The extraction of information from Dutch archaeological grey literature has recently been investigated by the AGNES project. AGNES aims to disclose relevant information by means of a web search engine, to enable researchers to search through excavation reports. In this paper, we focus on the multi-labelling of archaeological excavation reports with time periods and site types, and provide a manually

This report presents a corpus of articulations recorded with Schlieren photography, a recording technique to visualize aeroflow dynamics for two purposes. First, as a means to investigate aerodynamic processes during speech production without any obstruction of the lips and the nose. Second, to provide material for lecturers of phonetics to illustrates these aerodynamic processes. Speech production was

The adoption of Semantic Web technologies and the Linked Data paradigm has been driven by the need to ensure the construction of resources that are at the same time interoperable, shareable and reusable by the scientific community. OntoLex-Lemon, which exploits the expressive power of ontologies, has come to be the de facto standard model for the representation of lexica and terminologies. The number

We present a new Japanese dataset, Japanese Word Similarity and Association Norm (JWSAN), comprising human rating scores of similarity and association for 2145 word pairs, with a clear distinction between word similarity and word association. Computational models of human semantic memory or mental lexicon, such as distributed semantic models, must predict not only association but also similarity. People

The ’short answer’ question format is a widely used tool in educational assessment, in which students write one to three sentences in response to an open question. The answers are subsequently rated by expert graders. The agreement between these graders is crucial for reliable analysis, both in terms of educational strategies and in terms of developing automatic models for short answer grading (SAG)

Argumentation Mining is a complex task, requiring to identify argumentation structures in natural language text and to build representations of the supporting and opposing arguments. Schneider and Stede provide a systematic and rigorous review of the different subfields of the research in Argumentation Mining, with a book that represents an ideal introduction for students and academics who are new

Despite the growing interest in Question Generation, evaluating these systems remains notably difficult. Many authors rely on metrics like BLEU or ROUGE instead of relying on manual evaluations, as their computation is mostly free. However, corpora generally used as reference is very incomplete, containing just a couple of hypotheses per source sentence. In this paper, we propose monserrate corpus

Sentiment analysis is a classification task where polarity of textual data is identified, i.e. to analyze whether a sentence or document expresses a negative, positive or neutral sentiment. Manipuri is a less privileged, highly agglutinative and tonal language. Despite being a scheduled language of Indian Constitution, it is also a resource constrained language. In this work, we report the sentiment

We present CogNet, a large-scale, automatically-built database of sense-tagged cognates—words of common origin and meaning across languages. CogNet is continuously evolving: its current version contains over 8 million cognate pairs over 338 languages and 35 writing systems, with new releases already in preparation. The paper presents the algorithm and input resources used for its computation, an evaluation

Oral productions of speakers with Down syndrome exhibit special characteristics that have been the target of study for decades. In spite of this attention, the availability of rich resources for its analysis is still scarce. In this paper, we present the definition and compiling procedure of a corpus of semi-controlled oral productions of speakers with Down syndrome that aims to allow the analysis

A research group from the Universidad Antonio Nariño at Bogotá, Colombia, collected over four hours of audiovisual interaction between the Dean of the Faculty of Systems Engineering and prospective Colombian students to help answer questions about how to annotate Colombian gesture during spontaneous speech. Out of 10 interviews conducted during two semesters showing dyadic or multiparty interactions

We present and describe the Italian Roots in Australian Soil (IRIAS) speech corpus. Following a sociophonetic approach, our aim is to extend and complement the frequently investigated macro-structures of lexical, syntactic and morphological interactions among immigrants’ languages and common sociolinguistic investigations about immigrants’ language attitudes. We first discuss and motivate the creation

Sentence boundary detection (SBD) is an essential step for a very large number of natural language processing applications such as parsing, information retrieval, automatic summarization, machine translation, etc. In this paper, we tackle the problem of SBD of dialectal Arabic, especially for the Tunisian dialect. We compare the efficiency of three learning algorithms: Deep Neuronal Networks (DNN)

Nowadays, in the globalised context in which we find ourselves, language barriers can still be an obstacle to accessing information. On occasions, it is impossible to satisfy the demand for translation by relying only in human translators, therefore, tools such as Machine Translation (MT) are gaining popularity due to their potential to overcome this problem. Consequently, research in this field is

Language resources for studying doctor–patient interaction are rare, primarily due to the ethical issues related to recording real medical consultations. Rarer still are resources that involve more than one healthcare professional in consultation with a patient, despite many chronic conditions requiring multiple areas of expertise for effective treatment. In this paper, we present the design, construction

The primary objective of our work is to build a large-scale English–Thai dataset for training neural machine translation models. We construct scb-mt-en-th-2020, an English–Thai machine translation dataset with over 1 million segment pairs, curated from various sources: news, Wikipedia articles, SMS messages, task-based dialogs, web-crawled data, government documents, and text artificially generated

This work addresses some questions about language processing: what does it mean that natural language sentences are semantically complex? What semantic features can determine different degrees of difficulty for human comprehenders? Our goal is to introduce a framework for argument semantic complexity, in which the processing difficulty depends on the typicality of the arguments in the sentence, that

Sense representations have gone beyond word representations like Word2Vec, GloVe and FastText and achieved innovative performance on a wide range of natural language processing tasks. Although very useful in many applications, the traditional approaches for generating word embeddings have a strict drawback: they produce a single vector representation for a given word ignoring the fact that ambiguous

Medieval documents are a rich source of historical data. Performing named-entity recognition (NER) on this genre of texts can provide us with valuable historical evidence. However, traditional NER categories and schemes are usually designed with modern documents in mind (i.e. journalistic text) and the general-domain NER annotation schemes fail to capture the nature of medieval entities. In this paper

This paper reports on the developments in three interrelated linguistic resources for Polish. The first is Świgra 2—a rule based constituency parser for Polish. The second is Składnica—a treebank built using Świgra 2. The third resource is valency dictionary Walenty, which became available when the work on the first two was already advanced. However, since the dictionary is much more comprehensive

In the original publication of the article the “Abstract” section was published with an error. The corrected version of the Abstract is given below:

Alignment of communicative behaviour is an important feature of Human–Human interaction that directly affects the collaboration and the social connection of conversational partners. With the aim of improving the communicative abilities of a virtual agent, and in particular its strategies related to (lexical) verbal alignment, this article focuses on the alignment of linguistic productions of dialogue

With the increasing popularity of user-generated content on social media, the number of toxic texts is also on the rise. Such texts cause adverse effects on users and society at large, therefore, the identification of toxic comments is a growing need of the day. While toxic comment classification has been studied for resource-rich languages like English, no work has been done for Roman Urdu despite

The reproducibility of scientific studies grounded on language corpora requires approaching each step carefully, from data selection and pre-processing to significance testing. In this paper, we report on our reproduction of a recent study based on a well-known conversational corpus (Switchboard). The reproduced study Cohen Priva et al. (J Acoust Soc Am 141(5):2989–2996, 2017) focuses on speech rate

In the original publication of the article affiliation link for first author was incorrectly published. This has been corrected with this Correction. The original article has been corrected.

The Internet offers great possibilities for many scientific disciplines that utilize text data. However, the potential of online data can be limited by the lack of information on the genre or register of the documents, as register—whether a text is, e.g., a news article or a recipe—is arguably the most important predictor of linguistic variation (see Biber in Corpus Linguist Linguist Theory 8:9–37

In this paper an attempt has been made to prepare an automatic tonal and non-tonal pre-classification-based Indian language identification (LID) system using multi-level prosody and spectral features. Languages are first categorized into tonal and non-tonal groups, and then, from among the languages of the respective groups, individual languages are identified. The system uses syllable, word (tri-syllable)

In an era where user-generated content becomes ever more prevalent, reliable methods to judge emotional properties of these kinds of complex texts are needed, for example for developing corpora in machine learning contexts. In this study, we focus on Dutch Twitter messages, a genre which is high in emotional content and frequently investigated in the field of computational linguistics. We compare three

The LRE Map of Language Resources was introduced at LREC 2010. Its intended purpose was: “to shed light on the vast amount of resources that represent the background of the research presented at LREC” (Calzolari et al. in: Calzolari et al. (eds) Proceedings of the seventh international conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC’10). European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Valletta

The last two decades witnessed a rapid growth of publicly accessible online language resources. This has allowed for valuable data on lesser known languages to become available. Such resources provide linguists with opportunities for advancing their research. Yet despite the proliferation of lexical and morphological databases, the ca. 456 languages spoken in South America are poorly represented, particularly

The paper presents a spoken corpus of the endangered Torlak dialect from the Timok area of Southeast Serbia. This dialect expresses a great deal of variation in the use of non-standard features under the influence of standard Serbian (SSr). Accounting for this variation, a specific methodology has been selected for collection, sampling, transcription and annotation. Between 2015 and 2017, semi-structured

This paper introduces the Government of India Initiative on linguistic data creation in Indian languages. The Linguistic Data Consortium for Indian Languages (LDC-IL) is a fully funded Government of India scheme established in 2007 to cater to the needs of linguistic resources required for the development of language technology in Indian languages. LDC-IL worked silently for more than a decade with

Live blogs are an increasingly popular news format to cover breaking news and live events in online journalism. Online news websites around the world are using this medium to give their readers a minute by minute update on an event. Good summaries enhance the value of the live blogs for a reader, but are often not available. In this article, (a) we first define the task of summarizing a live blog,

This article introduces AI2D-RST, a multimodal corpus of 1000 English-language diagrams that represent topics in primary school natural sciences, such as food webs, life cycles, moon phases and human physiology. The corpus is based on the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence Diagrams (AI2D) dataset, a collection of diagrams with crowdsourced descriptions, which was originally developed to support

We present a new English–French dataset for the evaluation of Machine Translation (MT) for informal, written bilingual dialogue. The test set contains 144 spontaneous dialogues (5700+ sentences) between native English and French speakers, mediated by one of two neural MT systems in a range of role-play settings. The dialogues are accompanied by fine-grained sentence-level judgments of MT quality, produced

Informal short texts on the web are rich in emotions as they often reflect unfiltered immediate reactions to breaking news events. The emotion density, however, stands in contrast to its poverty of linguistic contexts and features for emotion classification. This paper tackles that challenge by proposing orthographic features based on orthographic code mixing and code-switching for both non-ML and

In the original publication of the article the column headers of the Tables 17 and 18 were incorrectly published. The corrected version of Tables 17 and 18 are provided with this Correction.

In this paper we present an extended description of two resources for natural language processing of Breton, a morphological analyser and constraint grammar-based disambiguator. The constraint grammar was developed using a novel methodology by a linguist and a language consultant creating rules to solve specific errors in disambiguation in a machine translation system. In addition we introduce a new

The detection of online cyberbullying has seen an increase in societal importance, popularity in research, and available open data. Nevertheless, while computational power and affordability of resources continue to increase, the access restrictions on high-quality data limit the applicability of state-of-the-art techniques. Consequently, much of the recent research uses small, heterogeneous datasets

In order to extract the correct sentiment polarity from word of mouth (WOM), a wide-scale and well-organized sentiment lexicon is generally beneficial. SenticNet is one such lexicon. However, it consists of a high proportion of objective words, which are generally considered to be of little use for sentiment classification due to their ambiguity and lack of sentiments. In the literature, there is a

This paper introduces a new corpus of paired football match reports, the Multilingual Emotional Football Corpus, (MEmoFC), which has been manually collected from English, German, and Dutch websites of individual football clubs to investigate the way different emotional states (e.g. happiness for winning and disappointment for losing) are realized in written language. In addition to the reports, it

Research in Arabic automatic speech recognition (ASR) is constrained by datasets of limited size, and of highly variable content and quality. Arabic-language resources vary in the attributes that affect language resources in other languages (noise, channel, speaker, genre), but also vary significantly in the dialect and level of formality of the spoken Arabic they capture. Many languages suffer similar

Large amounts of subtitles, from movies and TV shows, can be easily found on the web, for free, in almost every language. Several corpora, built from subtitles, with different annotations and purposes, are currently available. Considering that new sets of subtitles are constantly being released, we propose B-Subtle, an open source framework that allows the automatic creation of corpora constituted

Arabic datasets that have two or more records for the same world entity (i.e. person, object, etc.) make institutions suffer from low quality and degraded performance due to duplication in their Arabic datasets without having any mechanism for detecting these duplicates. The operation that distinguishes records for the same real-world entity is called Entity Resolution (ER). It is considered as a tool

Hate Speech in social media is a complex phenomenon, whose detection has recently gained significant traction in the Natural Language Processing community, as attested by several recent review works. Annotated corpora and benchmarks are key resources, considering the vast number of supervised approaches that have been proposed. Lexica play an important role as well for the development of hate speech

The paper presents the KAS corpus of Slovenian academic writing, which consists of almost 65,000 B.A./B.Sc., 16,000 M.A./M.Sc. and 1600 Ph.D. theses (5 million pages or 1.7 billion tokens) gathered from the digital libraries of Slovenian higher education institutions via the Slovenian Open Science portal. We discuss the compilation, meta-data, annotation, and distribution of the corpus, which is made

It is now a common practice to compare models of human language processing by comparing how well they predict behavioral and neural measures of processing difficulty, such as reading times, on corpora of rich naturalistic linguistic materials. However, many of these corpora, which are based on naturally-occurring text, do not contain many of the low-frequency syntactic constructions that are often

This article presents a general use corpus for Choctaw, an American indigenous language (ISO 639-2: cho, endonym: Chahta). The corpus contains audio, video, and text resources, with many texts also translated in English. The Oklahoma Choctaw and the Mississippi Choctaw variants of the language are represented in the corpus. The data set provides documentation support for this threatened language, and

CorCenCC (Corpws Cenedlaethol Cymraeg Cyfoes—National Corpus of Contemporary Welsh) is the first comprehensive corpus of Welsh designed to be reflective of language use across communication types, genres, speakers, language varieties (regional and social) and contexts. This article focuses on the computational infrastructure that we have designed to support data collection for CorCenCC, and the subsequent

In this paper, we present a multimodal acquisition setup that combines different motion-capture systems. This system is mainly aimed for recording expressive audiovisual corpus in the context of audiovisual speech synthesis. When dealing with speech recording, the standard optical motion-capture systems fail in tracking the articulators finely, especially the inner mouth region, due to the disappearing

A number of natural language processing tools for Urdu language processing have been developed in the past few years for word segmentation, part of speech tagging, chunking, named entity recognition and parsing. Corpora, especially treebanks, are essential data resources for language processing. This work presents the development and evaluation of an Urdu treebank, the CLE-UTB and a statistical parser

With the tens of thousands of fonts that are now readily available, it is non-trivial to select the most suitable font for a given use case. Considering the impact of the choice of font on human perception of the text, there is a strong need for semantic font search and recommendation. Aiming to fulfill this need, we induce a typographical lexicon providing associations between words and fonts. For

The design of data collection experiments involving human participants is a common task in Referring Expression Generation (REG) and related fields. Many (or most) REG data collection tasks are implemented by making use of a human–computer (e.g., web-based) communicative setting, in which participants do not have any particular addressee in mind and do not receive any feedback regarding the appropriateness

In this paper, we present a framework to evaluate the human corrections of a speaker diarization system. We propose four elementary actions to correct the diarization (“Create a boundary”, “Delete a boundary”, “Create a speaker label” and “Change the speaker label”) and we propose an automaton to simulate the correction sequence. A metric is described to evaluate the correction cost. The framework

Bilingual or even polylingual word embeddings created many possibilities for tasks involving multiple languages. While some tasks like cross-lingual information retrieval aim to satisfy users’ multilingual information needs, some enable transferring valuable information from resource-rich languages to resource-poor ones. In any case, it is important to build and evaluate methods that operate in a cross-lingual

Automatic text summarization is important in this era due to the exponential growth of documents available on the Internet. In the Vietnamese language, VietnameseMDS is the only publicly available dataset for this task. Although the dataset has 199 clusters, there are only three documents in each cluster, which is small compared to typical datasets in English. This motivates us to construct ViMs—a

Within the framework of the Carcinologic Speech Severity Index (C2SI) INCa Project, we collected a large database of French speech recordings aiming at validating Disorder Severity Indexes. Such a database will be useful for measuring the impact of oral and pharyngeal cavity cancer on speech production. It will permit to assess patients’ quality of life after treatment. The database is composed of

In a previous study, we manually identified seven categories (verbs, non-verbs, modal verbs in the simple present, modal verbs in the conditional mood, if, uncertain questions, and epistemic future) of Uncertainty Markers (UMs) in a corpus of 80 articles from the British Medical Journal randomly sampled from a 167-year period (1840–2007). The UMs detected on the base of an epistemic stance approach

Diglossia is one of the main characteristics of Arabic language. In Arab countries, there are three forms of Arabic that co-exist: Classical Arabic (CA) which is mainly used in the Quran and in several classical literary texts, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) that descends from CA and used as official language, and various regional colloquial varieties of Arabic that are usually referred to as Arabic

This paper describes a web-based corpus of global language use with a focus on how this corpus can be used for data-driven language mapping. First, the corpus provides a representation of where national varieties of major languages are used (e.g., English, Arabic, Russian) together with consistently collected data for each variety. Second, the paper evaluates a language identification model that supports