As a material having high rubber content, latex reclaim (white reclaim) has been used in the production of premium grade rubber products like tyres, retreading materials, etc. Introduction of latex reclaim (LR) is also an ideal method to reduce the cost of rubber products. In the present work, natural rubber (NR), butadiene rubber (BR), and latex reclaim (LR) combinations were prepared to develop cost

Microbial agents present in soil rhizosphere play a key role in reducing intensive use of inorganic fertilizers, which cause environmental pollution and negatively affect soil fertility. To improve plant growth, microbial agents with silicon (Si) can be used in combination with chemical fertilizers. In this glasshouse study, co-inoculants Enterobacter sp. UPMSSB7, mycorrhizae (Glomus mosseae) and addition

The rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are exposed to water limitations in the Amazon region that can affect its physiology, making it necessary to select genotypes that are best adapted. This study analyzed the diurnal and seasonal changes in water use and status using traits of gas exchange and water relations in ten rubber tree genotypes in the immaturity phase from large-scale clone trials at three

Thailand is the largest nature rubber exporter in the world. The rubber industry is particularly important for both the national economy and farmers. However, the increasing popularity of monoculture rubber plantation has posed challenges for the sustainable development of rubber industry due to the negative impacts of homogeneous cropping systems. Rubber crop diversity system is expected to alleviate

Forty-five superior genotypes (or “pipeline clones”) of Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) were screened for their adaptability to sub-optimal environments of India viz. Agartala (Tripura State) and Dapchari (Maharashtra State), which experience cold and drought stresses, respectively. The clones were evaluated for their growth and yield in clonal nurseries at the above two sites along with a comparative

Rubbers reinforced with silica filler are used in many applications. This study explores the effect of carbohydrate/protein (CP) mixture on the silica-reinforced natural rubber. Silica partially replaced with CP filler increases the curing rate and crosslink density, but also increases the extent of reversion after 100% cure. Compared to the rubber reinforced with silica filler, the rubber with 30%

An inexpensive intumescent flame retardant agent, melamine (MEL), was combined with diatomite (DM) and they were applied in preparation of flame retardant room-temperature-vulcanised silicone rubber (RTV) composites. The flame retardance, thermal stability, tensile performance and morphology of the composites were studied. The combination of DM and melamine (MEL) can significantly improve the flame-retardant

Rubber clones’ evaluation involves assessment of latex yield and performance stability across multiple locations. Clones with high yield and stability have the potential for wide planting across country, while unstable clones with high yield can be exploited in certain localities. Forty-five rubber clones were evaluated in five locations across Malaysia in the period between 2000 and 2011. There was

Studying the genetic mechanism of 2n gametogenesis is of great significance for understanding and utilizing 2n gametes. We previously found that the rubber clone GT1 could spontaneously and steadily produce second division restitution (SDR) 2n female gametes, indicating that the occurrence of 2n female gametes resulted from gene mutation. Furthermore, low temperature during flower development increased

Liquid epoxidised natural rubber (LENR) is a low molecular weight form of epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) which was prepared via degradation of the said rubber in latex stage with redox reagent as degrading agents. The chemical behaviour of ENR latex as a starting material and LENR as a product upon storage were studied. The number average molecular weight (Mn), weight average of molecular weight (Mw)

Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a green and highly potential material for various rubber product applications such as tyres, belts, gloves, and foams. To enhance its application, NRL requires rubber chemicals and other additives to improve its processibility and properties. Epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) is a unique polymer generated through the epoxidation process that replaces the double bonds in

In this study, the Finite-Element Model Updating (FEMU) technique is used to identify hyperelastic parameters from only one heterogeneous test. A residual considering measured and identified stretches as well as the global reaction force of the specimen is built. The originality of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of the resolution of this minimisation problem using the Inverse-PageRank-particle

Palm oil-based polymeric surfactants of anionic and non-ionic charges, AS1 and NS1, were successfully synthesized via polyesterification reaction. Both AS1 and NS1 demonstrated limited solubility in aqueous medium. Surfactant solutions were prepared before adding into the partially de-ammoniated HA latex. The efficiency of these surfactants as latex stabilizers was evaluated in a 2-week short-term-stability

Genetic improvement of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) through conventional breeding approaches depends mainly on the availability of diverse germplasm and the amount of genetic variability present in the population. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the extent of genetic variability in the 1995 Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (RRIM) Hevea germplasm core collection to determine

Tapping panel dryness (TPD) in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is a complex physiological disorder which causes a serious loss of natural rubber yield. Many studies have been done to uncover the mechanism of TPD occurrence, but the mechanism remains unclear. Previous reports suggested that TPD occurrence might result from the over-generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To clarify the roles of

Studies on environmental-friendly surfactants are essential to potentially replace those highly toxic and non-biodegradable commercially available surfactants. Two biocompatible polymeric anionic (AS1) and nonionic (NS1) surfactants were successfully synthesised from palm oil derivatives via polyesterification. The cytotoxicity of surfactants was measured by in vitro succinate dehydrogenase activity

This paper deals with the study of thermal effect in a rotating disk made of rubber and magnesium materials, having variable density parameters using transition theory. The tangential stress is maximum at the inner surface of the disk made of rubber in comparison to that made of magnesium material for the initial yielding stage. With the introduction of density parameter and thermal condition, the

Nowadays, there is an increase in heavy vehicles. These vehicles come with more wheels which has consequently increased tyre usage. Tyre rubber material is non-biodegradable. It takes more than a century to degrade. Its lifetime ensures that the tyres in heavy vehicles be changed only once in 4 or 5 years. However, it is noticed that there is an increase in scrap tyres every year. The non-degrading

In this paper, experimental and numerical investigations on cord–elastomer composites are presented. A finite-element model is introduced, which was developed within the framework of an industrial project. The model is able to simulate an elastomer matrix with inserted cords as load bearing elements and to predict the strains and stresses in cord and elastomer sections. The inelastic material behavior

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major constraint for crop growth and production in tropical acidic soils, and organic acids (OAs) play a critical role in mitigating Al toxicity. However, the types of OAs secreted and Al tolerance varies across plants. To better understand the mechanisms that rubber trees use to mitigate Al toxicity, Reyan7-33-97 rubber tree tissue culture saplings were treated with different

Natural rubber (NR) contains cis-1,4-polyisoprene and many kinds of non-rubber components, e.g., proteins, lipids and phospholipids, which are believed to affect the properties of NR. Oxidative degradation is one of the problems for rubber performance, which shorten the service life of the product. To overcome this problem, the influence of fatty acids and proteins on the cure properties, heat-ageing

Human hair is a protein fiber and its potential is barely explored. In this study, human hair/natural rubber (NR) composite was prepared by two-roll mixing method. The effect of hair loading on the structural, morphological and thermal behaviour of the composite were investigated. Human hair reinforced composite was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron

The third monomer is an important characteristic of EPDM rubber, as it directly influences the mechanical and thermal properties of the material. Peroxide vulcanization is often used as a curing system. Furthermore, it increases lifetime and offers dynamic mechanical properties and scorch time lower than sulfur systems. Here, we report the influence of dipentamethylene thiuram tetrasulfide and HVA-2

Most concepts to characterize crack propagation were developed for elastic materials. When applying these methods to elastomers, the question is how the inherent energy dissipation of the material affects the cracking behavior. This contribution presents a numerical analysis of crack growth in natural rubber taking energy dissipation due to the visco-elastic material behavior into account. For this

The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is an economically important source of natural rubber. H. brasiliensis grows slowly in southern China mainly because of relatively low temperatures there. The slow growth rate delays plant propagation, so ways of increasing growth are needed. Light is important for regulating plant growth. An extended photophase is commonly used to increase plant growth and development

Smallholders’ choice and behaviour directly affect the contribution and promotion of agricultural technology to agricultural production. Here, we analysed technology choice behaviour of 102 rubber smallholders in a mountainous region of central Hainan, China. The results showed that rubber plantations are an important source of smallholders’ income. However, operations were not standardised, and thus

Rooting induction of leafy stem cuttings of Hevea brasiliensis can be used as a relevant tool for the cultivation, conservation of genetic diversity, and rescue of this species in Peru, decimated by decades of extractive practices. In this study, we evaluated the effects of different numbers of leaflets and concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in the rooting capacity of leafy stem cuttings

3D printing opens up new possibilities for the production of polymeric structures that would not be possible with injection molding. However, it is known that the manufacturing method might have an impact on the mechanical properties of manufactured components. To this end, the mechanical behavior of test specimens made of thermoplastic polyurethane is compared for two different manufacturing methods

Rubber components are used in almost all areas of industrial applications and are often surrounded by liquid media. Caused by thermodynamical reasons the ambient medium is diffusing into or out of the solid. In consequence, the solid can change in mass, volume and material properties. In this study, the diffusion and swelling behaviour using the example of an application of acrylonitrile-butadiene

Due to their typical material characteristics, elastomer components are used in almost all areas of engineering. In many cases, these components are subject to large cyclic deformations which result in hysteresis and dissipation-induced self-heating. Further they are exposed to varying ambient temperatures. Increased component temperatures can lead to the loss of a function or to total failure. Therefore

There has been much discussion about modelling the reaction kinetics of a curing polymer. Typically, curing is described by the development of a variable called degree of curing as a function of temperature and time. The material considered in this paper exhibits two different curing mechanisms, namely temperature-activated and diffusion-based. To be able to describe the complex hardening process,

For decades, multiaxial fatigue tests have been proposed in order to derive models for fatigue life prediction of elastomers. Nevertheless, the importance of quantifying the multiaxiality has not sufficiently been discussed. In this paper, a new method is proposed to handle the multiaxiality in elastomers fatigue testing. It is based on the pair \((K_2,K_3)\), two invariants of the Hencky (true) strain

This work describes a newly introduced experimental procedure to quantify the diffusion progress of mineral oils locally resolved in NBR. Diffusion of reference oils IRM 901, IRM 902 and IRM 903 in NBR with various acrylonitrile contents was investigated. Classical sorption experiments were performed as a basic characterization and compared to the newly introduced method. Here, elastomer specimens

The original article has been corrected.

In the retreading industry, generally two types of adhesives say a solid adhesive (bonding gum) and a solution adhesive (black vulcanising cement) are mainly used. In this study, the performance of natural rubber (NR)-based solution adhesive for the rubber to rubber bonding was examined. The effect of different grades of carbon black (CB) say ISAF (N220), HAF (N330) and GPF (N660) as a reinforcing

Simple strategies are used to physically represent the cabin pressure acting on elastomeric seals for aircraft door applications. The relationships between rubber response, contact problem and air pressure are assumed as the initial step to understand the risks of air leakage during the early stages of a flight cycle. Through the finite element method, the non-linear boundary problem is investigated

Information on rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) areas and stages of rubber tree growth is needed in making decisions to maximise land use and for efficient farm management. The use of conventional methods in collecting this information requires a long time, high costs, and constraints to access certain areas. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 images in detecting

The objective of this paper is to present the study of thermal effect in the rectangular plate made of rubber, copper and glass materials using transition theory. The extension and contraction regions presented by the transition points of the differential equation in defining the deformed fields. The analysis also makes the neutral surface separating the two regions. It has been observed that with

A new flame retardant, DM/PEI/MWCNT, was prepared by self-assembly method based on non-covalent interactions between hydroxyl and amino groups on the surface of hydroxyl multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), polyethyleneimine (PEI) and diatomite (DM). The flame-retardant composites were prepared by adding DM/PEI/MWCNT to room-temperature vulcanisated silicone rubber (RTV-silicone). The structure of

Preparation and characterisation of liquid epoxidised natural rubber in latex by chemical degradation was successfully carried out. The effect of certain parameters, such as surfactant concentrations, incubation time of ENR latex in the presence of surfactant and pH condition on the reaction efficiency were studied. Effect of degrading agent concentrations and drying temperatures of LENR were also

White root rot (WRR) disease caused by Rigidoporus microporus is a major disease affecting tropical rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) and some agricultural crops throughout the world. In Malaysia, rubber industry is an important revenue as natural rubber for export and domestic consumption. The objectives of this study were to determine WRR disease prevalence and characterise R. microporus isolates

A precipitated silica pre-treated with organosilane bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulphide (TESPT) was produced using an industrially applicable ball milling coupled with oven heating method. The effectiveness of silanisation on the silica that reacted with TESPT via the unique preparation method was characterised by fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), water dispersal

Recycled Aggregates (RA) produced from the construction and demolition (C&D) waste can be utilized along with Natural Aggregates (NA) to optimize the concrete’s compressive strength (CS). We evaluated the combined effects of Recycled Aggregates Concrete (RAC) and Styrene–Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Latex on the concrete’s workability and compressive strengths. 72 concrete specimens of 4 groups with respect

Burning rice straw particles is a problem for generating atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) in Thailand. Increase in value-added rice straw such as production of rice straw particle board is an attractively promising product. The prevulcanized natural rubber-bonded rice straw particles using bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetra sulphide (Si-69) acting as silane coupling agents were used to produce

The exploration of bio-based process aid is still ongoing in the effort to replace petroleum-based process oil. In this study, the efficacy of a newly developed palm-based process aid (Bio) on nitrile rubber (NBR) composites was investigated by varying its concentration from 0.0 to 10.0 phr. A comparison was made against a commercial oil (CO), i.e. naphthenic oil in terms of Mooney viscosity, cure

Lately silver has become extremely important among alloying additives used to produce glassy materials with specific tailored properties. The aim of the study is to characterize bioactive glasses belonging to the CaO–SiO2–P2O5–Ag2O system by SEM and EDX methods, as well as biocomposites based on natural rubber containing those fillers. The focus is on the influence that silver oxide and the mechanism

Rubbers are used in many applications in industries such as chemistry, automotive, agriculture, and aviation. However, different types of rubbers should be used to meet the end-user expectations in all these areas of use. In recent years, the use of the blending method has obtained both superior properties and low-cost rubbers with the synergistic effect of two different rubbers. Ethylene acrylic rubber

Crack initiation and propagation in a peroxide-cured polybutadiene rubber reinforced with silanised silica nanofiller were studied under a cyclic loading condition. The fatigue properties of the semi-transparent rubber samples were tested at a constant strain amplitude, test frequency and temperature. Initiation and subsequent growth of cracks in the rubber samples were observed using an optical microscope

In the present work, analysis of the thermal behavior of a rubber cylinder under the repeated deformation is studied. This problem is divided into two correlated parts including transient thermal heat conduction and cyclic mechanical loading. To find the best approach-numerical method, the problem is modeled and analyzed by three approaches including coupled approach-FEM, uncoupled approach-FEM as

Carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile liquid rubber toughened silicon carbide and stitched E-glass fibre-reinforced epoxy composite has been fabricated and tested for their relative effect on thermal, wear, visco-elastic and fatigue behaviour. The main objective of this present work is to explicate the importance of rubber toughening on high brittle polymer matrix and the need for secondary strengthening

A method to extract proteins from natural rubber (NR) samples has been developed to characterize the protein composition of NR by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. While the incubation of NR pieces in aqueous buffers did not provide satisfactory results (no protein bands detected by SDS-PAGE), the solubilization of NR pieces in an organic solvent, prior to centrifugation and protein extraction from the obtained

Electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) is an evolving member in the energy storage movement which really plays a major part in satisfying the power demands of electronic devices and systems. Today, a substantial interest is paid on environmental friendly, cheap and safe devices in the modern world. Therefore, the present study was carried out to fabricate EDLCs using natural rubber-based solid

Here, we report a fast fabrication process of nanocomposites with better electrical properties by intermixing graphene oxide (GO) and low ammonia natural rubber latex (NRL) polymer via the one-step method (~ × 10–5 to × 10–7 S cm−1). In comparison, the nanocomposite synthesized by the two-step method demonstrated lower electrical properties which were calculated to be × 10–7 S cm−1. Obviously, the

The utilisation of epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) for latex products is limited due to the inability of the ENR latex to form film through typical coagulant dipping processes. This is due to the low total solid content (TSC) and the presence of the non-ionic surfactant in the ENR latex. To use the ENR latex for dipping applications, concentration process via membrane technology is used to reduce the

The objective of the present study was to promote a better understanding of the rubber yield of young progenies of Hevea brasiliensis evaluating the stability and the repeatability of early rubber yield test employed in a genetic breeding programme. The genetic material consisted of 30 open pollination progenies evaluated in the Colina county, São Paulo state, Brazil, in a randomised block design.

Natural rubber (NR) contains cis-1,4-polyisoprene as well as a small quantity of non-rubber components, affecting the physical properties of NR, especially the storage hardening via gel formation. The free and/or linked non-rubber components were removed from NR by various treatments. The origin of gel formation in NR mainly resulted from proteins, which could be removed by enzymatic deproteinisation

Investigation of Maillard reaction in natural rubber (NR) latex was carried out using two reducing sugars, glucose and ribose. Both reducing sugars together with a 1:1 mixture were added as 5 wt% solution to concentrated NR latex preserved with ammonia in a 1:1 ratio and preheated at 27, 70 and 90 °C for 2 h. The changes in the latex due to the reaction were characterised using pH and L values for

Natural rubber (NR) is the most preferred raw material for both tyre and non-tyre applications, which require good adhesion performance. It has a naturally sticky character to provide green tack. However, it has limitations to improve adhesion further due to its relatively low reactivity. In this study, epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) has been evaluated as an adhesion promoter for NR based model tyre

In this research, a framework for modelling and simulation of hyper-elastic materials is proposed. The framework explains how to employ strain energy functions as a constitutive model, standard loading test data, and a powerful optimisation method to determine a mathematical function for explaining the mechanical behaviour of a hyper-elastic material using minimum types of loading test data. In the

The effects of a cerium oxide (CeO2) filler on the fatigue properties of heat-aged vulcanised natural rubber (NR) were tested and analysed. The vulcanised NR specimens, filled and unfilled with CeO2, were heat-treated for 24 h. Uniaxial fatigue tests were performed on the two specimens under different strain amplitudes, and the microstructures of the fracture surfaces of the specimens were analysed