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PowerSecure (PS), a subsidiary of Southern Company, operates over 1600 microgrids including a large fleet of standby diesel generators. Machines range from 125 to 2800 kW. There are two missions: standby power after utility failure and load management when utility is available. This report updates generator reliability data published over 20 years ago. These results are first derived from uniform records

The ultrafast protection speed requirement motivates the adoption of solid-state circuit breakers (SSCBs) for dc shipboard power systems. A 1 kV and 1.5 kA SS dc circuit breaker (DCCB) based on reverse blocking integrated gate commutated thyristor (RB-IGCT) semiconductor technology was designed, built, and tested for dc fault protection of naval dc shipboard power systems. This article presents different

Heating and losses of induction motor (IM) grow with the supply voltage unbalance and harmonic distortion. To avoid thermal overload, the IEEE 141-1993, the IEEE 3004.8, NEMA MG1-2014, and the IEC 60034-26 standards establish derating factors for IMs operating under those conditions. In this article, we show that while the derating factors proposed by these standards adequately protect standard-efficiency

In induction heating applications, active and passive power components play important roles for proper functioning of the power controllers. For suitability study, the characterization of active power components is well defined and documented. Characterization of capacitors is also well defined. They are commercially available as well. High-frequency power magnetic components, such as transformers

With the significant reduction in board space occupied by the smaller GaN transistors, topologies that require a greater number of active devices as a tradeoff for reduced passive size, the main barrier to higher power density, have become attractive. Switched capacitor multilevel converters are good examples of topologies that can effectively reduce or eliminate passive components. Two GaN-based proof-of-concept

Given the rapid development of the ship industry and increasing ship operating cost and gas emissions, this article studies the optimal operation of a multienergy ship (MES) microgrid to simultaneously reduce the ship operating cost and gas emissions. Apart from the conventional diesel generators, electric energy storage, and photovoltaic cells, the combined cooling heat and power (CCHP) unit is introduced

With more distributed energy resources penetrated into the residential community, nanogrid based peer-to-peer (P2P) energy market has rapidly emerged over recent years. Due to the complexities on the decision-making process of each market participant, an efficient, fair and beneficial oriented bidding strategy is thus necessary. In this article, a two-stage bidding strategy for P2P trading of nanogrid

Wireless charging technology presents an ideal fit for autonomous electric vehicles for realizing a fully automated system (vehicle and charger). This article presents a planning optimization analysis for a pilot project of in-route wireless charging infrastructure serving fixed-route on-demand shared automated electric shuttles (SAESs) at Greenville, SC, USA. A single-objective nonlinear mixed integer

The electricity tariff is a powerful tool to encourage customers to modify their electricity consumption behavior. A significant portion of power energy is devoted to the commercial sector which has a notable contribution in the power grid peak load. In this article, we consider a commercial customer equipped with a solar panel and batteries as our case study. We analyze the effects of time of use

There is a reduction in the percentage penetration of synchronous machines within the Great Britain (GB) power system leading to a decrease in inertia and an increase in the system rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) resulting from power imbalances. This raises the challenge of containing frequency deviations to within the relevant operational limits. As a result, steps need to be taken by the system

This article develops, implements, and tests a method for selecting the locations and sizes of battery storage systems (BSSs) for power systems with distributed power generation. The developed method is based on calculating the coherency index for each bus to determine its contribution to the frequency of the center of inertia (COI) during and post a transient event. Once the coherency index is calculated

Owing to the intermittency issue associated with renewable energy sources, a solar photovoltaic (PV) array fed grid interfaced encoder-less permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based solar water pumping (SWP) system is presented in this paper. The grid integration enables a continuous water flow regardless of available solar insolation. However, it has been observed that the grids in developing

Many modern industries are equipped with onsite renewable generation and are normally connected to the grid. A battery energy storage system (BESS) can complement the intermittency of the available onsite renewable generation. The combination of the BESS and the renewable generation can operate as a microgrid. If the microgrid is properly sized and managed, it is possible to reduce the electricity

This article proposes a new technique to manage the domestic peak load demand through peer-to-peer energy transaction among multiple homes. In this process, the houses willing to sell energy are identified as the Parent, and the houses that require energy are identified as a Child. The parents having energy resources such as photovoltaics, battery storage and electric vehicles will utilize their resources

The technological advancement in the communication and control infrastructure helps those smart households (SHs) that more actively participate in the incentive-based demand response (IBDR) programs. As the agent facilitating the SHs' participation in the IBDR program, load aggregators (LAs) need to comprehend the available SHs' demand response (DR) capacity before trading in the day-ahead market.

Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in power grids are mainly caused by geomagnetic disturbances especially during solar storms. Such currents can potentially cause negative impacts on power grid equipment and even damage the power transformers resulting in a significant risk of blackouts. Therefore, monitoring GICs in power systems and developing solutions to mitigate their impacts before rising

The unbalanced and distorted grid phenomena are expected to be a critical factor for future microgrids due to extensive use of unbalanced and nonlinear loads. These microgrid conditions keep changing depending on the load profile. The active power oscillation, which happens due to polluted grid conditions, results in dc-link voltage fluctuation. Therefore, not only lifetime of the batteries and dc-link

Due to the maturity of wide area measurement technology, phasor measurement unit (PMU)-based dynamic equivalent modeling method (PDM) has been wildly used in large-scale power system modeling. However, traditional “event-based” PDM equivalent model may face serious robustness issues, such as although derived equivalent models show the good ability on reproduction of the system behaviors under recorded

This article develops and tests a controller for residential electric water heaters (EWHs). The developed controller is operated to maximize the energy stored in EWHs during off-peak-demand times, in order to reduce their power demands during peak-demand times. Desired control actions aim to adjust the minimum temperature settings of EWHs using the unit commitment (UC). In order to eliminate the need

Due to the presence of onboard pulsed loads and other electric loads, medium-voltage direct current system (MVdc), which contains hybrid energy storage, is attracting a lot of interest in ship power system studies. To ensure proper operation of such a system, suitable management is required to maintain the voltage of the MVdc bus and confirm the load-generation balance. Consequently, this article first

Power grid operation continuously undergoes state transitions caused by internal and external uncertainties, e.g., equipment failures and weather-driven faults, among others. This prompts an observation of different types of waveforms at the measurement points (substations) in power systems. Modern power systems utilize phasor measurement units (PMUs) and intelligent electronic devices embedded with

Adjacent-grounding systems, in metropolitan areas, are usually interfering because, moreover, common external conductive parts naturally interconnect them. Their integration to constitute a grounding microgrid system (GMS) allows making each grounding system (GS) more extended than its ground electrode. It assists resolutely to present limited touchn permissible to persist longer than 10 s and so to

Short-term electromagnetic interference (EMI) pertains to the total result produced by the occurrence of intermittent, inductive, and conductive couplings on a buried pipeline system. For example, this type of EMI takes place when considering the fault conditions of a single ac power line, acting in the nearby vicinity of a pipeline system. In the context of this article, the effect of the short-term

Submarine cables are indispensable for offshore wind farms (OWFs) connected to a power grid. The submarine cable can cause certain degrees of impact on the system performance due to its different lengths, characteristics, electrical parameters, etc. This paper employs the power-system simulation software of Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E) for modeling a future-scheduled OWF, i.e., a

Electric load analysis is an important task in early new stage for design of shipboard power systems (SPSs). The installation generation capacity onboard depends on the accurate result of the analysis, which significantly affects the system economic and secure operations. In the traditional electrical load analysis, the demand factor is often obtained from engineering experiences which may lead to

Considering urban substations ground grid diagnosis, some real-physical constraints result in measurement process challenges: 1) limited length between electrodes used to measure the equivalent impedance of the grounding system; 2) to determine the current that flows from ground grid conductors to the earth; and 3) to determine the grid resistance. In this scenario, an adequate diagnosis of the safety

This article deals with a double-stage photovoltaic (PV) grid-tied three-phase system with a higher order passive filter. It gives a solution to some real issues, such as load balancing, harmonics compensation, reduced filter size, and power loss, in the distribution network. The improved adaptive damped circular current limit (ADCCL) control -filter-based technique is used for harmonics elimination

Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of induction motors serve as essential techniques toward the reliable operation of critical industrial processes. The finite element method (FEM) offers a great insight into fundamental principle and physical operation of the machine. It can model complex magnetic circuit topology, discrete windings layouts, and nonlinear magnetic material properties of the

In order to solve the disadvantages of long start-up time and demagnetization of the traditional permanent magnetic (PM) actuators, this article presents a high reliable and controllable novel motor actuator without PM, which includes driving motor and its control circuit. The proposed driving motor is similar to the switched reluctance motor, which has the advantages of small rotational inertia and

An unbalanced current protection relay (60C, 51NC) cannot operate fast enough to avoid catastrophic failure against high system fault currents within capacitor units because a traditional unbalanced current protection relay is not capable of classifying the transient fault current and switching inrush current. This article proposes a new algorithm for the detection and classification of these transient

One of the main challenges to design a proper protection scheme for a microgrid is the dynamic characteristics in the architecture for the microgrid. The relay settings need to change with every configuration in the system to properly isolate a fault. This article proposes a centralized control approach using a cosimulation platform to monitor operational modes and multiple microgrid topologies to

This article presents a practical approach to realize demand and energy savings in large industrial plants through behind-the-meter conservation voltage reduction implementation. Requirements of a device that can implement conservation voltage reduction in harsh industrial environments are identified. Based on the requirements, a device called stacked isolated voltage optimization module is discussed

Electronic current transducers based on Rogowski coil are commonly used for power system protection. However, they may generate additional dynamic components in some cases that may cause misoperation of protection devices. In order to check the hidden danger of this undesired phenomenon, this article studies the transfer characteristics of Rogowski coil and proposes an approach to detect the possible

The induced voltage on underground pipelines is a critical parameter to consider for equipment and personnel safety in the field. However, in the real life, such induced voltage estimation on pipelines is difficult especially at the transmission line planning and routing stage. In this article, several factors affecting the induced voltage on underground pipelines due to inductive coupling with nearby

Slotless windings are commonly used in small size high-speed electrical brushless dc machines. Unlike slotted windings, forced to follow the direction of slots, slotless windings can be freely arranged in the airgap. This represents several opportunities for optimization. Nevertheless, very little research is performed in this domain. This article intends to challenge the traditional way of manufacturing

The conventional calculation of rotor losses in cage induction motors by the time-stepping finite element method requires the full slip waves of the rotor flux densities and currents. The calculations of the full slip waves are extremely expensive in CPU time, memory, and hard disk space for the induction motors with skewed slots and pulsewidth modulated supply. This article proposes a technique that

Large capacity hydrogenerators are operated at overloads during the period of excess water flow in the river or frequency support to the grid at peak hours. The extensive conditions may extend to six weeks with 20% overload for a typical hydropower plant located in the northern region of India. High-power, low-speed, direct-driven hydroturbine synchronous generators (HTSGs) are having resistance in

With the growing interest in electrification and as hybrid and pure electric powertrains are adopted in more applications, electrical machine design is facing challenges in terms of meeting very demanding performance metrics, for example, high specific power, and harsh environments. This provides clear motivation to explore the impact of advanced materials and manufacturing on the performance of electrical

This article investigates analytical methods for calculating mechanical stress on the rotor of Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines (IPMSMs). First, two existing analytical methods for calculating the stress on rotor iron bridges were investigated using a flat-type IPMSM model. The calculations of centroid radii required by these methods were simplified by taking advantage of the symmetry

This article presents an improved estimation model to predict the additional iron loss due to pulsewidth modulation (PWM) switching in interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines. The input current including the predicted PWM-induced current ripple is fed to two-dimensional (2-D) finite-element analysis to calculate the PWM-induced flux ripple distribution in the analyzed machine. A special frequency

While comparison of the torque produced by the ac machines of a given topology is, today, a standard feature of the machine design process, comparison of machines from different families of machine types is less frequently undertaken. This two-part article compares the torque performance of 12 types of ac machines based on the same current density level, flux density level, and rotor dimensions. A

A comprehensive analysis of inter-turn-short fault (ITSF) in a fractional slot concentrated winding (FSCW) interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) is presented in this article. During online fault detection, the fault signatures can be influenced by the controller action in a closed-loop control system. Therefore, this study focused on the comparison of the ITSF characteristics in an IPMSM

The rotor conductor bars of the line-start synchronous reluctance motor (LS-SynRM) make the motor have self-starting capability. The distribution of the rotor conductor bars not only has a great impact on the starting capability, but also affects the steady-state performance of the LS-SynRM. The steady-state performance of the LS-SynRM mainly depends on the inductance parameters. And the distribution

This article reviews bearingless motor technology for medium and high power applications. Historically, bearingless motors have resided in research settings and certain niche commercial applications. Significant literature has been dedicated to developing designs that feature highly specific geometry, restricted by applications with a unique set of needs, oftentimes with low power requirements. The

This article describes generators with high-efficiency winding construction, applied to small-scale and large-scale wind turbines. Electromechanical converters, based on these compact winding generators, are promising for all types of stand-alone installations. Here a squirrel-cage induction generator with innovative stator is studied. Stator winding construction features reduced cross section of connection

Fractional-slot concentrated winding interior permanent magnet (FSCW-IPM) machines have been designed with very low winding mutual inductance for magnetic isolation features required for improving their fault-tolerant capabilities. These magnetically-isolated FSCW-IPM machines no longer adhere to the preconditions required for a conventional abc-to-dq0 transformation. As a result, it is found in this

In this article, the 12-phase switched flux permanent magnet (PM) (SFPM) machine and three surface-mounted PM (SPM) machines designed for direct-drive wind power generation are comparatively analyzed. First, feasible stator-slot/rotor-pole combinations for symmetrical 12-phase winding layout are investigated for both machine topologies. Second, the key design parameters of the PM generators including

The damper (or amortisseur) winding of synchronous motors (SMs) is a critical component required for starting the motor. Several cases of the forced outage of industrial processes due to the starting failure of salient-pole SMs caused by damper bar failure have recently been reported. The detection of broken damper bars is difficult since they are active only during rotor acceleration, and offline

High speed machines are gaining popularity in more and more applications. Besides permanent magnet (PM) machines, switched reluctance machines (SRMs) are very competitive candidates for high-speed applications in high-temperature environments due to their single material rotor without PMs. However, the conventional rotor geometries of SRMs are not suitable for the ultra-high speed applications. In

In this article, we investigate rotor design of claw-pole alternators for automobile applications to increase output and decrease core loss. First, the electromagnetic field distribution is calculated by the three-dimensional (3-D) nonlinear time-stepping finite-element method, which considers eddy currents generated at a solid rotor core and a laminated stator core. From the results, a novel rotor

This article is a contribution to answer the following question: Is it possible to design a permanent magnet machine with the performance expected from rare-earth magnets but at a lower cost? Performance being understood as torque, size, efficiency, demagnetization, and temperature rise together. The question is addressed with a systematic exploration of different interior permanent magnet machine

This article presents a novel approach to the dc standstill measurement of flux linkage and inductance of a synchronous reluctance machine. In the existing standstill test to measure the flux linkage of a machine, a pulsed voltage is applied to the machine in open loop. The flux-linkage characteristics are computed using the measured response. This article discusses the limitations of the voltage pulse-based

In low-speed sensorless control of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine (SPMSM), high-frequency (HF) signal injection methods are often used to estimate the rotor position by tracking the motor saliency characterized by the inductances. Cross-saturation effects caused by the load current will influence the inductances, and consequently the saliency, which will introduce position estimation