The thermal stability of dislocation cellular structures in three additively manufactured (AM) austenitic stainless steels (SSs), 316L SS, 304L SS, and Al modified 316L SS (316L(Al)), were studied. Minor alloying elements, Mo and Al, were found affecting the stability of the cellular structures in AM austenitic SS, resulting in a stability ranking of AM 316L SS > AM 304L SS > AM 316L(Al) SS. As a result

Various methods of synthesis of CuInSe2 remain relevant because it is one of the most effective materials for solar energy. An effective method for the preparation of the CuInSe2 nanodispersed selenium precursor for microwave synthesis is considered. Colloidal selenium solutions were obtained using laser ablation in various liquid media: water, ethanol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol–400 (PEG-400)

The present investigation deals with the impact of surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) on the surface roughness, microstructure, phase stability, hardness, and tensile properties of interstitial-free (IF) steel. SMATed IF steel was characterized by visible-light microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and microindentation

In this paper, Paul’s model is advanced to forecast the tensile modulus of polymer nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNT) above percolation onset. The developed model assumes the CNT network density by CNT aspect ratio (α), percolation onset and CNT density (n). The experimental results from several samples containing a filler network confirm the predictability of the advanced model. However

Additive manufacturing (AM) is an emerging method for cost-efficient fabrication of nuclear reactor parts. AM of metallic structures for nuclear energy applications is currently based on the laser powder bed fusion process, which can introduce internal material flaws, such as pores and anisotropy. Integrity of AM structures needs to be evaluated nondestructively because material flaws could lead to

Additive manufacturing (AM) of high-strength metals is currently based on the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process, which can introduce internal material flaws, such as pores and anisotropy. Quality control (QC) requires nondestructive evaluation of actual AM structures. Flash thermography is a potentially promising QC technique because it is scalable to arbitrary structure size. However, the detection

Microstructural damage can occur during metal forming, but how and where this happens vary with the local microstructure and strain path. Large-scale analysis of such damage mechanisms is particularly important in advanced steels with a heterogeneous phase distribution. In our previous work, we demonstrated that deep learning enables a mechanism-based, statistical analysis by classifying many individual

The use of structural metals in extreme environments relies both on the characterization of the mechanical response and microstructure changes in service and on modeling predictions. Data scarcity creates a need for predictive constitutive models that can be used in regimes outside calibration domains. While crystal plasticity models can be applied to non-monotonic loads and complex environments, their

CALPHAD uncertainty quantification (UQ) is the foundation of materials design with quantified confidence. We report a framework and software packages to enable CALPHAD UQ assessment and calculation using commercial CALPHAD software (Thermo-Calc). This Bayesian inference framework is coupled with a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to establish uncertainty traces with a given thermodynamic database

Ultra-high-speed laser cladding, which refers to metal deposition at speeds > 20 m/min or rates of 120 cm2/min, is an emerging technique that extends the conventional laser cladding process envelope without compromising the coating quality. This research investigates the effects of the laser energy density (2.56–15.00 J/mm2) and powder stream focal position relative to the substrate (0.2–0.8 mm) on

This correction is to update the authors’ affiliations. They appear correctly here.

Integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) calls for the integration of simulation tools and experiments to accelerate the development of materials. ICME approaches tend to be computationally costly, and recently, Bayesian optimization (BO) has been proposed as a way to make ICME more resource efficient. Conventional BO, however, is sequential (i.e., one-at-a-time) in nature, which makes

An advanced surface modification processing design has been developed to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium (Mg) samples via x-ray irradiation in humid air. OH· radicals generated by water ionization during x-ray irradiation reacted with natural oxide films mainly consisting of Mg(OH)2, which resulted in the formation of an approximately 50-nm-thick magnesium oxide (MgO) dense surface film

The ability to design polymers with a controlled degradation profile and mechanical and processing properties has opened opportunities for developing novel polymer-based drug delivery devices, sutures, implants, etc. While numerous polymers are employed in biomedical applications, only a few, like poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), polylactides, etc., are non-toxic and resorbable. PCL, a biodegradable polyester

The design and development of materials with increased damage resilience is often impeded by the difficulty in establishing the precise linkages, with quantified uncertainty, between the complex details of the internal structure of materials and their potential for damage initiation. We present herein a novel machine-learning-based approach for establishing reduced-order models (ROMs) that relate the

The effect of the content of an SiO2 additive on the electrochemical reduction of ilmenite concentrate to prepare ferrotitanium is investigated in CaCl2 molten salt. A thermodynamic analysis of the Ti-Fe system and possible reactions has been carried out, and it demonstrated that SiO2 and FeTiO3 can be readily reduced to Si and intermediates (Fe and CaTiO3), respectively. The experimental results demonstrated

The aim of the present study is to investigate chemical vapor deposition of Ge nanowires from readily available precursors solid GeO2 and liquid ethanol (C2H5OH) at atmospheric pressure. Gaseous GeO was generated in situ by the reactions between the reactants in the source temperature range from 1000 K to 1200 K. Ge wires were grown from the gaseous species transported from the source to the Au-coated

The sintering temperature and oxygen content significantly determine the properties of porous Ti prepared by the traditional powder metallurgy route. However, it is difficult to remove the surface oxide scale on the Ti powders. Herein, porous α-Ti is prepared by an electro-assisted powder metallurgical (EPM) method using Ti powders with different particle sizes in molten CaCl2 at 850°C. The electrochemical

Neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) waste magnets consist of approximately 28% rare earth values in the form of the Nd2Fe14B phase. According to the results, carbothermic reduction through microwave irradiation of crushed magnets was observed to be promising for the separation of metallic iron and rare earth values. The effect of microwave exposure time and charcoal addition on the formation of different

The optical and nanomechanical properties of Ga2Se3 single crystals and thin films were investigated using reflection, transmission, and nanoindentation measurements. The reflection spectrum recorded in the 525- to 1100-nm range was analyzed to get the band gap energy of the crystal structure, and derivative analysis of the spectrum resulted in band gap energy of 1.92 eV which was attributed to indirect

Three-dimensional printing of high laser reflectivity metals and metal matrix composites continues to be a challenge because of loss of laser energy and lack of high-quality composite powders. Modifying powders to enhance the interaction between laser and powder and improve the uniformity of reinforcement is a possible solution. However, traditional powder mixing methods such as ball milling destroy

While solidification behavior has been investigated in several nickel-based superalloys, few investigations have focused on the meticulous study of solidification behavior in such a highly alloyed and high γ′ volume fraction-containing alloy as GH4151. In this study, several material characterization techniques were employed to identify phase types, illustrate the morphology of precipitates, and detect

In discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) simulations dislocation-induced stress fields and dislocation–dislocation interaction forces are typically evaluated using analytically described multiparameter continuous functions. The universal approximation theory guarantees the approximation of such functions by some machine learning (ML) techniques, which in turn can potentially help to accelerate DDD simulations

Copper (Cu) surfaces with bimodal nanoporosity can be used for a variety of applications. This research shows that bimodal nanoporous Cu surfaces can be fabricated by dealloying of an as-cast hypereutectic alloy Al75Cu25 (at.%) alloy, which solidifies as pre-eutectic Al2Cu (micrometre-scaled) and eutectic lamella of α-Al/Al2Cu (nanoscaled). The bimodal nanoporous Cu surface is a result of a microstructural

Plasma spraying was employed to deposit an Al coating in order to create a self-metallurgical bonding effect through impact-induced melting with highly overheated molten droplets. Numerical simulation was employed to estimate the interface temperature between the molten Al splat and the Al substrate. The interface bonding was examined from cross sections of the Al splat and the etched coatings. The

Mesoporous carbon microspheres (MOCM) with large specific surface area have been developed using polydopamine microspheres (PDAM) synthesized by a biomimetic method as precursor. The PDAM preparation method has the merits of requiring mild conditions and simple operation and being environmentally friendly; MOCM were fabricated using a simple method involving pyrolyzation of PDAM. Different techniques

We provide an overview of how to apply statistical learning methods to directly track the role of alloying additions in the multiscale properties of alloys. This leads to a mapping process analogous to the Periodic Table where the resulting visualization scheme exhibits the grouping and proximity of elements based on their impact on the properties of alloys. Unlike the conventional Periodic Table of

Laser clad coatings consisting of a Ni-based matrix and tungsten carbide (WC) hard phases are used for heavy wear protection of components in many industries. Matrix composition and WC type can be chosen to give these composites resistance to erosive/abrasive wear, as well as to the impacts of particles and corrosion. Maintaining ductility in the matrix is important, so that it can absorb impact energy

The limited inter-lamellar bonding in the conventional thermal-sprayed 304SS coating usually leads to much lower corrosion and wear resistance than their bulk counterparts. In this study, Mo-clad stainless steel 304SS-17Mo powders prepared by mechanical alloying were used for plasma spraying to generate ultra-high-tempertature droplets to deposit the coatings with enhanced inter-lamellar bonding. The

Computational methodologies have been critical to our understanding of defects at nanometer scales. These methodologies have been dominated by two classes: quantum mechanics (QM)-based methods and semiempirical/classical methods. The former, while accurate and versatile, are time consuming, while the latter are efficient but limited in versatility and transferability. Recently, machine learning (ML)

A series of industrial-scale 316L stainless steel membrane tubes (Φ60 mm × 1000 mm) was fabricated by wet spray coating three membrane powders (20 μm; 12 μm; 4 μm) onto a pre-sintered 316L stainless steel support tube, followed by sintering. The influence of the membrane powder size and spray coating times or number of spray coating layers on the structure and permeability of the as-sintered membrane

Uniformity of composition and grain refinement are desirable traits in the direct chill (DC) casting of non-ferrous alloy ingots. Ultrasonic treatment is a proven method for achieving grain refinement, with uniformity of composition achieved by additional melt stirring. The immersed sonotrode technique has been employed for this purpose to treat alloys both within the launder prior to DC casting and

This article was updated to correct the spelling of A. Hamasaiid’s name.

A novel packed-powder diffusion coating (PPDC) technique for pure Ti and Ti alloys was developed to improve their oxidization resistance and wear resistance. The treatment led to the formation of a controllable Al3Ti intermetallic-based composite coating, of which the thickness varied from 100 µm to 1295 µm depending on the treatment temperature and time. Cyclic oxidization tests in a static air within

The continuous formation and growth of voids induced by radiations in metallic materials may lead to significant microstructure damage and degradation of mechanical properties. In sharp contrast to the void swelling commonly observed in irradiated metallic materials, nanovoids in nanoporous metallic materials are found to shrink during radiation and thus nanovoids enhance the radiation tolerance of

Nickel-based superalloys with L12-ordered Ni3Al precipitates exhibit excellent high-temperature mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Here we studied the phase stability of a Ni/Ni3Al multilayer under high-temperature thermal annealing and Ni ion irradiation. Ni/Ni3Al multilayers with order–disorder interfaces were fabricated by magnetron sputtering at 773 K. Thermally induced interdiffusion

The Retained Damage Model successfully predicts the incubation delay during transformation from ferrite to austenite in the presence of an applied external flow field during rapid solidification of ternary stainless-steel alloys. The model incorporates two new features—conservation of the free energy associated with undercooling of the primary metastable phase, and use of a modified Read–Shockley approach

Separation of the solid inclusions formed during the refining process is one of the major challenges associated with metallurgical refining of silicon (Si). Wettability of solid carbon (C), silicon carbide (SiC) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) substrates with liquid silicon was examined using sessile drop technique. This study was performed with the aim of finding the appropriate temperature for separating

Intrinsic wrinkles (stably existing with or without external stresses applied) with a height ranging from several to tens of nanometers are commonly observed in graphene synthesized on non-ideally flat substrates using chemical vapor deposition techniques. However, such stable intrinsic wrinkles have not been successfully implemented in atomistic modeling, especially in terms of the wrinkle height

A numerical simulation is carried out to investigate the effect of the stirring position on large-sized 7005 alloy billet prepared by direct chill casting imposed with A-EMS and intercooling named uniform direct chill (UDC) casting. Moreover, the effect of the stirring position on the Lorentz force, fluid flow, heat transfer, and solidification occurring in UDC casting is investigated. It is found

Solute nanoclusters are critical to the structural and mechanical integrity of numerous alloys based on the b.c.c. Fe matrix, which have risen to prominence as candidates for advanced nuclear reactor applications. Because irradiation can profoundly alter the morphology and composition of these solute nanoclusters, it is critical to understand and predict solute clustering behavior in the presence of

In the machining of stone–plastic composites, the cutting efficiency and increased economy are important considerations. To this end, stone–plastic composite was up-milled using tapered cutters. Cutting forces and temperature were measured under varied angle geometries and cutting parameters. Response surface methodology allowed the analysis of changes in cutting forces and temperature, and the significant

The authors propose an experimental search optimization strategy for power consumption control of electric arc production units to maintain their maximum capacity. An EAF-180 modern high-power electric arc furnace is used as an example. The efficient and intelligent optimization of extremal control of electric power consumption at maximum capacity is facilitated by an extremum search method that stores

In this study, the high-pressure torsion (HPT) process was adopted to produce microstructure heterogeneity in a 5052 Al-Mg alloy. The influences of microstructural heterogeneity on the corrosion resistance and microhardness were characterized. The results show that, compared with the annealed samples, the microhardness is significantly increased and corrosion resistance is reduced by HPT treatment

Equiatomic refractory high-entropy alloys TiNbTaZr and TiNbTaZrHf have been prepared by electro-deoxidizing pre-mixed and sintered solid metal oxide disks through cathodic polarization in a molten CaCl2 electrolyte. The sintering temperature employed in the preparation of the oxide disks prior to electro-deoxidation was varied between 1173 K and 1573 K, and it was found that this has a noticeable effect

Although transition-metal sulfides have emerged recently as a type of promising candidate to serve as lithium-ion battery anodes, the chemical synthesis of transition metal-sulfide materials usually involves a complex operation process and is time-consuming. The natural transition metal-sulfide minerals are potential materials for lithium-ion battery electrodes because of their abundant reserves and

This article establishes a multiscale modeling framework for the parametrically homogenized crystal plasticity model (PHCPM) for single crystal Ni-based superalloys. The PHCPMs explicitly incorporate morphological statistics of the \(\gamma -\gamma '\) intragranular microstructure in their crystal plasticity constitutive coefficients. They enable highly efficient and accurate calculations for image-based

Calcium magnesium alumina-silicate (CMAS) corrosion on thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) is one of the reasons for the early delamination of TBCs. In this study, the effects of CMAS on the microstructure evolution of TBCs were investigated for yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), lanthanum zirconate (LZ), and composite coating with a 50:50 volume ratio of LZ and YSZ (LZ-YSZ). The LZ showed the mitigated

Phosphate ores are one of the most important secondary sources of rare earth elements (REEs). The Esfordi phosphate concentrate (Yazd Province, Iran) contains 13.1% phosphate, 34.6% calcium, and 1.09% REEs. After selective leaching of the concentrate with 35% nitric acid at 60°C for 70 min, a pregnant leach (nitrophosphate) solution containing 143.6 g/L calcium, 53.1 g/L phosphorus, and other impurities

A three-dimensional mathematic model based on segmentation that joins the electromagnetic field, melt flow, heat transfer, solidification and solute transport in the whole casting domain has been established to study the solute transport at the final stage of solidification in a bloom continuous casting process. The effects of the final electromagnetic stirring (F-EMS) positions on the macrosegregation

Viscosity is considered to be a significant indicator of the metallurgical property of blast furnace (BF) slag. However, a BF is a complicated black box so that the measurement of the viscosity has a large hysteresis. A prediction model for the viscosity based on machine learning, principal component analysis (PCA) and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) regression is presented in this article. First, the main

Optical-quality transparent, conducting polyaniline (PANI) thin films are suitable candidates for efficient counter electrodes for high-performance solar cells. In the first part of this work, the synthesis of highly uniform and homogenous nanostructured PANI films is reported. The film properties were assessed via scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, optical profilometry, spectrophotometry

Nanocrystalline tungsten (NC W) sheets and foils have significant high-temperature applications in various technological sectors and hence their economical large-scale production is highly necessary. However, research to help understand the underlying nanoscale deformation mechanisms is limited. Here, we have developed an atomistic model to study the temperature effect on the structural and grain orientation

Crystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) polycrystalline films of 500 nm thickness were synthesized using atomic layer deposition (ALD) on p-type Si (100) substrates. The crystal structure, phase purity, film thickness and morphology were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The nanomechanical properties were

Two Al-5Fe-4Cu-based alloys, AF1 alloy and AF15 alloy, with a high-volume fraction of second-phase iron-bearing intermetallics (AlFe phases for short) were reheated to a solid–liquid region, and the microstructural evolution of the alloys was investigated. During heating in the solid–liquid region, the high-melting-point solid AlFe phases were demonstrated to stunt grain growth, block liquid convection

Copper electrorefining is a key part of copper metallurgical processes. The electrolyte is usually purified to prevent the accumulation of impurities and contamination of the cathode. Cyclone electrowinning is a widely applied purification method, but black copper mud that contains arsenic is produced after the process and endangers the environment. With the addition of effective chelators, controllable

In this study, the thermal and cost performance of TiO2-water nanofluids was investigated. Stable nanofluids were formulated by dispersing TiO2 nanoparticles in water as the base fluid. Thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids were measured at 0.1–1 wt.% over the temperature range 25–65°C. The effects of constituent material properties were also analyzed. Enhancements in thermal conductivity

For the first time, joint experiments have been conducted with samples of A356-TiB2 cast aluminum alloy under quasi-static and plane shock-wave loading. Alloys were obtained by introducing TiB2 particles using a master-alloy, combined with the effect of vibration treatment on the melt in order to fragment the dendritic structure and prevent its branching during solidification. The melt treatment and

Understanding and reducing defects formed during continuous casting of steel are challenging because of the many inter-related, multiscale phenomena and process parameters involved in this complex process. Solidification occurs in the presence of turbulent multiphase flow, transport and capture of particles, superheat transport, and thermal–mechanical behavior. The application of electromagnetic fields

This paper is concerned with the measurement of thermal properties and in-cavity pressures in cold chamber high-pressure die casting. The influence of in-cavity pressure on the casting porosity, heat flux, and heat transfer coefficient has been investigated during die casting of an A380 alloy. The die was instrumented with heat transfer and pressure sensors to measure these values directly. Direct