The rigid projectile penetration into thick concrete targets was studied through static deep indentation and terminal ballistic tests with small-diameter projectiles. This work aims to investigate the correlation between indentation and penetration for concrete. First, ballistic penetration tests were conducted to obtain the dynamic impact test data including depth of penetration (DOP) and crater dimensions

The detoxification and disposal of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is of real importance to the ecological environment protection and human being health. In this paper, Cr(VI) was in advance reduced to trivalent chromium [Cr3+] by Fe2+ and was immediately immobilized in a “fly ash-metakaolin” based (FMB) geopolymer through alkaline activation and hydrothermal processing. The phase structure and microstructure

The sensitivity to corrosion-free life in concrete structures exposed to chlorides was evaluated with respect to different binder in mix. As binders, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), pulverised fuel ash (PFA) and silica fume (SF) were selected. Prior to the sensitivity analysis, experimental works were performed to achieve control values for the apparent

The mechanical behavior of interfaces between high molecular weight methacrylate (HMWM) and concrete minerals (calcite and silica) is investigated from a Molecular Dynamics (MD) perspective. MD simulations of pullout tests shows that interfaces debond at the surface of contact between HMWM and the mineral substrate, and that the interfacial strength decreases in the presence of moisture, under low

Concrete is one of the wide used building materials in both marine engineering and architecture field. The first step of concrete structure deterioration is that corrosive medium invades into concrete. In this paper, a non-toxic fabricating method of superhydrophobic concrete with anti-corrosion and stable mechanical properties was proposed. Copper mesh and stearic acid were used to obtain the hierarchical

This work hypothesizes that mixing carbon nanotubes with cement improves the thermal and electrical properties of bulk cement composites. To test this, two different methods of combining cement and dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were considered. In the first method, cement composites were produced by adding a dispersion of MWCNTs to cement. In the second, MWCNT-based thin films were

In recent time, the practice of sustainable construction and provision for affordable housing has been a major discussion in many developing countries. Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) and laterite are locally sourced materials. The former being an agro-industrial waste obtained from the oil palm seed, while the latter is readily available in large quantities in the region with heavy rainfall. In this paper

The mechanism of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) formation with the addition of magnesium oxide (MgO), the LDHs reconstruction of calcined layered double hydroxides (CLDHs) and the effect of externally added synthetic LDHs in alkali-activated materials (AAMs) system are the important factors influencing the chloride resistance of AAMs. The objective of this research is to investigate the different

In order to construct sustainable and approachable buildings it is necessary to develop efficient building materials (thermal insulation, structural and sound-absorbing) with lower environmental impact, especially regarding the carbon footprint. Therefore, this study examines a wood-plastic composite (WPC) from wood bark particles and rapeseed oil-based binding material. The advantage of this WPC is

The use of graphene derivatives to improve the performance of cement mortar composites has received significant attention in recent years. However, because of diversity of graphene derivatives and their properties, which depend on their preparation, it is critical to consider their size, surface chemistry, crystallinity, surface area, and impurity. In particular, there is still lack of understanding

Seepage and cracks are two important factors affecting the stability of the cemented gangue-fly ash backfill (CGFB, a mixture of coal gangue, fly ash, cement and water). In this study, the CGFB samples with a 45° single crack were prepared and the mechanical properties of CGFB with cracks under different seepage water pressures were studied. Based on the theory of damage mechanics, the damage variable

The combined use of smart and waste – based materials for energy efficiency in buildings seems as a promising solution. Due to its unmatched insulation properties, silica aerogel is an attractive smart material in cement technology compared to other conventional insulation materials. However, the high manufacturing cost of silica aerogel limits its application in the construction industry. In this

Sand washing waste (SWW), a by-product of the aggregate production process, consists of microfine particles and has limited practical applications in cement composites. In this study, SWW was considered as a potential filler for epoxy mortars. The effect of SWW on the dimensional stability of epoxy mortar specimens was investigated in terms of linear shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)

Most of the historical buildings around the world have been suffering from wear of their external coatings, which require constant repair to maintain the aesthetic and cultural characteristics of these buildings. This exploratory research evaluated the rendering plasters of four historical buildings located in Campos dos Goytacazes, in the interior of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by consulting

A zeolite supported organic corrosion inhibitor with high loading efficiency was obtained by loading a synthesized lauric acid imidazoline (LAI) in the Ca2+-exchanged zeolite (Ca2+-zeolite) framework. The influences of the as-prepared Ca2+-zeolite supported LAI (Ca2+-ZSLAI) as an admixture in porosity and compressive strength of the resulting cement mortar were examined. The protective effect of Ca2+-ZSLAI

Bitumen is a material of significant importance for the roadwork industry and hence for development of infrastructure, economy and society. Therefore, understanding its ageing behavior is one of the most crucial factors in the service life of a road. Standard chemo-mechanical analysis involving dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and Fourier-Transformation Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a good way to do

In this paper, the effect of polyolefin macro fibers on fracture, fresh and hardened state properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete (SCLC) has been assessed. To do so, four SCLC mixes have been cast such that the solid contents and water to binder ratio have been kept constant while the volume fraction of fiber contents varied from 0.0% to 0.5% by concrete volume. Moreover, to evaluate the

Phase change materials (PCMs) can regulate the temperature of asphalt pavement through latent thermal energy storage. Composite phase change materials using lightweight aggregate as supporting material have been used in asphalt pavement. This work aims at investigating the effect of lightweight aggregate gradation on latent heat storage capacity of asphalt mixture for achieving satisfactory cooling

Bond strength between the normal strength concrete (NSC) and ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is determined through slant shear, split tensile and four point bending test. Test methods are selected based on failure criteria such as shear, tension and bending in the typical strengthened structural components. The parameters studied to determine the bond behaviour are surface preparation (chipping

The work presented in this paper comprises an extensive testing program on the resistance of portland-limestone cement (PLC) concrete systems to external sulfate attack. Several mixture parameters, namely interground limestone content, C3A content, and SCM type and replacement level, were evaluated in a wide range of experimental conditions designed to link, replicate, and predict laboratory and field

Terminal blend (TB) rubberized asphalt binder can be produced through the dissolution of crumb rubber modifier (CRM) in asphalt, meanwhile other modifiers, like styrene–butadienestyrene (SBS) polymer and crosslinking agent sulphur are supplemented to enhance the properties of modified asphalt. The effect of sulphur on asphalt oxidation and polymer degradation is not well documented for TB rubberized

This study investigated the bond properties and stress-slip relations between glass-fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) bars and hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete (HFRC) containing carbon, aramid and polypropylene fibers, and explored the effects of fibers-volume fraction, bar diameter, anchorage length and surface configuration. A total of 48 samples, including 36 HFRC samples with embedded GFRP bars and

A comparative study on the meso-scale damage evolution of concrete specimens was conducted through coupling concrete CT test and digital image analysis technology to investigate the deterioration properties of concrete material under static and dynamic tensile loading. The content of this research program mainly includes: (1) use of concrete CT test to acquire CT images containing the information of

Reduced graphene oxide sheets (rGO) have unparalleled physical characteristics that make them effective reinforcing materials. This article explore the effect of rGO on mechanical properties, pore size distribution, micro-structural characteristics and self-sensing properties of the hardened cement paste. The rGO were introduced to net cement paste at different percentages of 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0

The development of hybrid fiber reinforced cement composite that has high strength, scope to be used as cement-based sensors has been investigated in this study by using a combination of carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes (CNT) at low volume fraction. The dispersion of CNTs was enhanced by using polycarboxylate based superplasticizer that resulted in a homogeneous aqueous stable solution, and profoundly

This study aims to investigate the impact of an expansive agent and carbon fibre in repair mortar (overlay) on the bond strength at different water-to-binder ratios (w/b). Measurements of the flexural and compressive strengths, drying shrinkage, and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were used to evaluate the properties of the overlays, and the compressive strength, drying shrinkage, and splitting

The separation problem between core concrete and steel tube is one of the main bottlenecks restricting the construction of super large-span concrete-filled steel tubular arch bridges. One of the main measures to solve this problem is to prepare micro expansive core concrete by using the shrinkage compensation property of expansive agent. This study investigated the deformation and mechanical properties

Combined with the heterogeneity of concrete, a three-dimensional meso-numerical calculation model of concrete under freeze-thaw was established. Moreover, the material development of concrete was carried out by using the VUSDFLD user subroutine of ABAQUS to achieve the simulation of cracking characteristics on concrete. A calculation model for cracking of concrete under freeze-thaw was established

This study investigates the flexural performance of a hybrid polyethylene-steel fiber-reinforced ultra-high performance concrete. Effects of different levels of fibers hybridization, aggregate size, water-to-binder ratio and exposed temperature on the load-deflection curves, toughness, and toughness index of UHPFRC are examined. Results indicate that a hybrid combination of polyethylene (PE) and steel

Combining Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technology with another green technology (asphalt recycling) can lead to a double saving in total cost of asphalt paving production. In this study, field implementation of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) with Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) and WMA mixture containing RAS was performed and both mixtures were tested at asphalt laboratory for performance evaluation. To analyze binders

Bitumen produces a lot of harmful gaseous products and heat at high temperature, endangering human health and ecological environments. To develop an efficient compound flame retardant (FR) for suppressing thermal decomposition and volatile release of bitumen, the suppressing effects of matched halogen-free FR for each bituminous component was first discussed, and then a compositional formulation was

The lateral stability of ballasted track becomes more important because of the safety requirement under the demand of higher train speed and heavier axle load. To increase the lateral resistance of ballast bed, this paper proposes three types of new sleepers, frictional sleepers. The frictional sleepers are sleepers with different shapes of textures attached at the sleeper bottom. To study the application

The macroscopic mechanical behaviors of granular construction materials are fundamentally linked to the morphology of the particles. Characterization of real particles is important for exploring the linkage through physical investigation, while regeneration of virtual particles is a key step for reliable numerical investigation. This paper proposes a Fourier series-based approach to represent and characterize

This present paper evaluates the functionality of different TiO2 coatings deposited on the exposed surface of Portland cement pastes. Cement pastes coated from a crystalline TiO2 suspension (CS) and an amorphous TiO2 solution (AS) were compared. Some samples with film deposition from AS were submitted to autoclave treatment. Film deposition was carried out by spin-coating with 1, 2, 3 or 5 coating

This study aims to develop the limestone calcined clay (LC3) as a low-carbon treatment to immobilize waste ferronickel slag (FNS) containing heavy metals. The results indicate that the ordinary portland cement (OPC) and limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) adequately immobilized the Chromium (Cr), with the leaching results of 0.10–0.30 mg/L. The LC3 cement provided superior Mn immobilization (lower

This paper presents an experimental investigation conducted in order to evaluate the bond strength behaviour of reinforced self-compacted concrete elements under corrosion conditions. Reinforced block and beam samples were formulated using deformed steel bars with dimensions of Ø12.5 mm and Ø25 mm. The hardened concrete samples were either cured in tap water or exposed to salt solution with concentrations

Silica fume is a key component of high-performance concrete due to the physicochemical influences on cement hydration and the hardening process. Despite its importance, the effects of silica fume on C3A-gypsum systems hydration have been poorly studied. This study was carried out to fill this gap, and results suggested that the hydration was greatly affected by the electrostatic feature of silica fume

Worldwide, the incineration of household waste generates high amounts of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MWSI) bottom ashes (BA). In some European countries, the Filter Cake (FC) is also collected (below 0.25 mm) by the wet sieving treatment of coarse BA (4–32 mm). By using centrifugation, the presence of readily soluble contaminants in FC is decreased. In addition, for reducing the leaching of

A three-dimensional numerical investigation is presented to study the shape effect of cement particles on the ionic diffusivity of hardened cement paste (HCP), whose microstructure is generated based on the random packing models of spherical and polyhedral particles. The microstructure of HCP composed of four phases is first generated and then converted into a voxel-presented one. Based on the digitized

Ferric-rich calcium sulfoaluminate (FR-CSA) cement is a type of low-carbon cement. Common CSA needs to consume a large number of bauxite during the preparation process. In FR-CSA, Fe2O3 can act as an alternative for Al2O3 by shaping some iron-bearing minerals (Ca4Al2Fe2O10 (C4AF), Ca2Fe2O5 (C2F), and Ca4Al6−2xFe2xSO16 (C4A3-xFxS-)). In order to reduce the use of Al2O3 and optimize the iron-bearing

The classical pull-off test indicates that the compressive strength of concrete increases with its tensile strength. But it is difficult to obtain the effective data due to the loading eccentricity, which could produce combined bending plus axial stress instead of the uniaxial tension. The objective of this study is to introduce a modified pull-off testing method (MPTM) and improve the classical method

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) shows great potential to be a candidate of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) when considering the relative lower carbon emission of AAMs. In the present work, the authors investigated the influence of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) content on the properties of lime (CaO) activated slag to overcome the slow strength evolution of CaO activated slag binders. Setting time, compressive

This paper presents the behavior of hollow concrete cylinders fully- and partially-confined with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. To examine a potential size effect, geometrically similar configurations are considered (diameter to height = 1:2 and inner to outer diameters = 0.75:1.0) with two confining schemes (one-end and both-end wrapping). A total of 72 cylinders are tested, followed

Both wood and bamboo are renewable anisotropic materials with a long application history in human society. Engineered wood or bamboo aiming to mitigate the variability of the natural material can provide better material properties and structural performance, compared to original sawn lumber or raw bamboo. In this paper, a state-of-the-art review was conducted on three types of novel engineered wood

Cemented paste backfill (CPB) is broadly used for underground backfilling, improving the mechanical performance through the modification of its composition and, therefore, its microstructure and characteristics. In order to assess the applicability of ultrasonic waves to better comprehend relations among composition-microstructure-characteristics; an experimental program was realized using the magnitude

This study deals with the use of waste materials as replacement of fine aggregate in roller-compacted concrete pavement (RCCP). To achieve this, waste ceramic, waste concrete, and waste glass were initially crushed and mixed and then replaced natural fine aggregate at varying amounts in RCCP. Furthermore, to mitigate the probable negative effects of waste aggregates and also to improve the mechanical

This paper investigates the waterproofing properties of two water swelling gasket materials, i.e. water-swelling rubber (WSR) and water-swelling polyurethane (WSP). Swelling tests were performed to measure the swelling ratios in both compression and free swelling states. A dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) was employed to measure the storage moduli under different compression pressures and in different

The present study investigated the effect of CaO incorporation on the microstructure and autogenous shrinkage of ternary blend Portland cement-slag-silica fume. Samples having water-to-binder ratio of 0.25 with varying CaO dosages were prepared, and their properties were explored through compressive strength test, MIP, XRD, SEM, TGA and autogenous shrinkage. The results indicated that the incorporated

This paper presents a detailed study of parameters that makes concrete resistant to ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) fertilizer attack. The major goal of this research work is to study the effect of ammonium nitrate on the strength and microstructure of silica fume (SF) composite concrete by performing microscopic testing techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) & Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to

Lead-zinc smelting slag (LZSS) is an industrial waste which is considered as hazardous waste due to the presence of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr and Cu). These heavy metals can be leached into the ecosystem to pollute the environment. Moreover, LZSS is utilized as the preparation of alkali-activated materials (AAM) because it is rich in aluminosilicates. In order to limit its leaching toxicity, LZSS is

Hydration kinetics and products of MgO-activated slag are investigated by employing multiple analytical characterization techniques and thermodynamic modelling. The main hydration products of this cement are a calcium-aluminosilicate hydrate type gel, ettringite, monosulfate, hydrotalcite, brucite, and a third aluminate hydrate, while the extent of reaction and formation of reaction products significantly