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In order to fulfill the exponential increase in the demand of high-speed wireless links, future XG wireless networks will be developed at higher carrier signal frequencies, reaching the hundreds of gigahertz. In this contribution, a leaky-wave-fed HDPE lens antenna working at ${G}$ -band which can be useful for future XG communications is presented. The proposed lens design enables the generation of

This article presents a wideband orthogonal-mode dual-antenna pair with a shared radiator for fifth-generation (5G) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) metal-rimmed smartphones. The wideband decoupling property of the dual-antenna pair is realized by the combination of the orthogonal monopole/dipole modes in the lower band and the orthogonal slot/open-slot modes in the higher band. With the orthogonal-mode

This article presents a graphene-based, dynamically reconfigurable antenna with a voltage-controlled, far-field radiation pattern in the microwave frequency band. The proposed antenna consists of two radiating patches and a planar feed network mainly composed of a graphene-based attenuator and a power divider with a hybrid graphene–metal phase shifter. The output phase of the phase shifter changes

This article reports a novel monolithic circular transistor-antenna by designing a ring-type asymmetric field-effect transistors (FET) itself as a receiving antenna element for high-performance plasmonic millimeter-wave detectors. Operation principle of the proposed device is discussed, focusing on how signal transmission through the ring-type structure is available without any feeding line between

We present the development of the novel elliptical resistively loaded vee dipole (ERLVD). By replacing the constituent subelements with ellipses, the ERLVD has two degrees of design freedom to achieve increased gain, bandwidth, and decreased size compared with the classical resistively loaded vee dipole (RLVD). The prototyped ERLVD with a unity growth rate experimentally achieved a bandwidth ratio

A glide-symmetry Goubau line leaky-wave antenna for achieving both high scanning rate and wide scanning angle range is introduced. The novelty of the design is its combination of glide symmetry and a single-layer Goubau line. This combination leads to performance enhancement in both scanning rate and scanning angle range. Utilizing a corrugated Goubau line in a glide-symmetry fashion closes its stopband

In this article, a new analytical method is proposed to solve the current distribution and input impedance of an insulated linear antenna in a homogeneous anisotropic ionosphere over a very low-frequency (VLF: 3–30 kHz) range. Due to the presence of the insulating layer, both the boundary conditions and the kernel function of the antenna are more complicated. The determination of the wave number $k_{L}$

In this article, a novel structure is proposed for the realization of cavity section in the printed gap waveguide (PGW) technology. For the proof of the concept, a multilayer cavity-backed slot antenna element is designed and fabricated so that its performance can be compared to the devices in the literature made by printed circuit board (PCB) technology and also by metal parts using the CNC machine

This article proposes a compact high-efficiency metallic resonator antenna operating at even-mode spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs). The collective electron oscillations within the structure increase the effective relative permittivity that can be tuned by engineering the dispersion of SSPP modes on the structure. The even-mode SSPPs are excited by placing a radiator at their vicinity. As an

A novel method of designing a wideband series-fed circularly polarized (CP) differential antenna by using crossed open slot pairs is presented in this article. The near-field distributions and input impedance analyses show that the closely spaced open slot-pairs can radiate as the crossed dipoles and have stable radiating resistance with a compact radiator size. Besides, a wideband half-power phase

In this article, a novel dual-polarized embroidered textile antenna array with an omnidirectional radiation pattern is proposed for both on- and off-body wearable applications. The flexible antenna is composed of a group of circularly oriented dual-polarized patch antennas excited with uniform amplitude and phase. The antenna array can be wrapped around a cylinder, such as an arm or a leg, for realizing

In this article, a novel design of dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with a reconfigurable radiation pattern capability is presented. Reconfigurability in the azimuth plane is achieved by symmetrically placing six electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) sectors around the DRA. Each sector is composed of 26 circular-shaped mushroom-like EBG unit cell. In order to achieve 360° pattern reconfigurability with a

A codesigned hepta-band antenna with a large frequency ratio is presented by using a mode-composite method. The method is based on an idea that apart from a quasi-TE 10 mode transmitting in a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) structure at millimeter-wave frequencies, additional radiation modes of the wire antennas can be excited simultaneously on the outer surface of a well-designed SIW structure

A differentially fed hybrid dipole, slot, and patch antenna with unidirectional radiation patterns is designed in this article. The antenna consists of a metal strip, a patch loaded with a slot, and a simple wideband 180° out-of-phase power splitter (OPS). The OPS can generate two signals with the same amplitude but accurate phase difference of 180° to achieve one-port differential feeding. The hybrid

In this article, we propose a wideband fully metallic impedance-matching horn lens antenna based on glide symmetry realized in the gap waveguide technology. A multiple iterative method is adopted, which overcomes the limitation of large phase deviations at the interface of traditional lens antennas, thus increases the directivity as a result. Moreover, the glide-symmetric configurations of inner metallic

This article presents a new compact lightweight radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting system. The system relies on a dual-tapered transmission line-based matching network that stretches the rectification capability of an integrated Schottky diode. This topology is demonstrated on a 2.4 GHz rigid harvesting system with a resulting power conversion efficiency that reaches up to 58% over 0 dBm input

A dual polarized quasi-monostatic simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) antenna system operating over 2:1 bandwidth with high isolation, co-polarized transmitting (TX)/receiving (RX) radiation, and high TX gain is proposed. The TX antenna is apex matched parabolic reflector illuminated by a coaxial cavity feed. The RX antenna is also coaxial cavity and mounted back-to-back with the TX feed. Thus

Gluing an antenna-on-chip (AoC) directly on a ground plane or heat sink in the lead frame is a standard process for commercial applications. To reduce the effect of losses in the silicon substrate and improve the antenna’s radiation efficiency, the wafer thickness is often drastically reduced. However, the close proximity of the antenna and ground plane can cause an impedance mismatch. Metal tiles

Four grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW)-fed open-slot antennas conjoined into a cross shape with a central circular slot are presented for $4\times4$ fifth-generation (5G) multi-input multi-output (MIMO) operation in 3.3–4.2 GHz. The four conjoined slot antennas have a 1 mm low profile (about $0.01\lambda $ at 3.3 GHz) and a compact size of 42 mm $\times42$ mm (about $0.46\lambda \times 0.46\lambda

A novel wideband microstrip-fed end-fire magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna element is proposed and exploited. The antenna yields advantages of small size, wide operating bandwidth, low cost, and stable gain. A prototype of the element has a bandwidth (SWR < 2) of 56.7% covering from 24 to 43 GHz with a gain of 4–6.7 dBi. An integrated balun covering the whole operating bandwidth is designed for the

This article presents a dual-polarized metal-flare sliced notch antenna (SNA) array comprising metallic Vivaldi flares “sliced” by air gaps. Aside from the slice gaps in the flares (supported with foam sheets in the array build), the SNA is an exact duplicate of a conventional all-metal Vivaldi array, against which the SNA is presented directly in a one-to-one comparison to isolate the effect of slicing

This article presents a high-performance fully metallic dual-polarized wideband Vivaldi array for the $Ka$ -band (26–40 GHz), which is going to be used, for example, in 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication networks. Antenna-array elements are fed straight from a single printed circuit board (PCB) that allows integrating active components in the immediate proximity of antenna elements. A whole

Due to the range-angle-dependent beampattern, frequency diverse array (FDA), either in the form of linear array or planar array, has been extensively investigated in recent years. However, the conformal FDA is seldom studied. In this article, a general conformal FDA framework is first developed. Specifically, a hemi-spherical FDA is exploited to illustrate the unique advantage of conformal FDA in terms

A new model for accurate direction findings is presented, and the superiority of the proposed model is demonstrated over the existing models for real system requirements. The proposed model is constructed based on the phase center contour of each element in the array. It is also shown that the accuracy of the proposed model will remain for tightly coupled arrays while other models fail. A novel algorithm

Considering the defects of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (EA) based on decomposition (MOEA/D), this article proposes an improved multi-objective EA MOEA/D-GPSO for compact log-periodic dipole array (LPDA) design. MOEA/D-GPSO decomposes multiple objectives into a number of single-objective optimization problems. Each particle deals with one sub-problem

A novel millimeter-wave aperture-coupled magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna with a low-profile metallic geometry is proposed based on the 3-D printing technology. An impedance bandwidth of 53.7%, a gain up to 10.8 dBi, and stable unidirectional radiation patterns with the cross polarization of less than −38 dB are achieved by the antenna. Its operating mechanism and design process are studied in detail

This article presents a mapping-based optimization method for pattern synthesis via array element rotation. The optimization is carried out through optimizing the orientation of each array element to minimize the sidelobe and cross-polar level while maximizing the co-polar level of the main beam in a desired direction. The basic idea of the proposed method is to convert a variable definition domain

A retrodirective antenna (RDA) array for wireless power transmission (WPT) is presented. Applications include the wireless charging of mobile phones and other handheld devices. The reported RDA defines an active high-power transmitter module that retrodirects a received beacon tone back to a mobile unit by circularly polarized (CP) free-space radiation. In addition, this RDA architecture uses a network

An efficient method is presented to take into account the radiation pattern deformation due to the presence of a finite ground plane lying under an antenna array and above a layered dielectric medium. The interactions between the antennas and the ground plane are computed using two main algorithms: on one hand, the near-field interactions are carried out using inhomogeneous plane waves, and on the

The equivalent circuit approach (ECA) is used in this work to analyze and design a previously proposed one-dimensional planar blazed grating of the resonant type. The analysis covers both the classical Littrow configuration, when the direction of the relevant diffracted order coincides with that of the incident wave (Bragg blazing), and when these directions are different (off-Bragg blazing). Once

A millimeter-wave substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna with the ability of generating 2-D steerable large depth-of-field beam is presented in this article. First, a transverse antenna topology feeding with the series- and the parallel-network is employed to generate the limited-diffractive beam with large depth of field to overcome the problem that the conventional radial generator cannot steer

This article presents a single-polarization and ultrawideband tightly coupled dipole array (TCDA) with a compact, single-layer feeding network, and a superstrate layer for wide-angle scanning. The feeding network based on a microstrip-to-slotline structure can significantly reduce the size and complexity of the array. The superstrate layer consists of two frequency selective surfaces (FSSs), which

An analytic technique for synthesizing two-element biomimetic antenna arrays (BMAAs) is presented. This method addresses the shortcomings of previous methods used to design such arrays, which uniformly relied on using a numerical optimization procedure to find acceptably suboptimal solutions for the design of the coupling networks of such arrays. We first present an analytic method for determining

An array can be synthesized by first optimizing a relevant continuous aperture (CA) and then transforming it to the array; this article presents a skeletonization-scheme-based method for such a transformation. First, the continuous aperture source (CAS) integral is analyzed and it is shown that the uniform discretization of the integral requires a large number of elements to match the CAS radiation

Staggered array antenna is a common array configuration for large-scale array antennas due to its favorable radiation characteristics and relatively large element spacing. In developing a compact staggered dipole array, the most challenging issue is how to simultaneously reduce the four mutual couplings taking place between adjacent co-polarized antenna elements with diversified phase laggings. A large

Antenna arrays are frequently used for localization of active communication transmitters or passively reflecting radar targets by evaluating signal phases at spatially distributed antennas. Unfortunately, the localization performance is degraded because of mutual coupling, unknown time delays, and imprecisely known antenna positions, especially if large arrays with spatially distributed antennas are

The design of irregular subarrayed planar phased arrays composed of modular tiles is a research area of increasing interest. In this article, a heuristic iterative convex relaxation programming (H-ICRP) framework is proposed. By formulating the tiling of irregular subarray as a binary programming problem, this framework is suitable for arbitrary array aperture and subarray structure. To achieve exact

In this article, challenges and limitations of using cross-polarization suppression methods for dual-linear polarization antenna arrays are presented. A simple probe-fed patch antenna and high-performance, dual-polarized hybrid-fed patch antennas are used for this article. The image feed method is used for improving the cross-polarization level and increasing the geometrical symmetry of a very large

The effective and computationally efficient task-oriented synthesis of wide reflectarray antennas ( RA s) comprising arbitrarily complex unit cells ( UC s) is addressed. A multiscale formulation of the reflectarray synthesis problem is proposed where:1) the degrees-of-freedom ( DoF s) of the architecture are defined at the microscale in terms of the UC descriptors, while 2) the design objectives are

Novel designs of planar aperture antenna (PAA) arrays are proposed in this article, which achieve dual-polarized and high-gain performances in the 60 GHz unlicensed band. In order to achieve high gain, the original PAA is expanded to its two-dimensional array form, and the two linear polarizations share the same apertures. The two polarizations are realized by using orthogonal coupling slots excited

A new methodology for the design of isophoric thinned arrays with a priori controlled pattern features is introduced. A fully analytical and general (i.e., valid for any lattice and set of weights) relationship between the autocorrelation of the array excitations and the power pattern samples is first derived. Binary 2-D sequences with known autocorrelation properties, namely the difference sets (

The pulsed electromagnetic (EM) field transfer between a horizontal electric dipole (HED) and a transmission line is described analytically with the aid of the time-domain (TD) reciprocity theorem and the Cagniard-de Hoop technique. A suitably chosen wave-slowness representation makes it possible to cast the pertaining interaction integrals into a form amenable to analytical solution. The closed-form

An ultraminiaturized frequency selective surface (FSS) based on 2.5-D convoluted structure is proposed. 2-D convoluted lines in the form of square spirals are incorporated with vertical vias to give a unit cell size which is only 2.7% of the free-space wavelength at resonance frequency of 2.8 GHz. Transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) resonators are combined to synthesize the proposed

A local permittivity model is proposed to accurately characterize spatial dispersion (SD) in nonlocal wire medium (WM) structures with arbitrary terminations. A closed-form expression for the local thickness-dependent permittivity is derived for a general case of a bounded WM with lumped impedance insertions and terminated with impedance surfaces, which takes into account the effects of SD and loads/terminations

An electromagnetic (EM) wave modulation technique using actively tuned frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs) to shift the frequency of EM waves reflected from the surface is presented. The reflected EM wave contains significant components at multiple sideband frequencies along with the original incident frequency. The time-modulated complex-valued reflection coefficient can be appropriately designed

Spatial Kramers–Kronig (KK) relations have been recently proposed to achieve perfect absorption without using any gain elements or highly anisotropic materials. However, such perfect absorption is limited to the surface of an infinitely long planar slab in the Cartesian coordinate, and the cases of surfaces with bends or sharp corners are still challenging. In this article, we apply conformal transformation