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The contingent animal: does artificial innateness misrepresent behavioral development? Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2024-02-19 Gregory M Kohn, Mateusz Kostecki
While organisms are continually experiencing and interacting with their environments, the role and extent of experiences in behavioral development has been controversial. Some argue that adaptive behaviors are acquired through experiences, while others claim they are the result of innate programs that don’t require environmental input. Such controversies have historically occurred within animal behavior
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Cobots, Complexities, and Campfire: Report on the 4th HRI Summer School Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-12 Martina Bacaro, Mikołaj Dziok, Jakub Możaryn, Paul Schweidler, Joanna Rączaszek-Leonardi
The 4th Summer School on Social Human-Robot Interaction in Chȩciny, Poland, sponsored by IEEE RAS and the EU’s Horizon 2020, assembled nearly 100 professionals and students from various fields to explore human–robot communication. This year’s edition emphasized the human–human interactions in which human–robot interactions are embedded. On this background participants addressed essential themes such
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Familiarity-taxis: A bilateral approach to view-based snapshot navigation Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-11 Fabian Steinbeck, Efstathios Kagioulis, Alex Dewar, Andrew Philippides, Thomas Nowotny, Paul Graham
Many insects use view-based navigation, or snapshot matching, to return to familiar locations, or navigate routes. This relies on egocentric memories being matched to current views of the world. Previous Snapshot navigation algorithms have used full panoramic vision for the comparison of memorised images with query images to establish a measure of familiarity, which leads to a recovery of the original
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Social media news editors as journalists or marketeers: Who are they and how do they identify themselves? Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Michaël Opgenhaffen, Jonathan Hendrickx
Social media editors (SMEs) have become fixtures in contemporary newsrooms as part of designated social media teams. A growing body of scholarship has explored their daily work routines and how the...
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Three dimensional finite element analysis of biomechanics of osteotomy ends with three different fixation methods after hallux valgus minimally invasive osteotomy Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Qiang Xie, Xiaodong Li, Pei Wang
PurposeBiomechanical study of fixation methods post hallux valgus minimally invasive osteotomy using finite element technology hasn’t been reported. This study aimed to compare maximum displacement...
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‘Looking back, I don’t quite recognise myself’: Narratives of the past in prostitution Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Theresa Dyrvig Henriksen, Margaretha Järvinen
This paper uses George Herbert Mead’s theory on time and the self in an analysis of qualitative interviews with sex sellers in Denmark. We show how exit from prostitution is associated with a gradu...
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Support vector regression model for flight demand forecasting Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Wei FAN, Xiang WU, Xin Yang SHI, Chong ZHANG, Ip Wai Hung, Yung Kai Leung, Li Shun ZENG
Flight demand forecasting is a particularly critical component for airline revenue management because of the direct influence on the booking limits that determine airline profits. The traditional f...
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Strain-gauge venous occlusion plethysmography: An objective and non-invasive approach to the evaluation of venous hemodynamics in patients with acute deep-vein thrombosis undergoing post-pharmacomechanical thrombolysis Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Hakan Guven
ObjectivesStrain-gauge venous occlusion plethysmography (SGVOP) is a means of acquiring hemodynamic data non-invasively, unlike other methods used routinely for the diagnosis and follow-up of venou...
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Key Thresholds and Relative Contributions of Knee Geometry, Anteroposterior Laxity, and Body Weight as Risk Factors for Noncontact ACL Injury Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Jacob Zeitlin, Mark A. Fontana, Michael K. Parides, Danyal H. Nawabi, Thomas L. Wickiewicz, Andrew D. Pearle, Bruce D. Beynnon, Carl W. Imhauser
Background:Limited data exist regarding the association of tibiofemoral bony and soft tissue geometry and knee laxity with risk of first-time noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture.Pur...
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Sample size estimation for comparing dynamic treatment regimens in a SMART: A Monte Carlo-based approach and case study with longitudinal overdispersed count outcomes Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Jamie Yap, John J Dziak, Raju Maiti, Kevin Lynch, James R McKay, Bibhas Chakraborty, Inbal Nahum-Shani
Dynamic treatment regimens (DTRs), also known as treatment algorithms or adaptive interventions, play an increasingly important role in many health domains. DTRs are motivated to address the unique...
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Could Predict the Prognosis of Cervical Cancer and Regulate the Occurrence of Radiation Mucositis Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Xue Liu, Jing Song, Hui Liu, Zhiqiang Sun, Huiwen Ren, Judong Luo
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important cellular organelle, and ER dysfunction has an important impact on a variety of biological processes. In this study, we explored the role of ER stress ...
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Survivorship of Allologous Structural Bone Graft at a Minimum of 2 Years When Used to Address Significant Glenoid Bone Loss in Revision Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Computed Tomographic and Clinical Review Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Aparna Viswanath, Amy K Newell, Lindsay J Cunningham, Mike Walton, Puneet Monga, Steve Bale, Ian A Trail
BackgroundThis study assesses outcomes in revision shoulder replacements where the glenoid bone loss was managed using a structural allograft (donated femoral head) in combination with a trabecular...
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Imagine a lizard with the goal of making better decisions Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-04-27 Wei Chen, Huihui Xu, Da Dong
In Michael Tomasello’s new book, The Evolution of Agency: Behavioral Organization from Lizards to Humans, it posits a close relationship between agency and the evolution of animal and human behavio...
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Exploring the Interplay Between Humans and Sports Equipment in the Quest for Performance Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-04-12 Eric Terrien, Benoît Huet, Jacques Saury
The processes of appropriation of tools, machines, and other kinds of equipment by human beings are often linked to the notions of transparency and incorporation. Sport situations provide appropria...
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Beyond boundaries: The present and future of 4E cognitive science in interdisciplinary academia, industry, and everyday life Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-04-04 Samira Tavassoli, Morgan Montoya, Ken Ishihara
What gives a scientific framework a place among laypeople? Can cognitive science change human livelihood? How can cognitive science research extend beyond the bounds of its own field to change acad...
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An enactivist account of the dynamics of lying Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-04-01 Christian Kronsted, Shaun Gallagher, Deborah Tollefsen, Leah Windsor
Enactivist accounts of communication have focused almost exclusively on honest, cooperative communication. However, much of human life involves deception and lies. Using the generally agreed upon d...
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Improvements (or not!) in the hand trajectory of stroke patients due to practice of a virtual game Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-03-27 Pedro Passos, Ana Diniz, Aline Braga Galvão Silveira Fernandes, Jacilda Oliveira dos Passos, Lorenna Raquel Dantas de Macedo Borges, Tania Fernandes Campos
Movement trajectories contain important spatio-temporal information to characterise human activities that require displacements (eg grasp an object). A trajectory (dis)similarity measure is highly ...
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A unifying method-based classification of robot swarm spatial self-organisation behaviours Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-03-23 Aymeric Hénard, Jérémy Rivière, Etienne Peillard, Sébastien Kubicki, Gilles Coppin
Self-organisation in robot swarms can produce collective behaviours, particularly through spatial self-organisation. For example, it can be used to ensure that the robots in a swarm move collective...
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Author’s reply to the commentaries: Clearing up misunderstandings about the course-of-experience framework and laying the groundwork for future discussions Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-03-10 Germain Poizat, Simon Flandin, Jacques Theureau
In the context of this special issue on the course-of-experience framework, we were fortunate to receive far-reaching commentaries from a wide variety of disciplines including enaction, phenomenolo...
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Embodied representation of approach and avoidance attitudes by language: Pro is forward, against is backward Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-02-17 Hipólito Marrero, Sara Nila Yagual, Jose Miguel Díaz, Elena Gámez, Alejandro Lemus, Mabel Urrutia, Aarón Nuez, David Beltrán
Approach and avoidance have been incorporated into language by means of attitudinal verbs; for example, “Pedro admitted/blocked Rosa in WhatsApp.” Representation of attitudes in language would reus...
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Modelling of factors underlying the evolution of human language Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-01-23 Marcel Ruland, Alejandro Andirkó, Iza Romanowska, Cedric Boeckx
A central question in the evolution of human language is how it emerged. Based on recent research across disciplines, we identified three processes proposed as potential driving factors behind the ...
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Exploring Self and Habit in Addiction and Technology through an Enactivist Framework Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-01-10 Austin A Lam, Karina A Thiessen, Susana Ramírez-Vizcaya
From 24 August 2022 to 27 August 2022, a group of interdisciplinary experts from psychiatry, psychology, philosophy, cognitive science, and other related fields met in Vancouver, Canada, for a roun...
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Stigmergic coordination and minimal cognition in plants Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2023-01-09 Ric Sims, Özlem Yilmaz
The tricky question in the plant cognition debate is what theory of cognition should be used to fix the reference of cognitive concepts without skewing the debate too much one way or the other. Aft...
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Swarm analytics: Designing information markers to characterise swarm systems in shepherding contexts Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-11-15 Adam J Hepworth, Aya Hussein, Darryn J Reid, Hussein A Abbass
Contemporary swarm indicators are often used in isolation, focussed on extracting information at the individual or collective levels. Consequently, these are seldom integrated to infer a top-level ...
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Can perception be extended to a “feel of north”? Tests of automaticity with the NaviEar Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-11-09 Christoph Witzel, Annika Lübbert, J. Kevin O’Regan, Sylvain Hanneton, Frank Schumann
This study investigated the potential for the development of novel perceptual experiences through sustained training with a sensory augmentation device. We developed (1) a new geomagnetic sensory a...
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Engaging with art skillfully. First steps towards an ecological-enactive account of the experience of art Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-10-19 Anja Novak, Geerteke van Lierop, Erik Rietveld
Ecological-enactive cognitive science is an increasingly influential paradigm that has proved its heuristic value in various fields of the human sciences. This text, in the form of a conversation, ...
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Editorial – The affordances of art Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-10-19 Julian Kiverstein
This special issue on the theme of the affordances of art is organised around a lecture Erik Rietveld presented at the University of Twente on the occasion of being appointed as Socrates Professor....
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The affordances of art for making technologies Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-10-18 Erik Rietveld
With this inaugural lecture as Socrates Professor on the topic of Making Humane Technologies, I aim to show that artistic practices afford embedding technologies better in society. Analyzing artwor...
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Change-Ability for a World in Flux Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-10-17 Erik Rietveld
This article aims to sketch a new integrative perspective on what I call change-ability. I define change-ability as skilled ways of coordinating with a rapidly changing world. Many urgent societal ...
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Using habituation as a simple and fundamental learning mechanism in an embodied artificial agent Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-10-10 Tristan Gillard, Jérémy Fix, Alain Dutech
Habituation, a non-associative learning widely observed across phylogeny, is fundamental for adaptation and, thus, survival of living organisms. This paper investigates the main characteristics of ...
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Reflections on the genre of philosophical art installations Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-10-08 Erik Rietveld, Julian Kiverstein
We organized our reply to the rich set of commentaries on Erik’s inaugural lecture—The affordance of art for making technologies—around the following five themes. (1) The experience of artworks and...
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A two-stage multi-attribute group consensus model based on distributed linguistic assessment information from the perspective of fairness concern Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-09-26 Shanli Zhang, Shitao Zhang, Zhenzhen Ma, Xiaodi Liu
The consensus reaching process (CRP) is a key step in group decision-making (GDM), in which reaching a satisfactory consensus often requires certain costs, such as time, money, and effort. Moreover...
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Avoiding organismic asymmetries in ecological cognition: Analysis of agent-environment couplings with eco-physical variables Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-08-22 Ludovic Seifert, Duarte Araújo, Keith Davids
The target article promotes an enactive approach to human behaviour, highlighting the phenomenology of agent-environment coupling, and is rooted in the course of experience from pre-reflective self...
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Nectar of the Bots: Evolving Bidirectional Referential Communication Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-07-07 Ruairi Fox, Seth Bullock
Referential communication is central to social and collective behaviour, for example honey bees communicating nectar locations to each other or co-workers gossiping about a colleague. Since such be...
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Animals in Sociomaterial Processes: An Alternative to Inferential Processes in Animals’ Heads Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-06-11 Bas van Woerkum
Mindreading and behaviour-reading depict social cognition as an inferential process, taking place inside the individual. This process consists either of mental state ascription (mindreading) or app...
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What’s a good prediction? Challenges in evaluating an agent’s knowledge Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Alex Kearney, Anna J Koop, Patrick M Pilarski
Constructing general knowledge by learning task-independent models of the world can help agents solve challenging problems. However, both constructing and evaluating such models remain an open chal...
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From interaction to transaction: The primacy of movement and the event as irreducible unit Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-06-03 Wolff-Michael Roth
The target article presents an alternative view on cognition through the lens of human practice, which is experienced from within by practitioners and through their course-of-experience. It pays sp...
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From integrative biology to the nerve impulse: Rethinking neural information and semiotics in functional systems perspective Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-06-01 Andres Kurismaa
Received concepts of neural activity, building on the technical concepts of information processing and coding, do not formulate the problems that an organism must formulate in order to cope with it...
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Do not burn these gentle bridges: An empirical framework based on the 4E perspective is necessary, pertinent, and timely Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-05-29 Francisco J Parada, Ismael Palacios-García
A recent opinion article suggested that the target article, “The holobiont mind: A bridge between 4E cognition and the microbiome”, wished to generate a “new theory of mind”. Furthermore, it contai...
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Connecting with the subject of our science: Course-of-experience research supports valid theory building in cognitive science Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-05-23 Marek McGann
This commentary addresses the course-of-experience method in the context of calls for improved theorising in psychological science, and in particular the prospect of applying distinctive means of a...
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Suffering and sense of self: The tension between reflection and experience—The case of depression Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-05-20 María Isabel Gaete
The tension between reflection and experience has been highlighted by Buddhism as the origin of human suffering, described as an undercurrent and constant feelings of restlessness, grasping, anxiety, and dissatisfaction or disease. This universal suffering experience called Dukkha refers to the failure to find a Self in reflection or the frustrated desire or craving to have or to be something. For
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“What’s done is done, the bullet’s left the gun”: Questions on the Application, Origin, and Metaphysics of the «Course-of-Experience Framework» Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-05-20 Simon Høffding
The Course-of-Experience presents an interesting method for working with others’ experience, drawing on Micro-phenomenology (MP), Enactivism, and Peircean semiotics. It addresses possible applications to cognitive science, answering to a call about how to reliably integrate phenomenological data and experimental methods. I applaud the ambitious framework presented in the target paper, and hope that
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An aftertaste of Cartesian salad? Pre-reflective self-consciousness, Peirce, and the study of cognition in the wild Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-05-20 Pierre Steiner
I situate the originality and the ambiguities of the target paper in the context of post-cognitivist cognitive science and in relation with some aspects of Charles Sanders Peirce’s anti-Cartesianism. I then focus on what the authors call « pre-reflective self-consciousness », highlighting some ambiguities of the characterizations they propose of this variety of consciousness. These ambiguities can
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Exploring the notion of “from-within” through the concept of event Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-05-20 Letícia Renault
The target paper presents the foundations of the Course-of-Experience Framework, discussing a theoretical and methodological tool appropriate for addressing cognition in the wild and from-within. This commentary considers the meaning of from-within in this context. By relying on the enactive paradigm, the Course-of-Experience Framework focuses on singular experiences but does not take individuals as
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Blurring Ontological Boundaries: The Transactional Nature of Material Engagement Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-05-20 Nicolás Alessandroni, Lambros Malafouris
The target article provides valuable reflections regarding the study of cognition-in-the-world and proposes a methodology that could help researchers unravel the structure and temporal unfolding of...
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Beyond belongingness: Rethinking innate behavioral predispositions, learning constraints, and cognitive capacities Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-05-10 Rodrigo Sosa
Learning is a major determinant of behavioral change for some organisms through their lifecycles. From an associative perspective, learning is assumed to occur whenever organisms experience particular statistical regularities in their environment; specifically, meaningful outcomes that follow certain cues or actions chiefly contribute to behavioral change. However, numerous empirical reports reveal
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Mobile Brain/Body Imaging: Challenges and opportunities for the implementation of research programs based on the 4E perspective to cognition Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-04-27 Aitana Grasso-Cladera, Stefanella Costa-Cordella, Alejandra Rossi, Nikolas F Fuchs, Francisco J Parada
Cognitive dynamics are multimodal, and they need to integrate real-time feedback to be adaptive and appropriate. However, cognition research still relies on mostly unimodal paradigms using simple motor tasks in laboratory-based static situations. This paper addresses this limitation by presenting the Mobile Brain/Body Imaging approach based on the Embodied, Embedded, Extended, and Enactive perspective
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From eye-blinks to state construction: Diagnostic benchmarks for online representation learning Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-04-27 Banafsheh Rafiee, Zaheer Abbas, Sina Ghiassian, Raksha Kumaraswamy, Richard S Sutton, Elliot A Ludvig, Adam White
We present three new diagnostic prediction problems inspired by classical-conditioning experiments to facilitate research in online prediction learning. Experiments in classical conditioning show that animals such as rabbits, pigeons, and dogs can make long temporal associations that enable multi-step prediction. To replicate this remarkable ability, an agent must construct an internal state representation
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Adaptive functions in an agent-based model of an economic system Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-04-27 David White
Agent-based models, with a history reaching back to the 1940s, have been cited as a useful technique for planning economic development and simulating the effect of economic crashes. These models offer an insightful alternative to the traditional techniques of mathematical modelling. Understanding how different designs of agent-based models change simulation outcomes will be useful for modellers of
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Toward a science of experience: Outlining some challenges and future directions Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-04-17 Camila Valenzuela-Moguillansky, Ema Demšar
In recent decades, empirical study of experience has been installed as a relevant and necessary element in researching cognitive phenomena. However, its incorporation into cognitive science has been largely done by following an objectivist frame of reference, without reconsidering the practices and standards involved in the process of research and the interpretation and validation of the results. This
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A micro-phenomenological and semiotic approach to cognition in practice: a path toward an integrative approach to studying cognition-in-the-world and from within Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-04-15 Germain Poizat, Simon Flandin, Jacques Theureau
The article presents the course-of-experience framework and how it contributes to studying cognition in practice. The aim is twofold: (a) to argue for a phenomenologically and semiotically inspired enactivist approach to practice and cognition in practice and (b) to describe research methods that provide rigorous first-person data in relation to practice—in other words, a view “from within” of practice
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Towards a view from within: The contribution of Francisco Varela to the study of consciousness Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-04-12 Renzo C Lanfranco, Andrés Canales-Johnson, Boris Lucero, Esteban Vargas, Valdas Noreika
The contents of consciousness are complex and dynamic and are embedded in perception and cognition. The study of consciousness and subjective experience has been central to philosophy for centuries. However, despite its relevance for understanding cognition and behaviour, the empirical study of consciousness is relatively new, embroiled by the seemingly opposing subjective and objective sources of
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Values define agency: Ecological and enactive perspectives reconsidered Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-08 Bert H Hodges
This article offers an exploration of agency and its place in the natural order, one marked by meaning and value. Three examples of agency at different scales—human, bacterial, and thermodynamic—are presented, which reveal insights into the nature of agency itself, while also illustrating the range of phenomena that theoretical accounts need to address. Three approaches to agency are then explored
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Self-organisation, (M, R)–systems and enactive cognitive science Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-02-23 Tomasz Korbak
The notion of self-organisation plays a major role in enactive cognitive science. In this paper, I review several formal models of self-organisation that various approaches in modern cognitive science rely upon. I then focus on Rosen’s account of self-organisation as closure to efficient cause and his argument that models of systems closed to efficient cause – (M, R) systems – are uncomputable. Despite
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Human perception of intrinsically motivated autonomy in human-robot interaction Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-02-22 Marcus M Scheunemann, Christoph Salge, Daniel Polani, Kerstin Dautenhahn
A challenge in using robots in human-inhabited environments is to design behavior that is engaging, yet robust to the perturbations induced by human interaction. Our idea is to imbue the robot with intrinsic motivation (IM) so that it can handle new situations and appears as a genuine social other to humans and thus be of more interest to a human interaction partner. Human-robot interaction (HRI) experiments
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The hydrated mind, the glycolytic mind, and the holobiont mind Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-02-07 Freddy J Molero-Ramírez, Ruy L Carro-Godoy
The holobiont mind is a recent theory in the movement of 4E cognition grounded in gut‐brain axis (GBA) research. The theory claims that the mind is an emergent property which arises from the multi-genomic morphology of a composite animal agent, in ever-changing interactions with its ecological niche. We claim that the theory is unnecessary since GBA findings can be easily accommodated by previous and
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Control mechanisms: Explaining the integration and versatility of biological organisms Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Leonardo Bich, William Bechtel
Living organisms act as integrated wholes to maintain themselves. Individual actions can each be explained by characterizing the mechanisms that perform the activity. But these alone do not explain how various activities are coordinated and performed versatilely. We argue that this depends on a specific type of mechanism, a control mechanism. We develop an account of control by examining several extensively
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The holobiont mind: A bridge between 4E cognition and the microbiome Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2021-12-14 Ismael Palacios-García, Francisco J Parada
All life on earth is intrinsically linked. At the very foundation of every evolutionary interaction are microorganisms, integral components in the composition of both organisms and ecosystems. The available data and this perspective on the order of life challenge the traditional conception of monogenetic biological individuals, suggesting living beings are actually composite multi-species complexes:
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Towards a functional classification of behaviour: a taxonomy based on outcomes Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2021-09-06 Dave EW Mallpress
The classification of behaviour has historically been done using one of the two approaches, either through the hypothetical causes (such as ‘instincts’, ‘drives’ and ‘needs’) or through the cataloguing of the observable form of behaviour using an ethogram. This article offers an alternative framework for classification of behaviour based upon only the behavioural outcomes. The framework is specified
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Epilogue to “Questioning Life and Cognition” by John Stewart Adapt. Behav. (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2021-08-11 Tom Froese
In 2012, John Stewart contributed a book manuscript entitled “Questioning Life and Cognition: Some Foundational Issues in the Paradigm of Enaction” to the Enaction Series in Online Collaborative Publishing, edited by Olivier Gapenne and Bruno Bachimont. Along with Mattéo Mossio, I was invited by Olivier to serve as a glossator of this text. The purpose was to thereby continue our long and fruitful