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The nonlinear propagation of ion-acoustic (IA) solitons and double layers (DLs) in a nonrelativistic degenerate plasma is investigated. This plasma model consists of negative ions, positive ions, and degenerate electrons. The Gardner equation is derived using the reductive perturbation technique. Both the Gardner solitons and DLs exist in our model. The characteristics of these waves are analyzed.

It is known that, in the strong electric field, electrons undergo continuous acceleration [runaway electrons (REs)] even in dense media, receiving from the field more energy than lose via interactions with the ambient atomic particles. We, here, analyze the effect of the angular scattering of electrons in inelastic interactions on the runaway process. For this purpose, we developed a Monte Carlo (MC)

This work presents a systematic numerical investigation on the behaviors of electrons in the bullet in the Ar/O 2 plasma jet in changing oxygen concentration and the applied voltage, based on a needle-plate discharge configuration and a 1-D particle-in-cell Monte-Carlo collision (PIC-MCC) method. The increase in oxygen concentration allows more electrons to be scattered toward the target, i.e., more

In this article, a novel nonlinear model is proposed to describe the permittivity of the plasma, and the nonlinear optical bistable phenomenon of the 1-D photonic crystals, which is composed of a nonlinear plasma defect layer, is theoretically investigated by the conventional transfer matrix method (TMM) under TM wave. It is figured out that the permittivity of nonlinear plasma exists in bistable state

The classical Ramo–Shockley (RS) theorem gives the current induced on perfect conductors by the motion of nearby charges, assuming nonrelativistic motion of those charges in electrostatic fields. This article illustrates how relativistic and electromagnetic effects modify RS in some simple examples. Specifically, we present explicit, closed form analytic solutions of Maxwell’s equations for the induced

This study presents the conception and development of a microwave (MW) applicator based on a TM010 cavity and a pulsed MW source, both custom-designed for evaluation of MW disruption of microalgae. The objective is the selective heating of microalgae immersed in their environment. The applicator enables exposing microalgae suspension to MW in continuous flow mode and monitoring the energy absorbed

During the reentry process of a spacecraft, a plasma sheath will attenuate and distort the amplitude and phase of the transmitting electromagnetic (EM) waves, influencing signal reception and measurement accuracy of the direction of wave arrival of the spacecraft-borne array antenna, by which the spacecraft communication and guidance system may be affected. To solve this problem, based on the space

A circuit modeling approach for self-sustained capacitively coupled microwave plasmas is introduced and validated in this article. The model solves the particle balance equation using a novel circuit optimization scheme to calculate the plasma parameters like electron density, sheath thickness, and electron temperature for a given input power, operating frequency, gas type, and pressure. While the

Theory and simulations predict the metamaterial-enhanced resistive wall amplifier (MERWA) may offer improvements to megawatt-level high-power microwave (HPM) amplifiers in terms of combined bandwidth and gain rates. A low-power proof-of-concept test prototype has been designed using a metamaterial (MTM) consisting of a linear array of periodically spaced thin lossy meandered wires. Direct simulations

The beam–wave interaction analysis in the RF interaction structure of magnetically insulated line oscillator (MILO) is presented. The analysis is carried out using the linearized Vlasov equation by considering the equivalent circuit approach. Taking into account, the beam present dispersion relation is derived to obtain the temporal growth rate and oscillation frequency. In addition, the RF energy

There are several configurations of a microwave chemical vapor deposition (MWCVD) reactor. The common characteristic of this reactor is the presence of waveguides. We describe a method that replaces the waveguide, responsible for conducting electromagnetic waves, with a resonant cavity (RC) coupled to a low-pressure chamber. Using RCs over waveguides can help produce dense plasma, which can be used

A nonmagnetized collisional plasma parameter estimator from two frequency signal interrogation attenuation is developed. The plasma parameters that are estimated are the plasma frequency, electron neutral momentum collision frequency, and the plasma thickness. The plasma frequency and electron neutral momentum collision frequency are considered uniform across the plasma thickness. The relative permittivity

The article presents the investigation results on the main angular divergence sources of a high-current relativistic electron beam when it passes through a real 12° bend magnet of the transport system in the linear induction accelerator (LIA), being developed by collaboration of Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), Novosibirsk, Russia, and Russian Federal Nuclear Center—Zababakhin All-Russia

The traditional Vivaldi antenna is well known for its ultrawide bandwidth, but low gain. To enhance the radiation characteristics, we propose a new method by adding an additional structure that supports spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPP) as the parasitic element. The proposed patch has an enhanced gain over whole frequency band without deteriorating the bandwidth. The Sommerfeld–Zenneck wave mode

Highly charged ion sources play an important role in the advancement of heavy-ion accelerators worldwide. Demands of highly charged heavy ions for new and existing accelerators have driven the performance of ion sources to their limits. A new high charge state ion accumulating trap concept is proposed that converts a dc ion beam from an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source into a short-pulsed

The anode and the cathode of the cylindrical $\Pi $ cathode diode are not coaxial, and the quantitative calculation of its space charge limited current (SCLC) has not been reported. In this article, we propose the SCLC quantitative expression of cylindrical $\Pi $ cathode diode through improving the theory model of Japanese distinguished scholar Y. Koike ( ) based on the 3/2 power law of SCLC of the

The need for enhanced performance of high-power RF vacuum electron devices has led to the investigation of multiple-beam, sheet beam, and annular beam configurations. A key issue with such devices is the magnetic field shaping required producing high-power, laminar beams. Field shaping is difficult when Pierce-type gun geometries are employed. The development of high current density cathodes makes

Atmospheric pressure cold plasma generated using a radio frequency hollow cathode (RFHC) device recently showed its potent virucidal characteristics. For this purpose, the atmospheric pressure cold plasma of Ar was generated with a specially designed electrode using RF (13.56 MHz) power. In order to establish a correlation between the generated plasma species and its virucidal activity, systematic

In order to improve the efficiency of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) contaminants treatment and reduce the treatment cost, a multiphase DBD plasma water treatment reactor is used in this article. When processing methylene blue solution, the electrode distance is 3 mm, the input voltage is 85 V, and the input frequency is 7.8 kHz. The degradation rate can be maintained at about 90% when the experiment

In this study, a direct-current multineedle-plate corona discharge with different parameters was used to treat Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim. ex Kom. Cheng f.) seeds and study the effect of corona discharge physicochemical etching on these seeds. Results showed that the surface of the seed coat of A. mongolicus had wind erosion after corona discharge treatment, a large number of small ravines were

In this article, the investigation has been carried out for the characterization of the proposed tapered geometry of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)-based cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet (C-APPJ) on the basis of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and imaging for different operating parameters, such as argon gas flow rates, applied voltages, and frequencies. The detailed characteristics for

We used helical antenna-coupled radio frequency (RF) plasmas to study the evolution of the mode transition power and electron kinetics under different applied magnetic fields and argon pressures. Langmuir probe and emission spectrum data indicate that the discharge mode changes from the capacitive coupling E mode to the inductive coupling H mode through a strong mixed mode (E + H). One reason for this

We derive some approximate expressions for the current through an electrically short dipole probe immersed in a cold magnetized plasma. The time-varying current signal due to an applied voltage input to the probe is proportional to plasma parameters such as electron density and electron neutral collision frequency in the ionosphere. By taking Laplace transformations and examining the parallel and perpendicular

As a kind of high power pulse power supply, the air-core compensated pulse alternator (CPA) is widely used in electromagnetic emission, laser weapon, pulse capacitor charging, and other fields. A brush structure or a brushless structure can be used in the air-core CPA. Because the brushless structure is more suitable for high-speed operation and has higher reliability, more and more scholars have studied

Pulsed electric fields (PEFs) had the potential to be a new pasteurization technology due to its advantages of energy-saving, high efficiency, and less influence on food quality based on the electroporation effect of PEF on microorganisms. At the same time, temperature played a significant role in the electroporation process. We established a two-membrane dielectric model that coupled temperature and

A semicombustible plasma generator (SCPG), including a special tubular semicombustible medium, is introduced to improve the discharge property of the plasma generator and enhance the electrothermal–chemical (ETC) launch efficiency. The new structure of SCPG is mixed with both capillary plasma generator (CPG) and discharge rod plasma generator (DRPG). After the design and simulation, the electrical

To establish an effective recycling process for waste photovoltaic (PV) panels, a wire explosion method using a high-voltage pulsed discharge was used to separate silver (Ag) from an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer resin sheet. The cell used in the experiment was prepared by removing the aluminum frame and the glass cover plate from the waste PV panel. Ag particle recovery experiments were conducted

Experimental investigations have been carried out to establish a correlation of energy coupling efficiency in fast electrical explosion of different metals with known electrical and thermophysical properties. To cover a wide range of metal properties, in the present study, five metals (Au, Cu, Al, W, and Ti) are considered from two well-known groups (refractory and non refractory) and palladium is

This article describes the performance of a multi-gap, multichannel (MGMC) spark gap switch, evaluated numerically and experimentally, to achieve multichanneling using a relatively low-magnitude trigger pulse. First, an electrostatic analysis of the switch geometry was carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 to determine the electric field distribution during high-voltage hold-off before triggering

There have already a lot of circuit topologies for pulsed power generators using semiconductor switches. In this article, a novel circuit topology concept that can generate bipolar pulses based on linear transformer driver (LTD) topology is presented. Different from traditionally capacitive energy storage (CES) method, we utilize magnetic core as inductive energy storage (IES) medium to accumulate

Simple low-temperature pulsed power dissociation method for high resistive liquid is proposed in this article. Active high voltage rebound tailing pulse (RTP) diodes are adopted to conventional high voltage pulse power sources. In order to explain this method, the study was performed using deionized water (DIW) (high resistive $>17~\text{M}\Omega \cdot $ cm) electrolysis with two immersed electrodes

The intensity of the shockwave generated by the high-current pulse discharge in the liquid is mainly determined by the deposited energy during the accelerated expansion stage of the arc plasma channel. Under the same discharge condition, there is randomness in the shape of the arc channel. Generally, longer arc channels have larger impedance, which can obtain more energy and generate stronger shockwaves

In this article, we present two methods for calculation of the inductance of toroidal inductor wound by rectangular cross-sectional wire, considering that the current density is inversely proportional to the circular coil radius. The first method is to simplify the helical toroidal coil into a thick-walled toroidal, and based on Grover’s toroidal inductor formula, the inductance is obtained by calculation

Since 2016, Hanwha Defense Corporation has been working on applying electromagnetic launch technologies such as induction coilguns to cold-launch systems that can launch guided missiles. First, a design procedure of a multistage coilgun system based on the pulsed power driven by capacitor banks was developed using the Taguchi method, and a laboratory-scale three-stage coilgun capable of launching a

Lightning accidents seriously threaten the safe operation of wind turbines due to the unclear initiation mechanism of the airborne lightning-induced discharges on turbine blades, in which turbine rotation is one of the principal influencing factors. To study the impact mechanism of wind turbine rotation on corona discharge inception, a numerical model with the dynamic meshing of charged ions in the

Insulation system health is crucial for reliable, lifelong operation of almost any electrical apparatus. While many studies have focused on the testing, modeling, and analysis of insulation aging mechanisms, research is needed to overcome new challenges in electric power systems. Fortunately, the progress in data analytics methods has opened up new opportunities to extract information from datasets

One of the key challenges in the design of gas lasers powered by pulsed power circuits pertains to reducing the flow of current through the electrodes during the filamentary discharge phase. This phase occurs after the lasing period (“volume glow”) is terminated due to discharge instabilities and the current flow during this period is referred to as late currents. Late currents contribute to electrode

Levitation of pollen particles has been demonstrated in a radio frequency (RF) plasma. Pollen particles from Japanese cypress are levitated to various heights from lower electrode, where they spontaneously form quasi ordered state. Levitating pollen particles are identified from divinylbenzene particles in real-time using the polarization imaging technique.

Time-dependent shear motion of dust particles in a three-dimensional (3-D) strongly coupled dusty plasma under microgravity conditions was investigated using the European Space Agency–Roscosmos facility Plasma-Kristall 4 (PK-4) on the International Space Station (ISS). The dust particles, which were negatively charged, were trapped in a glow discharge plasma powered by a dc voltage that switched its

This article describes the research, development, and testing of a 15-kA solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) prototype applied to the switch network unit (SNU) of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The circuit scheme composed of parallel connected integrated gate-commutated thyristors (IGCTs) and the diode bridge to realize bidirectional breaker ability is presented first. In

Design, development, manufacturing, and test activities of the RF power system (RFPS) for Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator (LIPAc) were completed in Europe. Installation and commissioning activities were carried out at the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility-Engineering Validation and Engineering Design Activities (IFMIF/EVEDA) site in Rokkasho, Japan. Challenging IFMIF requirements

Enhancing the inductance gradient of an electromagnetic railgun (EMRG) directly translates to an improvement in the force on the projectile. Fileting the rails on one side is one of the ways to improve the inductance gradient. This work focuses on the effects of filet arc radius on different parameters of inductance gradient, current density distribution, magnetic flux density, barrel efficiency, breech

The laminate-containment launcher is a high-efficiency electromagnetic railgun launcher (EMRL), which uses a laminate structure to reduce eddy current loss. However, the research on the design optimization of the laminate-containment launcher with prestress and mass as the goal is rarely mentioned. In this article, some key parameters of the laminate-containment launcher—the magnitude of interference

The laminate-containment structure is a kind of high-efficiency containment structure, which reduces the eddy current and increases the velocity of the armature. However, the research on the whole launching process of the laminate-containment launcher is rarely mentioned. In order to realize the numerical simulation of the whole launching process of the laminate-containment launcher, a simplified model

Arc ignition technology is one of the most feasible strategies for releasing the residual energy of electromagnetic rail launch (EMRL). The muzzle arc characteristic must be considered in the design of arc ignition devices, because it is a main factor affecting the intermediate ballistic trajectory. Based on the theory of magnetohydrodynamics (MHDs), this work has made numerical simulation of muzzle

We report a theoretical investigation for extremely bright terahertz (THz) radiation generation by mixing of dichromatic Hermite–Cosh–Gaussian (HChG) laser beams in periodically rippled density plasma in the presence of external dc magnetic field. The magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the direction of propagation and to the polarization states of laser beams. THz field amplitude significantly

In this article, design of a high-order-mode (TE 20 -mode) staggered double vane (SDV) traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) with two pencil electron beams is presented. Since, the dimensions are larger when compared to fundamental mode TWTAs, the high-power capacity can be achieved. Meanwhile, several ways to suppress the fundamental mode competition and improve the stability of our high-order-mode

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It is shown that the classical equation describing the Yukawa diagram cannot satisfactorily describe a system of charged grains in a dusty plasma in a wide range of the structure factor values. A new approach to the diagrammatic analysis of Yukawa systems is proposed. Equations are obtained for the analytical description of the Yukawa diagram in a wide range of the structure factor values in the framework

Silicone rubber nanocomposites were prepared using 1, 3, 5, and 10 wt% of alumina nanofiller. Corona inception voltage (CIV) due to water droplets was measured using fluorescence technique, and it has decreased for alumina-added silicone rubber nanocomposites and with corona-aged samples. The effect of the corona discharges on the surface morphology characteristics of the nanocomposites was analyzed

In this article, we present an improved design of a bifrequency magnetically insulated line oscillator (BFMILO). We begin with design expressions for the output section parameters considering transmission line impedance across the extractor. This helps in proper impedance matching so as to maximize the RF power exchange arising out of the intense beam-wave interaction. In order to reproduce more RF

In this article, the Vlasov–Maxwell equations have been integrated by the forward semi-Lagrangian method to compute the soft X-ray (SXR) emission from a dense plasma focus device filled with pure and impure argon. The impurity has been assumed as copper of which the electrodes were made. The results have shown that, in the case of pure argon, the emission power reached up to $3.5 \times 10^{9}{\mathrm

The gliding arc (Glidarc) electric discharge generates nonthermal plasma at atmospheric pressure. This work proposes to investigate the effect of humid air Glidarc plasma on maize seeds by studying the early germination and the effect on maize pathogens potentially harmful. The seeds were treated for 300 and 900 s in spatial post-discharge mode. At the first sight, there was a coloration change of

Surgical incision infection of multidrug-resistant microorganisms (e.g., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , MRSA) is a severe cause of poor wound healing, which is prevalent in healthcare facilities and constitutes a huge infectious disease burden in the world. The purpose of this study is to investigate the medical application and possible mechanisms of the cold atmospheric plasma jet on

Electrical discharge-based nonthermal plasma is being used for the past three decades at laboratory level to treat the oxides of nitrogen (NO X ) present in diesel exhaust. To improve the NO X abatement, commercially available expensive catalysts and adsorbents are usually used in combination with plasma. In this article, a new line of experiments was initiated to explore plasma activation of the red