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In this article, a quasi-resonant (QR) flyback converter has been proposed for capacitor charging in a pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) of a nano-satellite. The energy in the transformer leakage inductance can be recycled to the resonant capacitor, suppressing the switch-off voltage spikes on the semiconductor power switch. The power switch is turned on with a hybrid switching mode. In this mode, vall

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The driving frequency of a microstrip concentric split-ring resonator (CSRR) was varied to determine how the generated microplasma changes as a function of frequency, specifically at off-resonant frequencies. The microplasmas were generated in argon at 1 torr, using a forward microwave power level of approximately 10 W. The resonant frequency was experimentally found to be 796 MHz, and measurements

This article is devoted to the presentation of a numerical model of a Helicon Plasma Thruster (HPT) which relies on: 1) the 3-D adVanced fluId dRifT diffUsion plaSma solver (3D-VIRTUS) for the simulation of the plasma source and 2) an analytical model of the plume for the solution of the plasma acceleration and detachment, and in turn for the preliminary estimation of the propulsive performances (e

In this article, a millimeter-wave gyrotron using a metal photonic band gap (PBG) cavity as its RF interaction circuit is studied for its tunability. A PBG cavity operating in a TE 7,2 -like mode is designed and analyzed for its mode selective property at ~260 GHz. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation of the PBG gyrotron predicted a continuous wave (CW) RF output of ~121 W in the desired TE 7,2 -like

This article presents an efficient electromagnetic (EM) characterization technique to extract the permeability and permittivity tensors of multilayer graphene-plasma formations. This method uses the scattering parameters of normally incident circularly polarized plane waves in free space, making use of the circular polarization to deal with the discontinuity ambiguities in the extracted tensorial permeabilities

This article presents the ultraminiaturized wideband quasi-Chebyshev and -elliptic low-pass power dividers (PDs) with an impedance-transforming function using integrated passive device (IPD) technology, occupying only the sizes of $1.1\times1.2$ mm 2 and $1.1\times1.6$ mm 2 , respectively. The generalized quasi-Chebyshev low-pass matching network with the detailed design procedure is utilized to construct

The effects of nonuniform moving plasma on the polarization properties of electromagnetic (EM) waves were theoretically studied. Taking the ${L}$ -band right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) wave as an example, based on the nonuniform moving plasma slab moving perpendicularly to the incident wave, the relationship between the polarization properties of the transmitted wave and the normalized velocity

A coaxial corrugated gyrotron with two electron beams is investigated on the mode competition. Its time-dependent multimode competition equations and dependence of the starting current on the static magnetic field and the current ratio are given under the two electron beams having unequal currents. On this basis, the influence of the two electron beams having different guiding center radii and currents

A novel high-efficiency magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO) is proposed and investigated in this article. It has three features. First of all, the widths of vanes are nonuniform while the width of resonant cavities in slow wave structure (SWS) remains unchanged. Second, the width of the first extract cavity shrinks and an extra extractor vane is added to enhance the power extraction

Ion bombardment of electrodes in an electric vacuum device can induce high-voltage breakdown. In order to explain this phenomenon, we, for the first time, analyzed a typical model of protons impacting the electrode with the help of a particle-in-cell (PIC)-direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code. In this model, we considered both the secondary electron yield and the gas desorption from the electrode

The effects of super-Gaussian chirped laser pulse and inhomogeneity of plasma on space distribution and amplitude of wakefield are studied. The different super-Gaussian chirped laser pulse envelopes are used to strike the uniform and various inhomogeneous plasmas. The results show that compared with the unchirped laser pulse, the chirped laser pulse can enhance the wakefield generation, make the bubbles’

This article considers two algorithms of a finite-volume solver for the MHD equations with a real-gas equation of state (EOS). Both algorithms use a multistate form of the Harten–Lax–Van Leer approximate Riemann solver as formulated for MHD discontinuities. This solver is modified to use the generalized sound speed from the real-gas EOS. Two methods are tested: EOS evaluation at cell centers and flux

The insulation properties of SF 6 /N 2 mixed gas are important for the insulation design of high-voltage equipment such as gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) and gas-insulated transmission line (GIL). However, the influence of temperature on insulation performance of SF 6 /N 2 under alternating current (ac) voltage is rarely studied. In this article, we did gas breakdown experiments with SF 6 /N 2 mixed

A simplified numerical model to simulate plasma occurring in a magnetron sputtering device is presented. Motions and collisions of charged gas particles are modeled by the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method on an adaptive Cartesian mesh structure. An electromagnetic (EM) field equation is solved by the finite volume method, a discretization method. The potential of the EM field influences

This article deals with the effects of homopolar magnetic fields on the lifetime of low-current dc vacuum arcs. A homopolar magnetic field is a distribution with the axially symmetric radially oriented field in the contact gap. It is produced when two dipole magnets are kept with the same poles facing each other. Switching experiments are conducted using an off-the-shelf ac vacuum contactor, and the

We studied the effects of nonthermal plasma (NTP) treatment on various parameters of early germination stages of Pinus nigra seeds. In the experiment, the diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (DCSBD) with treatment time periods of 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, and 60 s was used. Changes on the plasma-treated seed surface were studied by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

The effects of radio-frequency (RF) power on the formation and growth of carbon films are investigated in Ar/CH 4 plasma jet driven by the 100-MHz/100-kHz dual-frequency at atmospheric pressure. The excited species, morphology, and structure of the samples were evaluated by optical emission spectroscopy (OES), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively

Amoxicillin (AMX) is one of the most widely used antibiotic drugs, which plays an effective role in eliminating bacterial and fungal diseases. However, on account of its poor biodegradability, AMX often leads to water pollution. In this study, the AMX in water was oxidized by atmospheric-pressure air microplasma (APAM). The degradation pathway of AMX in aqueous solution was studied at the molecular

Due to its favorable temperature and velocity distributions, a lamina plasma jet, generated by a laminar plasma torch (LPT), is superior to a turbulent plasma jet on some applications. However, most of the reported LPTs usually work at a relatively low output power with a relatively low arc voltage and thermal efficiency, limiting its capability in the applications such as the surface hardening, synthesis

In this article, a negative dc multineedle-to-water discharge device was designed to generate plasma-activated water (PAW) with a total volume of 580 mL. The physicochemical properties of PAW were investigated. The results showed that the products concentration of PAW and its acidity were not continuously increased by adding the applied voltage. When it turned from pulse corona discharge to DC glow-like

In a dielectric barrier discharge, countless pulsed microdischarges with a diameter of about $100~\mu \text{m}$ appear and disappear. Since such microdischarges will affect ozone generation, it is important to understand their characteristics. In the case of a short discharge gap, which has been adopted recently, the transferred charge of a microdischarge is treated as a sphere on the dielectric to

This article presents a numerical investigation on the energy spectrum of electrons (ESE) in an atmospheric-pressure argon plasma jet, based on a typical needle-plate discharge system with a positive applied voltage and a 1-D particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision model. The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the ESEs in the three characteristic areas have been revealed. The three characteristic

In this work, the reactive species generation and its correlation with electron energy in atmospheric-pressure helium/humid air plasma jets have been numerically investigated based on a needle-plane electrode geometry by using a 2-D fluid model. With the increase in the voltage amplitude, the averaged electron energy increases, the respective averaged densities of OH, O( 1 D), and O − increase, while

As the inner wall pressure increases during gun shooting, the fatigue life of a gun barrel is reduced. This article proposed a method based on magnetically confined plasma theory to increase the fatigue life of a gun barrel. The core idea was to reduce the pressure on the inner wall of the gun barrel by restraining the movement of plasma inside it via the solenoid magnetic field. As a result, its fatigue

Critical atmospheric pollutants of various types continue to challenge researchers to develop their mitigation methodologies. In this study, we report our recent results on a simple and convenient approach for chemical conversion of gaseous benzene (Bz) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 mixtures with and without argon diluent to salicylic acid (SA) employing dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) cold plasma technique

The dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBDP) has been produced by the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor that has been established to operate at atmospheric pressure. DBD reactor consists of two parallel metal electrodes, one is a high-voltage (HV) electrode with a circular iron plate shape and the other is a rectangular steel plate, and the ground electrode with a dielectric material covered

The rapid development of the industry, rapid population growth, and the increase in the number of modern vehicles used lead to excessive energy consumption. For the purpose of meeting this consumption, the majority of energy is produced as a result of the burning of fossil fuels, especially in underdeveloped countries due to the fact that renewable energy sources have not reached the technological

Applications of nonequilibrium low-temperature oxygen electron-beam plasma (EBP) for the controllable processing of biopolymers (crab shell chitosan and softwood lignocellulose) are described. Water-soluble chitooligosaccharides with weight-average molecular mass $M_{w} = 800$ –2000 Da and polymerization degree varying from dimers to heptamers were obtained after the EBP-stimulated chitosan destruction;

Low-energy ion beam bombardment can induce various biological effects on plants, including stimulation, damage, and mutation. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the biological effects of ion implantation are not fully understood. In this article, ion beam implantation was performed on Indica–Japonica intersubspecific tetraploid rice seeds to explore the responses of their seedlings

Cancer treatment based on ultrashort pulses of strong electric fields has been developed as a novel biological application. This article focuses on the design of a compact high-power nanosecond pulsed electromagnetic wave generator for realizing cancer treatment via ultrashort pulsed electric fields. For this purpose, we developed a pulsed power generator that continuously outputs multiple pulses via

This article aims to understand the physics of pulsed plasmas by investigating the ionization and recombination of pulsed plasmas on the nanosecond timescale and how operating conditions affect the time-resolved electron temperature and electron density of a pulsed plasma. A nanosecond-pulsed argon plasma discharge was generated at various pulse frequencies, widths, and pressures. The argon emission

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) can produce a large amount of active particles and has many applications in the industry. In order to study the effect of different rising edges, falling edges, and waveform voltages on DBD, a novel all-solid-state bipolar multilevel high-voltage pulse generator is proposed. Compared with other topologies, the proposed system can achieve more levels of waveforms with

With the development of semiconductor switches in recent years, inductive energy storage has shown a good application potential in pulsed-power supplies. In our previous studies, a repetitive inductive pulsed-power supply (IPPS) circuit topology was proposed to generate continuous current pulses. An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is used as the main switch to cut off the charging current

Electric pulses can create pores and/or render cell membranes permeable, and this effect has been studied for decades. Applications include cell membrane permeabilization for gene electrotransfer, drug delivery, and related electrochemotherapy, as well as tissue ablation. Here, we probe the use of time-varying magnetic fields to modulate the transmembrane voltage (TMV) across cell membranes through

The influences of parameters on the emission performance of a novel multipacting cathode are numerically investigated by using particle-in-cell (PIC) method in this article, including cathode length, material secondary electron yield (SEY), and the magnitude values of external magnetic field, applied axial and radial electric field. The numerical results demonstrate that the effective way of improving

The high-efficiency mode of electromagnetic launcher (EML) operation is investigated. The high-efficiency mode for some launchers is achieved when the EML is operated in zero exit current (ZC) mode. Several power supply strategies to achieve high-efficiency ZC mode are presented. The investigation defines the ideal high-efficiency power supply for high-efficiency ZC mode launcher operation. The ideal

The development of the Fitch and Howell approach to the powerful rectangular nanosecond pulses formation by the summation of partial pulses generated by a set of double forming lines is considered in this article. Generators designed according to this scheme are often used in pulse power applications and are usually called stacked Blumlein pulser. A variant of a transition from the Fitch circuit using

The oxidation of methyl orange (MO) under the influence of radiation from spark discharge plasma in air and a low-pressure mercury lamp is studied. Two modes of sample processing are compared: the action of radiation on an aqueous solution of MO (mode 1, direct action) and the action of radiation on water, after which the water is mixed with a solution of MO (mode 2, indirect action). The radiation

Ionization of air around the surface of the ac transmission line results in corona discharge, a form of plasma. In this proposed article, the effect of corona discharge in terms of corona loss (CL) due to the application of high voltage has been investigated using a specially designed small indoor corona cage. Initially, CL is measured for a 12-mm-diameter solid aluminum bare conductor (Al) and later

HFO1234zeE is an environmental-friendly gas with the potential to replace sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ). Therefore, research on the breakdown and decomposition characteristics of the HFO1234zeE gas mixture was conducted. The breakdown experiments of the 20% HFO1234zeE/80% N 2 gas mixture under different electric fields were performed, and the feasibility of replacing SF 6 with HFO1234zeE was verified

The objective of this article is to investigate the effect of contact material on the formation and transition of high-current anode spots and anode plumes. A series of experiments are carried out in a demountable vacuum chamber at three current levels of 3, 4, and 6.5 kA. Plate contacts made of CuCr30 and CuCr40 with a diameter of 10 mm are adopted. Arc images are captured by a high-speed camera and

Investigating the effects of single impulse current (SIC) and multiwaveform multipulse currents (MWMPCs) on metal contributes to the body of knowledge on lightning damage characteristics and mechanisms. This information is the basis for lightning protection of metal-made structures such as oil tanks, wires, and aircraft. In this article, three typical impulse currents, the 30-/80- $\mu \text{s}$ waveform

In the absence of an external magnetic field, a cathode spot (CS) of a vacuum arc experiences a Brownian random walk (jumps) along the surface. A magnetic field parallel to the surface causes spot drift in the anti-Amperian direction (retrograde motion). Three statements are suggested to explain the retrograde motion and its features: 1) each CS jump is associated with a voltage drop fluctuation $\Delta

This article discusses and analyzes the quantification of differential potential developed due to the effect of secondary electron yield (SEY) and backscattered electron yield (BEY) at adjacent dissimilar material surfaces present in a spacecraft. Subsequently, the differential potential creates electrostatic discharge (ESD). The threshold potential for generating the ESD is captured for the generalized

The characteristics of dust coagulation process in gravitational direction are investigated in an ethylene RF (radio frequency) discharge plasma system. The experiment shows that dust particles can aggregate into the huge fractal structure (centimeter scale). The coagulation process is mainly characterized by the scattering laser intensity, the distribution of dust clouds, and the fractal dimension

Compression of a magnetized plasma in the form of a field-reversed configuration (FRC) to megagauss magnetic field levels by implosion of a surrounding cylindrical liner of liquid metal must address the need for implosion times sufficiently short compared with various loss times from the FRC. This issue is examined in the context of FRCs with high elongation, which may allow stability. Implosion times

Electromagnetic launcher relies primarily on initial mechanical interference to provide contact pressure on the initial launch phase to maintain good electrical contact performance at the rail/armature (A/R) contact interface. Reasonable design of the bore and armature’s structure can provide good contact pressure and improve the current density distribution at the A/R interface, reducing the melting

Synchronous induction coilgun (SICG) typically includes an array of drive coils and a conductive armature. The structure of the drive coil and armature can greatly affect the launching performance of SICG. The traditional drive coils and armatures have a cylinder-shaped structure for simplicity and ease of fabrication. In this article, a novel structural SICG with stepped drive coil and stepped armature

A medium-power broadband-tuning terahertz (THz) gyrotron operating at low voltages is especially attractive for applications in biomedicine. This article tends to elaborate on the challenges related to startup oscillation and ohmic loss suppression of an extremely low-voltage THz gyrotron. High interaction efficiency is achievable by applying long transit time of electrons to compensate the unfavorable

The properties of 2-D photonic bandgap dielectric structures, also called photonic crystals, are numerically investigated to assist the design of waveguides for terahertz (THz)-driven linear electron acceleration. Given the broadband nature of the driving pulses in THz acceleration regimes, one design aim is to maximize the photonic bandgap width to allow propagation of the relevant frequencies within

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