourth generation (4G) Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A)

The importance of 5G communication in today's world is requisite. The communication over 4G communications has led to congestion and will not meet the demands of the growing needs. Since the number of connected devices has been on the rise, optimization and improvement are the keys to further innovation. The hexagonal architecture of the octahedron was used to construct a 3D cellular network architecture

Hollowed aperture pentagon model graphene patch antenna is meant with and without a cylindrical tube by shorting the bottom and feed line which are oscillated correspondingly at 3.96 and 5.275 THz frequency. The designed antenna is formed of graphene as a patch material and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a substrate material with low dielectric permittivity. The radiation characteristics of the antenna

Mobile nodes are deployed at different locations in the smart city to collect meaningful information so captured data can be used as an input in different smart city applications for society benefits. However, data is transferred through a public communication channel and thus, it is important to achieve specific security level to protect from malicious users in the network. There are various data

In Wireless Sensor Networks, node localization is one of the most important system parameters. Determining the exact position of nodes in these networks is one of vital and tedious tasks. This paper presents a review of the most localization methods which optimize the localization error. It provides a new taxonomy of techniques used in this field, including Mobile Anchor, Machine Learning, Matematical

In recent years, the electronic sharing of digital images faces a major threat to security, as the existing image transmission infrastructure is mainly based on the trust of third parties. At the same time, the available solutions are placed on the cloud based centralized data center, which is expensive, requires large storage area, and security issues regarding the transmission of data over the network

The problem of assignment and sequencing of tasks is a very complex problem, which is related to whether the computer system can effectively exert the overall efficiency. Solving this problem can make the lowest cost and obtain the greatest benefit. However, the current algorithms for coordinating job assignment and sorting are not completely suitable for heterogeneous computing systems. In order to

Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is a network architecture concept to improve network performance. This concept empowers the network capacities and reduces the cost and accelerates the network services and moving them to virtual severs. Mobility Management Entity (MME) is one of the feasible components for virtualization to control the plane due to its non-handling features for user data traffic

Recently, the powerline communication (PLC) mechanism has attracted the attention of researchers across the globe since it demonstrates the least bit error rate in comparison to conventional wireless communication, apart from the merit of no extra cost for implementation of wired communication infrastructure. To make signal transfer over PLC system with no hassling, various multiple access schemes

The non-symmetric type of game is Stackelberg, where one player or a specific set of players has the advantage of making moves ahead of the other players. These games are being used to aid administrative decisions in telecommunications and computational systems. Stackelberg games have increasingly been helpful in systems where security is a key decision consideration. The authors have suggested a cooperative

A wireless sensor network is a potential technique which is most suitable for continuous monitoring applications where the human intervention is not possible. It employs large number of sensor nodes, which will perform various operations like data gathering, transmission and forwarding. An optimal Q-learning based clustering and load balancing technique using improved K-Means algorithm is proposed

Nowadays, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is enhancing for different applications. Simultaneously, energy consumption for processing the tasks in most of the applications has also been increased. The nodes in the network may die while utilizing more energy for executing the tasks. The death of nodes causes various issues in data transmission. In most cases, the nodes next to the sink may have more

In this paper we briefly outline as set of rules for integration of legacy devices into a modern industrial control system. These rules are fairly simple, and are mostly derived from “Zero Trust” principles. These rules aim to be pragmatic, and cost-effectiveness trumps completeness.

This research reviews challenges in building sustainable relationships between the parties involved in the crowdfunding and crowdsourcing projects, which are running in extreme situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to solve problems that generate the crowdsourcing concerns and to find better alternatives to increase trust for crowdfunding among donors, as this impacts their strategic

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is considered as one of the exploring technology for its deployment of the massive number of dedicated sensor nodes which sense the environment and collect the data. The collected data are sent to the sink node through the intermediate nodes. Since the sensors node data are exposed to the internet, there is a possibility of vulnerability in the WSN. The common attack

With the epidemic growth of Online Social Networks (OSNs), a large scale research on information dissemination in OSNs has been made an appearance in contemporary years. One of the essential researches is Influence Maximization. Most research adopts community structure, greedy stage, and centrality measures, to identify the influence node set. However, the time consumed in analyzing the influence node

Healthcare has experienced significant growth in recent years, bringing both advantages and downsides. It is more difficult to provide a precise diagnosis using digitally transmitted medical images in today's digital age. Using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy model and an integrated watermark transformation mechanism, this study proposes a new approach for watermarking medical images based on Region of interest

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are communication networks of sensors (and/or actuators), which can be placed on, inside, or around the body and represent a new generation of personal area networks. In contrast to the typical wireless sensor networks (WSNs), WBAN sensors are tiny and have limited power supply. Due to irregular human body movement and WBAN sensor distribution, fading can cause a

In this paper, a D2D multiple-metric routing protocol is proposed in the situation that the network infrastructures are ruined due to a possible natural disaster. To improve the stability and the shortness of the path, we use fuzzy mathematics and probabilistic normed spaces in such a way that the set of nodes is considered as a fuzzy set. This protocol operates in a distributed manner and at each

Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT), a special subset of Internet of Things (IoT), is a novel paradigm which is progressively increasing and gaining in popularity, allowing many multimedia content based applications such as Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). The standard IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL), originally designed for transmitting scalar data traffic

The recent pandemic has demanded a strong and smart healthcare system which can monitor the patients efficiently and handle the situation that arises from the outbreak of the disease. Smart healthcare cyber physical systems are the future systems as they integrate the physical and cyber world for efficient functioning of medical processes and treatment through external monitoring and control of patients

The huge spreading of COVID-19 viral outbreak to several countries motivates many of the research institutions everywhere in numerous disciplines to try decreasing the spread rate of this pandemic. Among these researches are the robotics with different payloads and sensory devices with wireless communications to remotely track patients' diagnosis and their treatment. That is, it reduces direct contact

On the internet of things (IoT), cloud computing renders the dominant computing capability. Nevertheless, this brings about the security as well as privacy breaches, and the larger quantities of data interaction with cloud suffer bandwidth limit and energy efficiency for data processing, data transmission (DT), together with the Energy Consumption (EC) of data processing is far less than DT. Attaining

In recent years, the explosive growth of multimedia applications and services has required further improvements in mobile systems to meet transfer speed requirements. Mobile Ad-hoc Network was formed in the 1970s. It is a set of mobile devices that have self-configuring capable to establish parameters to transmit data without relying on an pre-installed infrastructure systems. Today, MANET is strongly

The rise in life expectancy of humans, COVID-19 pandemic and growing cost of medical services has brought up huge challenges for the government and healthcare industry. Due to unhealthy lifestyle, there is an increased need for continual health monitoring and diagnosis of diseases. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is attracted attention of researchers as various biosensors can be embedded in or worn

Multipolarized Uniform Rectangular Array (mURA) Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output systems (mMIMOs) is a promising technology in 5G wireless communications. Thus, in this paper, a three dimensional geometry (3-DG) channel model of mURA is established, mostly used in indoor or outdoor. The three-dimension channel model of mURA proposed is evaluated in which a Spherical-Wave (SW) is used to model

Nowadays sharing secure data turns out to be a challenging task for the data owner due to its privacy and confidentiality. Several IT companies stores their important information in the cloud since computing has developed immense power in sharing the data. On the other hand, privacy is considered a serious issue in cloud computing as there are numerous privacy concerns namely integrity, authentication

Mobile ad hoc networks are attaining popularity to its highest currently, as the users need wireless connectivity regardless of their geographical location. Threats of security attacks are growing on the Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). MANETs must require a secure mode for communication and transmission which is rather challenging and vigorous issue. With the aim of providing secure transmission and

VANETs- Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks depends on organizing the innovation where the vehicles go about as versatile hubs for shaping a correspondence arrange. The arrangement of vehicular specially appointed systems doesn't just encourage novel telematics applications. The selection of dynamic wellbeing application raises new dangers to street wellbeing if security issues are not appropriately taken care-of

The cloud computing paradigm offers several services to handle a large amount of data. These services include data storage, exploration, and analysis. Due to the increase in the Internet of Thing devices, traditional computing systems are shifting to fog computing. Resource utilization is a complex task that is often compromised due to the non-availability of required resources on the fog layer. The

Energy consumption of Wireless Sensor Networks including On/Off keying (OOK) transmitter is important for short range transmission and long battery life time requirements. In order to improve the energy efficiency of an OOK transmitter, the Minimum Energy (ME) coding strategy is adopted in this paper. We first give the energy consumption model based on a real OOK transmitter, which has an energy efficiency

In this study, a fragile watermarking technique is introduced for verifying images based on QR decomposition and Fourier Transform (FT). At first, we apply the FT to the host image to achieve the frequency domain, yielding a high-quality image. Then the resulting image is decomposed using QR factorization. In the meantime, the watermark image is decomposed only via QR factorization. Then, we add a

With the exponential growth of end users and web data, the internet is undergoing the change of paradigm from a user-centric model to a content-centric one, popularly known as information-centric networks (ICN). Current ICN research evolves around three key-issues namely (i) content request searching, (ii) content routing, and (iii) in-network caching scheme to deliver the requested content to the

The peculiar factor of coverage called target coverage in an energy-constrained wireless sensor network is a fierce challenge nowadays. Genetic algorithm-based meta-heuristic has proven methodology while aiming to prolong the achievable network lifetime. There is a plethora of research works where maximizing the total network lifetime issue is classified as an optimization problem. In the literature

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) path following issue is a significant part of the UAV mission arranging framework, which needs to get an ideal way following and handle collision avoidance instantaneously. To resolve this issue, a hybrid algorithm termed NFMGOA is presented by combining the neuro-fuzzy and modified grasshopper optimization algorithm (NFMGOA). In the proposed work, unlike regularly utilized

A rectangular meandering-microstrip patch antenna (RM-MPA) with short pin for implant antenna and biomedical applications at industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band is proposed. The rectangular patch has a length of l = 14 mm and a width of w = 9.4 mm. The substrate and superstrate are made of Rogers 3210 with dielectric constant equals to 10.2. The RM-MPA is placed between the substrate and

In this research, pure deterministic system has been established by a new Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol with Enhanced Threshold (DEECET) by clustering sensor nodes to originate the wireless sensor network. The DEECET is very dynamic, highly distributive, self-confessed and much energy efficient as compared to most of the other existing protocols. The MATLAB simulation provides aim

The small cell technology is considered as a key technology for 5G networks. The capacity expansion and coverage extension are both achieved through this deployment. However, the ultra-dense small cells deployment can cause a severe interference, a high number of frequent unnecessary handovers and/or handover failure and hence, high power consumption is expected due to the signalling overhead. Placing

With the vigorous development of Internet of Things technology, the current distribution network is developing towards the information-based and intelligent distribution Internet of Things (D-IoT). D-IoT adopts the mode of the cloud computing center and the edge cloud network working together. The edge cloud network has a large number of intelligent terminals, which can well adapt to the current sharply