A subsection cooling process is used to selectively precipitate suanite from boron-rich slag, which initially requires a relatively high cooling rate followed by a low cooling rate. The cooling rate and homogeneity affect the crystal growth of the precipitated phase. Different structure intensification approaches, including adding cold slag and applying fins, are effective for improving the reaction

A promising lead-containing waste recycling method, with sulfur conservation and reductive sulfur-fixing co-smelting process (RSFCS), is proposed. This work investigated the PbSO4 reduction equilibrium composition, phase conversions, and microscopic transformation mechanisms during the RSFCS process at different temperatures, times, and CO-CO2 mixtures using thermodynamic modeling, thermogravimetric

Extraction of cobalt, copper, and silver from scrap saw-blade segments using nitric acid solutions (0.1–0.4 M, 20–60°C) were investigated using response surface methodology. Extraction of cobalt and iron was more extensive than copper and silver, i.e., 35.7–96.2% Co and 72.6–100% Fe versus 8.50–35.4% Cu and 8.11–22.5% Ag. Statistical analysis of the experimental data has shown that increasing the acid

Hydromagnesite was calcined into light-burned magnesia, and the effects of calcination conditions, such as the size fraction of the ore and calcination temperature, and holding time on the loss on ignition and MgO grade were investigated. The calcination mechanism of hydromagnesite ore was analyzed by characterizing the calcinate with respect to its chemical and physical properties. The results indicate

A thermodynamic model was developed to study the roasting of molybdenite ore into molybdenum trioxide in a multiple-hearth furnace roaster. The model was developed using FactSage™, a software specializing in thermochemical simulations. The model assumes thermodynamic equilibrium between the solid and gaseous phases on each hearth. The results from the model were compared with operational data obtained

Electric arc synthesis enables the fabrication of materials in the form of metal nanoparticles packed into a carbon matrix, which separates the nanoparticles, preventing them from contacting each other, merging, coagulating, or contacting possible reactive environments, thereby stabilizing the nanoparticles. This paper presents the results of studies of the effect of tin on the structure of a composite

A three-dimensional numerical model has been developed to quantify the predominant phenomena roles on dynamics alumina particles between an electrolytic bath and the vicinity of gas bubbles. At the particle scale, the bath, regarded as turbulent flow, was modeled by a steady plane shear flow and solved using a lattice Boltzmann method. The coupling between the fluid and particle phases is carried out

The present study aimed to investigate reduction behavior of Bi2O3 in the gaseous atmosphere generated by the pyrolysis of waste tires. Thermodynamic analysis carried out in the Bi-O-C-H-S-Ar system predicted that Bi2O3 could be reduced to Bi in the temperature range 700–900 K. Bi2O3 reduction experiments were carried out as a function of reactant mass ratio (\( m_{\text{tire}} /m_{{{\text{Bi}}_{ 2}

Two methods for impeding the detrimental impact of iron (Fe) impurity in magnesium (Mg) alloys on the corrosion properties are studied: the addition of manganese (Mn) and the selection of melting temperature. Experimental work was carried out on Mg and AZ91 alloys with selected additions of Mn and selected settling temperatures. The settling velocity was evaluated using the Stokes equation. Extensive

High smelting temperature of phosphate ore and low activity of the slag lead to energy-extensive consumption and large solid waste generation in the yellow phosphorus industry. Micronutrient-bearing cosolvents were added to the reduction smelting process of phosphate ore to reduce the smelting temperature and increase the activity of slag in the current work. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that

Carbide precipitates are effective for improving the strength and stability of high-entropy alloys. In this work, novel-designed Fe60Co10Cr10Ni10Mo5V5 medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) containing 1 wt.% carbon were prepared by vacuum arc melting followed by solid solution treatment and aging. The effects of aging on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the MEAs were investigated. The results

Corrosion proxy materials integrated with an optical sensing platform enable a real-time optical corrosion sensor for natural gas pipelines to prevent methane leaks and catastrophic events. Effects of CO2, pH, and film thickness on corrosion of Fe thin films (25 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm) were studied using optical and electrochemical methods in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solutions at 30°C. An increase in light transmission

Gold solubility in the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3 slag system was measured at 1723 K under an oxidizing atmosphere. Gold solubility in the present slag system increased with increasing slag basicity, which was quantified by the Vee ratio (= CaO/SiO2), theoretical optical basicity, and activity of CaO. However, the effect of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 on gold solubility was negligible. From the thermodynamic assessment

The study of scrap melting provides data for increasing the scrap utilization rate. Here, an evaluation model is established to analyze the effect of each factor on scrap melting using statistical methods for the first time. Subsequently, the quantitative relationship between the influencing factors and melting parameters is obtained. Back propagation (BP) neural networks and multiple regression are

This work aims to shed light on the leaching kinetics of antimony from stibnite ore in potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to investigate the effect of time, temperature, solid to liquid ratio (S/L), and KOH concentration as independent parameters on the leaching efficiency of antimony. According to the results, time shows the

Silicon recovery of silica ore (\( {\text{SiO}}_{2} \)) has been studied with two types of carbon materials, charcoal as a biomass and coal as a fossil fuel, at elevated temperatures between 1800 and 2000°C in an electric arc furnace. The effects of porosity and electrical resistance of the carbon materials were investigated. To this end, recovery of silicon and ferrosilicon production were tested

As theoretically hypothesized for several decades in group IV transition metals, we have discovered a dynamically stabilized body-centered cubic (bcc) intermediate state in Zr under uniaxial loading at sub-nanosecond timescales. Under ultrafast shock wave compression, rather than the transformation from α-Zr to the more disordered hex-3 equilibrium ω-Zr phase, in its place we find the formation of

Ni-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries should be recycled, as they contain base metals (Ni, Co) and rare earth elements (La, Ce). In this study, thermal and microwave treatments are investigated as a pre-treatment method for decomposing electrode material (Ni(OH)2 and LaNi5). The kinetic analysis of thermal decomposition electrode material yields the activation energy of 41.3 kJ/mol. The maximum percentage

The present study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of CuO particles under the gaseous atmosphere generated by waste tire pyrolysis. Thermodynamics of the reduction process indicated that CuO could be reduced to the metal via the tire (rubber) pyrolysis route in the temperature range 700–900 K. Oxide reduction experiments were conducted as a function of the reactant mass ratio (mtire/mCuO)

Polymer-based furniture with wood-like visual printing is widely used in domestic and office applications. Although polymers could fulfil the high quality requirements of strength and appearance, they cannot mimic the feel of wood during touch. In this study, polymers with textured surfaces were designed to mimic the tactile friction and naturalness of wood. The influence of a series of factors on

TaB2 nanopowder has been prepared by the molten salt synthesis (MSS) technique. Nanowire-like TaB2 nanopowder was successfully synthesized by reacting in the Ta2O5–MgB2 system using KCl/NaCl as reaction media. The impact of the firing temperature (800°C to 1000°C), firing time (1 h to 4 h), and ratio of reactants to salt (1:0, 1:2, 1:5, and 1:10) on the preparation of the TaB2 nanopowder was examined

The long production time required for large-scale parts fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) tends to induce cracks, distortions, and overheating problems. In this work, to address these challenges, we explored and established a suitable strategy for producing large AlSi10Mg components. The platform temperatures to prevent cracks and distortions were firstly determined. Then, the in situ aging

In this study, hydrometallurgical processes involving pressure acid leaching and solvent extraction were developed to aid recovery of indium from zinc slag, which is produced in the imperial smelting process. Four different acid leaching methods were studied, namely atmospheric leaching, atmospheric leaching with KMnO4, roasting-atmospheric leaching, and oxygen pressure leaching in a sulfuric acid

Novel compositions of positive (Sm3+) and negative (Ho3+) association energy ion co-doped cerium oxide solid electrolytes were synthesized and analyzed for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) applications. Powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman studies confirmed the phase of pure cubic fluorite structure, while densely packed porous-structured morphology was affirmed with high-resolution

The quench sensitivity of 7475 aluminum alloy has been comprehensively investigated by hardness testing, electrical conductivity measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Based on the end-quenching method and time–temperature–property (TTP) diagram, the key factors affecting the quenching of the studied alloy were identified and are discussed in comparison with

Phase formation in a solid state reaction in Al/Cu bilayer and multilayer thin films was studied by the methods of in situ transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, simultaneous thermal analysis and x-ray diffraction. It was established that the phase formation sequences in the (Al/Cu)n (n = 2, 15) multilayer thin films (θ-Al2Cu → γ1-Al4Cu9 → η2-AlCu) and Al/Cu bilayer thin films (θ-

Antisolvent behavior is one of the most important treatments for producing high-quality perovskite MaPbI3 thin films. However, the optimization of the amount of antisolvent used has not been analyzed on a uniform platform. In this work, a systematic study is employed to quantitively evaluate the impact of anti-solvent treatment on the morphological, structural, and optoelectronic characteristics of

Nickel-aluminum bilayers and multilayers are commonly used in reactive systems because of their high heat of mixing. Traditionally, the layers are sputter deposited, an expensive and time-consuming process. In this article, a chemical reduction technique, electroless nickel-phosphorous (EN) deposition, is used for formation of the Ni-Al bilayer using a pure Al substrate. Traditionally, EN deposition

Iron removal from silicon powder waste by ultrasound-assisted leaching has been investigated and the leaching conditions optimized to an ultrasonic frequency of 80 kHz, ultrasonic power of 270 W, temperature of 60°C, and sulfuric acid concentration of 12%, achieving an iron removal fraction of 95.24%. The maximum iron removal fraction was obtained after 80 min of leaching without ultrasound, whereas

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to theoretically calculate the structure and properties of the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-FeO quaternary slag system with the aim of understanding the influence of the FeO content on the slag structure and properties. The radial distribution function, coordination number, diffusion coefficient, etc. are used to characterize the structural characteristics of the slag. Viscosity

The conversion of CO2 into carbon materials and oxygen gas has great significance for reducing the greenhouse gas concentrations of Earth and realizing in situ utilization of Mars’ atmosphere. In this work, LiF-Li2O melts containing CO2 were electrolyzed using a Ni cathode and Pt anode at 850°C. Carbon materials with different morphologies were deposited on the cathode and oxygen evolution was detected

The influence of thermal cycle stress loading on hybrid bonding, which was formed by sintering a mixture of Cu nanoparticles and a eutectic Bi-Sn solder powder, has been investigated. A Si chip and a directly bonded aluminum (DBA) substrate were bonded using the hybrid bonding layer. The bonded sample was evaluated using a thermal cycle test (− 40°C and 250°C). The degradation process of the sample

The corrosion behavior of imitation-gold Cu-Zn-Ni-Sn alloys with and without Al was investigated by means of color difference testing, static corrosion measurements, scanning electron microscopy analysis, electrochemical impedance measurements, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The results showed that aluminum inhibited dissolution of Zn and Sn by the formation of an oxide film on the

In this study, CdO films were successfully obtained by using a homemade chemical spray pyrolysis technique. The crystal structures of the CdO thin films improved due to an increase in the substrate temperature when the spray time was kept constant. Additionally, CdO film deposited at 250°C exhibited amorphous crystal structure. The surface morphology of the samples was evaluated by scanning electron

Hypereutectic Al-27Si and Al-50Si alloys have been bonded and the influence of the bonding temperature on the microstructure and properties of the joints investigated. The results showed that Al-27Si/Al-50Si joints were bonded metallurgically with wide soldering seams containing α-Al, β-Si, and θ-Al2Cu eutectic phases. The amount of θ-Al2Cu eutectic phase gradually decreased and the bonding interface

Single particle experiments were carried out in the present study. An industrial copper matte powder, containing 68.04 wt.% Cu, 0.50 wt.% Se and 0.08 wt.% Te was taken as the starting material. Se and Te phase assemblies and distribution behaviors were systematically investigated in the air atmosphere. It was found that Se reported to blister copper, matte, and oxide phase, whilst Te will enrich in

A combination of slag and solvent refining methods was used to remove phosphorus from silicon. The CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-Na2O quaternary system was selected as the slag to eliminate phosphorus from Si-20 wt.% Fe alloy at 1300°C. The partition ratio of phosphorus (LP) at various slag compositions was obtained to investigate the effect of basicity (CaO/SiO2), oxygen potential (SiO2/Al2O3) and Na2O content of

The deformation behavior, microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical and functional properties of Ti-50.9 at.%Ni shape memory alloy during uniaxial compression in the temperature range from 25°C to 1000°C have been analyzed and are discussed herein. It was found that the deformation temperature of 300°C marked a boundary for the transition from the low- to high-temperature type of flow curves;

Copper slag (CS) with Fe-bearing fayalite and magnetite is the main waste generated during the pyrometallurgical processing of metallic copper. In this paper, the solid-state reduction kinetics of fayalite with and without addition of 10 wt.% metallic iron were studied using the isothermal method. The phase transformation of fayalite was verified by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy,

Graphene nanoplatelets have been synthesized by ball milling of synthetic graphite and its structural features studied by x-ray analysis using Mo Kα radiation followed by the proposal of a possible molecular arrangement using AVOGADRO® software. Additional characterization using complementary techniques was also performed. The radial and total distribution functions of the coordination number, as well

This study presents an optimized leaching and electrowinning process for the recovery of copper from waste printed circuit boards including studies of chemical consumption and recirculation of leachate. Optimization of leaching was performed using response surface methodology in diluted sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide media. Optimum leaching conditions for copper were found by using 3.6 mol L−1

Exploring facile fabrication methods for stable, ordered-structure photocatalysts with high performance is critical to realize their practical applications. In this work, a ZnO-based photocatalyst was deposited using a solution-processing ink-jet printing technique. Novel water-based inks were developed with pure ZnO and Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles, which were synthesized by the polyacrylamide gel method

Acrylic acid-modified starch has been achieved by grafting the starch with an acrylic acid homopolymer by using the biodegradable nonionic surfactant Lutensol-XL-100 (decaoxyethyele n-decyl ether) and ammonium persulfate as a free radical originator. After obtaining the optimized starch-based plastic thin film, a nanocomposite (NC) was created by incorporating nickel-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles

Powder-entrapped gas, which can occur naturally in gas-atomized powder, can induce porosity in parts fabricated with powder-based metal additive manufacturing processes. This study utilized synchrotron-based x-ray computed tomography and an in situ high-speed imaging technique, dynamic x-ray radiography (DXR), to investigate the formation of powder-induced porosity using 17-4 PH stainless steel powders

A new process is presented for low-cost one-step production of pure solid silicon from natural quartzite by molten salt electrolysis. At a process temperature of 1100°C, a techno-economic model including detailed mass and energy balances estimates energy consumption below 15 kWh/kg, with operating cost of $1.74/kg and capital cost around $10,500 per t/a (tonne annually) of production capacity for a

The effects of the Sn doping density and multilayer deposition on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO films prepared by a spin coating/sol–gel method have been investigated. The film characteristics were studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, electronic absorption (ultraviolet–visible) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and measurements using the four-probe method

Using a large-scale, experimentally captured 3D microstructure data set, we implement the generative adversarial network (GAN) framework to learn and generate 3D microstructures of solid oxide fuel cell electrodes. The generated microstructures are visually, statistically, and topologically realistic, with distributions of microstructural parameters, including volume fraction, particle size, surface

Bacterial deactivation by cell-wall rupturing is widely described. Complete mineralization of both aqueous gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae, leaving no organic species, is described here for the first time. Solar-simulated radiation (with ~ 5% UV), with ZnO nanoparticle photocatalyst, is used. In addition to complete bacterial deactivation (~ 100%), their

The synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of ZnO/Bi2Sn2O7 nanocomposite are reported herein. ZnO/Bi2Sn2O7 was synthesized using a green high-speed stirring (HSS)-assisted method in the n-hexane–water system using Cassia alata leaf extract (CLE). ZnO/Bi2Sn2O7 nanocomposite formed at the interface between n-hexane and water owing to the essential role of CLE secondary metabolites.

In this work, coral-like micro/nano zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films are synthesized onto glass substrates using the low-cost spray pyrolysis (SP) method without using a metal catalyst or surfactant. The films are prepared at substrate temperature Ts = 350 ± 3°C, using oxygen as the carrier gas. The structure, surface morphology, composition, and optical properties of the as-deposited thin films are characterized

The liquid solution properties in the Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-C systems have been thermodynamically assessed using the modified quasichemical model in the pair approximation. The asymmetry of the Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-C alloy melts was verified by measuring the melting points of Fe-Ni binary alloys on the Ni-rich side, and the C solubility limit in Fe-Ni melt over the entire concentration range at 1500°C and 1600°C

There has been a developing interest in the green-mediated synthesis of metal nanorods (NRs), especially from plants. However, there is no published report on the synthesis of ZnO NRs prepared via Cyrtrandroemia nicobarica leaf extract. The formation of ZnO NRs was confirmed by using x-ray diffraction, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, scanning electron mi

The geometric structure, energy band structure, electronic state density and optical properties of undoped, Al single-doped, Eu single-doped and Al-Eu co-doped ZnO were systematically investigated by using first principles. From the analysis of the results before and after doping, it is found that the conduction band of the doped system moves to the low energy direction, and the Fermi level enters

Metallurgical refining of crude silicon for low-cost, mass production of solar silicon has been studied extensively over the past two decades. One of the methods attempted to target the deleterious impurities of Si is slag refining, where liquid Si or its alloys are treated with a flux. This article presents an overview of the impurity response to various slag treatment conditions for crude Si metal

In this study, the impacts of doping concentration on the crystal structure, morphology, electrical, and optical properties of Ho3+-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod (NR) arrays were studied. Structural and morphological characterizations showed that the Ho3+-doped ZnO NRs were crystallized in the (002) direction, and that they had a homogeneous distribution on the substrate. The crystallite sizes of

Determining process–structure–property linkages is one of the key objectives in material science, and uncertainty quantification plays a critical role in understanding both process–structure and structure–property linkages. In this work, we seek to learn a distribution of microstructure parameters that are consistent in the sense that the forward propagation of this distribution through a crystal plasticity

The adsorption–desorption behavior of La3+, Eu3+, and Y3+ by Mg(OH)2-pretreated TP207 resin in sulfate solution has been investigated. The effects of the reaction duration, pH value, flow rate, and adsorption mechanism were studied in detail. The results show that the highest adsorption capacity is obtained at solution pH of 4.0. The adsorption affinity of the resin for the different rare-earth ions

In laser-based directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing, interactions among the laser beam, particle flow, and melt pool influence the properties of the solidified final part. Two separate DED systems, one with high powder flow rates to represent industrial-scale DED processing and the other with low powder flow rates for individual particle tracking, were synchronized with the high-speed

Slag refining of silicon has been modified in recent years by combining the process with solvent refining, in which an alloy of silicon is first treated by slag and then solidified under controlled conditions to yield high-purity silicon crystals. This paper discusses the effect of alloying elements on the efficiency of slag treatment. A set of criteria are established and quantified for potential

The deformation behavior of additively manufactured Alloy 718 in as-built condition and after annealing was studied in situ under tensile loading along the build direction. Pre-characterization by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy revealed a significant amount of γ″ precipitates in the as-built samples, whereas the γ″ phase was entirely consumed and needle-like δ precipitates appeared