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Eco-friendly composites of polyurethane and sheath palm residues J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2021-01-19 Noelle C Zanini; Alana G de Souza; Rennan FS Barbosa; Derval S Rosa; Daniella R Mulinari
This work prepared eco-friendly biocomposites of polyurethane (PU) and sheath palm residues, using castor oil as a polyol. PU composites filled with natural fibers were prepared at different loading rates: 0 to 20 wt.%. Results indicated that the sheath palm was hydrogen-bonded to PU chains and increased the foams' density. Pore size decreased with an increase in fiber content, from 256 to 116 µm.
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The effect of organofluorine additives on the morphology, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2021-01-17 Cosimo Brondi; Ernesto Di Maio; Luigi Bertucelli; Vanni Parenti; Thomas Mosciatti
This study investigates the effect of liquid-type organofluorine additives (OFAs) on the morphology, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane (PU) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams. Foams were characterized in terms of their morphology (density, average cell size, anisotropy ratio, open cell content), thermal conductivity and compressive as well as flexural properties. Based
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In situ synthesis of CO2 adducts of modified polyethylenimines in polyether polyols for polyurethane foaming J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2021-01-11 Shuai Yuan; Yuanzhu Long; Xingyi Xie
CO2 adducts from hydrophobically-modified polyethylenimines (PEIs) in powder form are newly-developed environment-friendly blowing agents for polyurethanes (PUs). However, they are difficult to disperse into foaming systems that usually contain polyether polyols as the PU soft segments. Herein, we employ mixtures of di(propylene glycol) monomethyl ether-grafted polyethylenimines (DPG-PEIs) and poly(propylene
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Overview and comparison of modelling methods for foams J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-12-15 Anna Hössinger-Kalteis; Martin Reiter; Michael Jerabek; Zoltán Major
Cellular materials, especially foams, are widely used in several applications because of their special mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. Their properties are determined by three factors: bulk material properties, cell topology and shape as well as relative density. The bulk material properties include the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the matrix. The cell topology determines
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Effect of carbon allotropes on foam formation, cure characteristics, mechanical and thermal properties of NRF/carbon composites J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-12-15 Pollawat Charoeythornkhajhornchai; Wutthinun Khamloet; Pattharawun Nungjumnong
Natural rubber composite foam with carbon such as carbon black (CB), carbon synthesized from durian bark (CDB), graphite (GPT), graphene oxide (GO), graphene (GPE) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was studied in this work to investigate the relationship between foam formation during decomposition of chemical blowing agent mechanism and crosslink reaction of rubber molecules by sulphur. Natural
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Polyolefinic nanocomposite foams: Review of microstructure-property relationships, applications, and processing considerations J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-12-15 Anish Kumar; Bhaskar Patham; Smita Mohanty; Sanjay Kumar Nayak
In this review, we survey the state of the art on polymeric foams incorporating nano-scale fillers. Particular focus of the review is on foams from polyolefinic nanocomposite formulations incorporating a wide variety of fillers. The nano-scale additives can influence the foam structure and properties in two ways: Firstly, they can act as composite reinforcement to enhance the mechanical properties
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Experimental and numerical study of the polyurethane foaming process using high-pressure CO2 J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-12-08 Dongdong Hu; Chen Zhou; Tao Liu; Yichong Chen; Zhen Liu; Ling Zhao
A simulation of simultaneous bubble nucleation and growth was performed for polyurethane/CO2 physical foaming process. The single-factor and comprehensive effects of viscoelastic properties, Henry’s constant, CO2 diffusion coefficient and surface tension on the cell morphology were numerically analyzed. The results show that the cell density of PU foam (N0) increases and its average cell diameter (Dv)
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Effect of extrudate swell on extrusion foam of polyethylene terephthalate J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-12-07 D Tammaro; C Walker; L Lombardi; U Trommsdorff
The effect of extrudate swell on extrusion foam of thermoplastic polymers is presented using an experimental approach supported by a modelling of the phenomenon. Its understanding is fundamental in designing the geometry of a die for extrusion foam and to predict foaming. The extrudate swell is the swelling of a viscoelastic material due to a fast elastic recovery after being subjected to stresses
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Foaming behavior of the fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer assisted with supercritical carbon dioxide J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-11-25 Zi-yin Jiang; Yun-fei Zhang; Chang-jing Gong; Zhen Yao; Abhinaya Shukla; Kun Cao
Foaming behavior of the fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP) and its composites assisted with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as the blowing agent were investigated. The batch foaming process was applied at temperature ranging from 250°C to 265°C and pressure ranging between 12 MPa and 24 MPa. The optimal foaming temperature and saturation pressure were obtained for both pure FEP and
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Synergetic effect of crystal nucleating agent and melt self-enhancement of isotactic polypropylene on its rheological and microcellular foaming properties J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-11-13 Xiaoli Zhang; Xihuan Wang; Binbin Dong; Guoqiang Zheng; Jingbo Chen; Changyu Shen; Chul B Park
Crystal nucleating agent Bis (3, 4- dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol (DMDBS) was used to tune the melt strength and microcellular foaming properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) in this study. Rheological testing results reveal that the introduction of DMDBS could enhance the storage modulus and complex viscosity of iPP, obviously increase its crystallization onset temperature, compared to its counterparts
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Quasistatic response of a shear-thickening foam: Microstructure evolution and infrared thermography J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-10-13 KB Bhagavathula; JS Parcon; A Azar; S Ouellet; S Satapathy; CR Dennison; JD Hogan
In this work, the authors study the thermo-mechanical response of a dilatant polymeric foam in quasistatic tension and compression, focusing on the links between microstructure, mechanical response, and associated temperature rises in these materials. The authors study these links for a commercially-available shear-thickening foam, named D3O LITE D. Samples were tested under quasi-static conditions
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Impact performance of innovative corrugated polystyrene foam for bicycle helmets J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-10-13 Somen K Bhudolia; Goram Gohel; Kah Fai Leong
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is a common material used to manufacture the inner foam liner of a bicycle helmet due to its outstanding energy absorption characteristics and light-weight property. The current research presents a novel corrugated expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam design concept which is used to enhance the impact dissipation of bicycle helmets from the safety standpoint to reduce head injuries
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Enhanced energy absorption characteristics of novel integrated hybrid honeycomb/polystyrene foam J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-10-13 Somen K Bhudolia; Goram Gohel; Kah Fai Leong
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is commonly used as an inner liner for a bicycle helmet due to its outstanding energy absorption characteristic and light-weight property. The current investigation presents a novel technique to manufacture hybrid EPS/honeycomb structure foam using an integrated manufacturing approach to further enhance the energy dissipation properties for improved safety against head injuries
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Rigid bio-based wood/polyurethane foam composites expanded under confinement J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-10-12 Eduardo Fischer Kerche; Rafael de Avila Delucis; Cesar Liberato Petzhold; Sandro Campos Amico
Rigid polyurethane biofoams (RPUF) were produced by single shot-method using a bio-based polyol and 10 wt% of pinewood particles. Two different confinement degrees were investigated (70% and 50% of the free-rising volume), along with a control group produced under free-rising. RPUF were studied using SEM images (to estimate average foam cell size and anisotropy index), mechanical testing (under compression
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Thermal conductivity analysis of a new sub-micron sized polystyrene foam J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-10-06 FA Almeida; H Beyrichen; N Dodamani; R Caps; A Müller; R Oberhoffer
New polystyrene (PS) foams with submicron pore sizes and open pore structure are introduced as potential cores for vacuum insulation panels (VIPs). Measurements of the thermal conductivity λ of the air-filled and evacuated PS foams, the influence of temperature T, opacifiers as well as gas pressure p on the thermal conductivity λ are presented. First results of the foam microstructures, as visualized
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Recycling printed polypropylene labels and polyolefins caps as chemical foaming agent to produce foam products J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-09-30 J Guillén-Mallette; PI González-Chi; RH Cruz-Estrada; RN Miranda-Flores y; MA Rivero-Ayala
Recycling printed polypropylene (PP) labels and printed polyolefins (PO) caps as a chemical foaming agent to produce foam products is studied. An experimental Taguchi L16 design with seven experimental variables involved is used: talc content and screw angular velocity, at four experimental levels; extrusion temperature profile and extruded formulations, at three levels; and, type of label washing
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Fabrication of rigid polyimide foams with overall enhancement of thermal and mechanical properties J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-09-20 Jianwei Li; Ni Yu; Yuanqing Ding; Tianle Xu; Guangcheng Zhang; Zhanxin Jing; Xuetao Shi
Polyimide (PI) foams have been developed for decades and widely used as thermal insulation materials. However, the limited mechanical and thermal properties continually being a serious problem that restrict their further applications. In this study, a series of rigid PI foams with excellent mechanical and thermal performance were fabricated by the reaction of benzophenone-3,3',4,4'-tetracarboxylic
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Increasing cell density/decreasing cell size to produce microcellular and nanocellular thermoplastic foams: A review J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-09-14 Taher Azdast; Rezgar Hasanzadeh
Nowadays, polymeric foams have attracted particular attention in scientific and industrial societies due to their unique properties, such as high strength to weight ratio, excellent thermal and sound insulation, and low cost. Researchers have shown that the extraordinary properties of polymeric foams such as superior thermal insulation, can be achieved by increasing the cell density/decreasing the
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Carbon particulate and controlled-hydrolysis assisted extrusion foaming of semi-crystalline polyethylene terephthalate for the enhanced thermal insulation property J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-09-03 Junjie Pan; Feng Chen; Eusebio Duarte Cabrera; Zhiyu Min; Shilun Ruan; Min Wu; Dan Zhang; Jose M Castro; L James Lee
This work presents a facile method to produce low-density PET foams using pristine semi-crystalline resin by moisture-induced controlled-hydrolysis in a tight processing window (moisture content ∼ 0.12 wt.%). We investigated the effect of moisture and moisture containing activated carbon (AC) on the foam expansion ratio, cell morphology, and PET resin degradation and crystallization properties. Controlled-hydrolysis
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Foaming behavior of poly(lactic acid) with different D-isomer content based on supercritical CO2-induced crystallization J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-08-26 Jinwei Chen; Ling Yang; Qunshan Mai; Mei Li; Lixuan Wu; Ping Kong
Using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) as a physical foaming agent, the effect of sc-CO2 on the formation of crystalline domains and subsequently on the foaming behaviors of the two grades of PLA with different D-isomer content were investigated in a wide foaming temperature range. The PLA’s final crystallinity is significantly increased with decreasing annealing temperature and by reducing the
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Fabrication of water-soluble loose-fill foam from tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed polysaccharide by mechanical frothing and freeze-drying process J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-08-20 Ladawan Songtipya; Ponusa Songtipya; Thummanoon Prodpran; Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee; Jobish Johns
The water-soluble loose-fill foam obtained from tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) was successfully prepared by a combination of mechanical frothing and freeze-drying process. The effects of TSP concentration, plasticizer content, and surfactant content on the cellular morphology, physical properties, mechanical properties, and moisture absorption were investigated. The cellular structure of TSP foam
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Experimental investigation on the forming and evolution process of cell structure in gas counter pressure assisted chemical foaming injection molded parts J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-08-16 Shuai Li; Xuemei Sun; Rui Wang; Yanyan Hu; Xiaofei Ma; Jiachang Wang
By using a standard stretch spline as the research object, the influence of gas counter pressure (GCP) technology on melt foaming behavior in chemical foaming injection molding (CFIM) process was investigated. Related experimental line for GCP assisted CFIM foam was designed, and the effect of GCP technology on melt flow front, spline surface quality and internal cell was studied. According to the
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Expandable polystyrene without any embedded blowing agent J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-08-05 Habib Haji Avdi; Morteza Nasiri; Mohammad Javad Tehrani; Maryam Alizadeh Aghdam; Farhang Abbasi
In this research, in-situ suspension polymerization of styrene in the presence of graphene, without any blowing agent, was investigated. Steam used in the expansion process of graphene-filled expandable polystyrene (GEPS). The dispersed graphene nano-sheets in the polystyrene matrix may absorb water in high temperatures, which evaporates by lowering the pressure and expansion precedes. The effects
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Enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of characterizing polymeric cellular structures using 3D-based computed tomography J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-08-05 Pedram Karimipour-Fard; Ibrahim Naeem; Atef Mohany; Remon Pop-Iliev; Ghaus Rizvi
Characterizing the morphology of polymeric foams is crucial for determining their practical applicability. The internal cellular structure of polymeric foams is typically analyzed by 2 D imaging techniques, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. The problem with these techniques is that their tests are tedious, destructive, and the accuracy of the obtained results is questionable
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Polymeric foams from recycled thermoplastic poly(ethylene terephthalate) J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-08-05 Mylene S Cadete; Tiago EP Gomes; Pedro J Carvalho; Victor F Neto
With the increase use of plastics, there is currently a concern with the waste of materials, resulting in a series of challenges and opportunities for the waste management sector. In the present work, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) foam was produced from recycled PET (RPET) from used water bottles. The recycled material was manually prepared and foamed in batches with the assistance of nitrogen
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Microcellular structure assisted phase transformation of polyvinylidene fluoride/titanium dioxide nanocomposites J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-07-30 Yu-Chen Sun; Jennifer D’Cunha; Hani E Naguib
A novel nanocomposite foam with microcellular structures based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) was fabricated by the combination of melt compounding and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) foaming. To improve its dielectric performance, silane modified and unmodified titanium dioxide nanoparticles were added as reinforcing fillers at low weight percentages (0.5, 1,
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Rigid polyurethane foams modified with borate and oxamide groups – Preparation and properties J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-07-26 Iwona Zarzyka; Tomasz Pacześniak; Wiesław Frącz
In this work the results of the research on modification of rigid polyurethane foams properties by new polyols with borate and oxamide groups have been presented. Propylene glycols — the products of hydroxyalkylation of N,N′-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)oxamide bis(dihydrogenborate) by excess of propylene carbonate (PC) was used as a polyol component. The new polyols have been foamed using polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane
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Easily route to control density of polyimide foams and impact on mechanical and combustion behaviors J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-07-22 Hao Zhang; Hengyi Zhou; Gaohui Sun; Liu Zhang; Longxiang Sun; Rongrong Chen; Jun Wang; Shihui Han
Polyimide foams (PIFs) with different density are rapidly formed basing on water foaming technology of multi-anhydride and multi-isocyanate system in airtight mold. Density of PIFs is controlled by easily route that regulate the ratio of main components total mass and mold cavity volume. Polyimide proportion of PIFs of different series is adjusted by refilled multi-anhydride method. Analyses curves
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Damping and cushioning characteristics of Polyjet 3D printed photopolymer with Kelvin model J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-07-22 Changfeng Ge; Denis Cormier; Brian Rice
This study extends previous research on the measurement of a 3D printed photopolymer’s quasi-static cushion properties, to include cushion and damping properties due to impact loading. In order to develop analytical packaging models of 3D printed materials, it is essential to know how energy induced by shipping and handling is dissipated through damping. Compared to the cushion curve, investigating
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Influence of molecular structure on the rheological properties and foamability of long chain branched polypropylene by “one-pot” reactive extrusion J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-07-21 Yan Li; Zhen Yao; Shaolong Qiu; Changchun Zeng; Kun Cao
In this work, reactive twin screw extrusion was conducted to synthesize long chain branched polypropylenes (LCB-PPs) in a “one-pot” process in which dicumyl peroxide (DCP) initiated maleic anhydride (MAH) grafting onto the linear PP, and the concomitant coupling reaction between ethylene diamine (EDA) and MAH grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) proceeded in series. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy
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Optimization of injection parameters to obtain selected properties on foamed PP with hollow glass microspheres and thermally expandable microspheres using Taguchi method J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-07-20 Vicente Contreras; Francisco J Maturana; Jesús Poveda; Karina C Núñez; Juan C Merino; José M Pastor
A foaming system composed by hollow glass microspheres (HGM) and thermally expandable microspheres (EM) was used to achieve a balance between selected properties of foamed polypropylene (PP) by injection molding, combining the higher flexural properties and lower density required on automotive interior parts. Taguchi’s L16 (44.23) was employed for the experimental plan and signal to noise ratio (S/N)
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Effects of pressure drop rate and CO2 content on the foaming behavior of newly developed high-melt-strength polypropylene in continuous extrusion J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-07-20 Eric Kim; Mu Sung Kweon; Sandra Romero-Diez; Anvit Gupta; Xuejia Yan; Caitlin Spofford; George Pehlert; Patrick C Lee
We report systematic studies on the foamability of our novel high-melt-strength long-chain branched polypropylene under supercritical CO2. Continuous foaming experiments were conducted using a tandem extrusion system and a set of filamentary dies with similar pressure drops but different pressure drop rates. The foam expansion was controlled by varying the temperature at the die exit. Under identical
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Syntactic foam under compressive stress: Comparison of modeling predictions and experimental measurements J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-07-20 Baptiste Paget; Matthieu Zinet; Philippe Cassagnau
Syntactic foams are composite materials consisting in the association of hollow particles, called “microspheres” and a polymer matrix. The use of soft shell microspheres confers to the foam interesting properties but in return increases significantly its compressibility. Therefore, understanding and predicting the relationship between pressure and volume change is a crucial issue for the development
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Effect of MWCNT carboxyl functionalization on the shear rheological and electrical properties of HMS-PP/MWCNT foams J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-07-16 Olavo S Bianchin; Guilherme HF Melo; Rosario ES Bretas
Different concentrations of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carboxyl functionalized MWCNT (MWCNT-COOH) were added to a high melt strength polypropylene (HMS-PP) to produce foams with high dielectric constants, using azodicarbonamide (AZO) as blowing agent. The AZO foaming behavior and the crystallization, thermal properties, steady state and oscillatory shear rheological properties of the nanocomposites
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Numerical simulation of mold filling water blown polyurethane foams: Effects of sequential pour J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-06-20 Christopher J Hershey; K Jayaraman
Batch molding of polyurethane foams is a widely used processing technique to produce crosslinked cellular structures which form to the shape of the mold. For water-blown polyurethane foams, water is reacted to form gaseous carbon dioxide resulting in a foam which expands to fill the mold completely. Batch molding typically requires an operator to coat the surface of a mold, introducing a significant
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Thermal degradation kinetics of a lignin particle-reinforced phenolic foam J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-06-19 Juan Carlos Domínguez; Belén Del Saz-Orozco; Mercedes Oliet; M Virginia Alonso; Francisco Rodriguez
In the present work, the thermal degradation kinetics of a phenolic (PF) and lignin particle-reinforced phenolic (LRPF) foam and the lignin used as the reinforcement (LR) were studied. The activation energies of the degradation processes were obtained using a discrete distributed activation energy model (discrete DAEM) and the Vyazovkin model-free kinetic (MFK) method. The discrete DAEM was validated
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Effect of carbon nanotube doping on the energy dissipation and rate dependent deformation behavior of polyurethane foams J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-04-13 Jasdeep Bhinder; Prabhat K. Agnihotri
An experimental investigation is performed to characterize the effect of carbon nanotubes on the average mechanical properties of polyurethane foams. Polyurethane foams are doped with as-grown and oxidized carbon nanotubes at varying carbon nanotube concentrations. It is observed that the inclusion of carbon nanotubes up to a threshold concentration decreases the density of freely expanding polyurethane
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Effect of silica nanoparticles on the impregnation process, foaming dynamics and cell microstructure of styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer/n-pentane foams J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-03-29 Mostafa Salehi; Mostafa Rezaei; Mahdi Salami Hosseini
In the present study, two-step foaming procedure with a designed in-situ foaming observation apparatus was used to study the foaming dynamics of styrene-methyl methacrylate (St-MMA) copolymer/nanosilica composites. For this purpose, the St-MMA copolymer was synthesized using suspension copolymerization and its nanocomposites were prepared using solution method. The foaming dynamics was studied through
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Stability enhancement of highly loaded nano-clay-based flexible polyurethane foams using hollow glass microspheres J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-03-26 Mohammed Imran; Ariful Rahaman; Aabid H Shaik; Mohammed R Chandan
Addition of fillers in polyurethane foams enhances the mechanical properties of polymeric foams. However, fillers can be loaded to a certain extent, as higher percentage of fillers in polymeric foam causes structural instability leading to the collapse of foam. In this article, we report the use of hollow glass microspheres as a possible co-filler which enables higher loading of nano-clay in flexible
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Polyol from spent coffee grounds: Performance in a model pour-in-place rigid polyurethane foam system J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-03-26 Ibrahim Sendijarevic; Karol W Pietrzyk; Christi M. Schiffman; Vahid Sendijarevic; Alper Kiziltas; Debbie Mielewski
The objective of this study was to produce a polyol from spent coffee grounds via acid liquification process that meets performance requirements for use in polyurethane applications. The spent coffee grounds based polyol was characterized and evaluated on a fully catalyzed model rigid polyurethane foam system. The pH of the polyol was 6.8, acid value 4.12 mg KOH/g, and hydroxyl value 302.6 mg KOH/g
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Thermoplastic polyurethane foams: From autoclave batch foaming to bead foam extrusion J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-03-17 Amin Shabani; Amir Fathi; Sebastian Erlwein; Volker Altstädt
Two ester-based and one ether-based thermoplastic polyurethane grades have been used to produce thermoplastic polyurethane foams. The foaming process comprised pressure-induced batch foaming, foam extrusion, and bead foam extrusion by using an underwater granulator. Foam density and morphological properties, such as cell size, cell size distribution, and cell density, were measured through different
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Fast gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the detection of gas phase composition of polyurethane foam and its role in foam thermal conductivity J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-03-17 Anastasiia Galakhova; Gisbert Riess
This paper presents an enhanced gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the separation of cell gases in polyurethane foam. The novel method was then tested on several polyurethane foams produced at different mixing times, showing successful results. The measurement of gas content in polyurethane foams has been rarely considered in published literature. This parameter, indeed, plays a critical
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Advances in microcellular injection moulding J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-03-17 Gethin Llewelyn; Andrew Rees; Christian A Griffiths; Steffen G. Scholz
Injection moulding is a well-established replication process for the cost-effective manufacture of polymer-based components. The process has different applications in fields such as medical, automotive and aerospace. To expand the use of polymers to meet growing consumer demands for increased functionality, advanced injection moulding processes have been developed that modifies the polymer to create
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Compression behavior of soft PVC foams obtained by cardanol-derived plasticizer J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-03-13 Antonio Greco; Francesca Ferrari; Alfonso Maffezzoli
This work is aimed to study the application of a bio-based plasticizer, obtained by acetylation and epoxydation of cardanol, for the production of soft PVC foams. The use of epoxidized cardanol acetate allowed obtaining a more efficient foaming of soft PVC compared to phthalate plasticizer bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), mainly due to the lower viscosity attained in the decomposition range of azodicarbonamide
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Effects of surfactants on mechanical and thermal properties of soy-based polyurethane foams J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2020-03-12 Gurjot S Dhaliwal; Sudharshan Anandan; Mousumi Bose; K Chandrashekhara; Paul Nam
Polyurethane foams are widely used for insulation applications due to their high insulation properties as compared to conventional materials such as extruded polystyrene foam and mineral wool. In this study, soy-based polyurethane foams were prepared using five different surfactants while keeping other components such as soy-based polyol, diisocyanate, catalyst, and blowing agent (water) constant.
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Preparation of open cell rigid polyurethane foams and modified with organo-kaolin J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2019-10-17 Guojian Wang; Tao Yang
The open cell rigid polyurethane foam (ORPUF) was prepared by adding chemical cell openers including O-500 and AK-9903. The FTIR results of cell openers and open cell rate of ORPUFs showed that O-500 has more effective cell opening capacity. In the ORPUF foaming formulation using O-500 as cell opener, silane coupling agent (KH-550) modified kaolin (organo-kaolin) was introduced into ORPUF with different
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Numerical analysis of energy absorption in expanded polystyrene foams J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2019-10-14 Alejandro E Rodríguez-Sánchez; Héctor Plascencia-Mora; Elías R Ledesma-Orozco; Eduardo Aguilera-Gómez; Diego A Gómez-Márquez
The expanded polystyrene foam is widely used as a protective material in engineering applications where energy absorption is critical for the reduction of harmful dynamic loads. However, to design reliable protective components, it is necessary to predict its nonlinear stress response with a good approximation, which makes it possible to know from the engineering design analysis the amount of energy
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The role of hollow silica nanospheres and rigid silica nanoparticles on acoustic wave absorption of flexible polyurethane foam nanocomposites J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2019-07-30 Zohreh Zangiabadi; Mohammad Jafar Hadianfard
Pure polyurethane foam and nanocomposite foam are used to absorb sound. In this study, hollow silica nanospheres and rigid silica nanoparticles were added to the polyurethane matrix and their sound absorption properties were investigated by impedance tube and compared with pure polyurethane foam. Reinforcement phase influences on the morphology of the matrix were studied by scanning electron microscopy
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Influence of nucleating agent type on the morphology of extruded polyetherimide foam for printed circuit boards* J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2019-07-29 Clemens Keilholz; Daniel Raps; Thomas Köppl; Volker Altstädt
This work focuses on the development of foamed high temperature thermoplastic substrates for printed circuit boards. For this application it is necessary to achieve mean cell diameters smaller than 30 µm in order to be able to realize vias and high packaging densities (miniaturization). Different additives as nucleating agents, namely macro- and micro-crystalline talc, silica, calcium carbonate, and
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The foaming dynamic characteristics of polyurethane foam J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2019-07-29 Cui Zhang; Xinglin Tong; Chengwei Deng; Hongqiao Wen; Di Huang; Qian Guo; Xinrui Liu
Polyurethane foam is a kind of polymer composite material. The foaming turgidity and reaction temperature of polyurethane foam are closely related to its mechanical properties. According to our present knowledge, this study is the first time that fiber optic sensing technology has been applied to monitor the dynamics change in the foaming turgidity and reaction temperature of polyurethane foam during
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Spontaneous formation of two-dimensional wrinkles in poly(urethane-isocyanurate) rigid foam boards J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2019-07-29 Joël Reignier; Alexandru Sarbu; Vincent Barraud
Processing low density poly(urethane-isocyanurate) rigid foam boards still remains challenging, especially for high thickness panels. In particular, subsequent shrinkage of the foam panel during cooling and cross-linking of the matrix creates in-plane compressive stresses in the facing that can be relieved by buckling with a relatively uniform wavelength of a few millimeters. An extensive study in
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Viscoelastic epoxy foams by an aqueous emulsion foaming process J. Cell. Plast. (IF 1.925) Pub Date : 2019-07-25 Du Ngoc Uy Lan; Muhammad Syazwan Fauzi; Cao Xuan Viet; Daniel Raps; Volker Altstädt
The research proposed an aqueous emulsion foaming process to produce a viscoelastic epoxy foam having a density of 0.33–0.36 g/cm3 from the polyamide–epoxy adduct, which uses a reverse ratio of epoxy and polyamide hardener. The process is simple, economical and uses no surfactant, thanks to the emulsifying ability of polyamide hardener. Firstly, the mixture of excess polyamide, epoxy and sodium bicarbonate
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