Objective To investigate differences in SNPs in TLR genes between people who had keratitis and controls in an Indian population. Methods 145 cases of keratitis and 189 matched controls were recruited. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in TLR2 (n = 6), TLR4 (n = 15), TLR5 (n = 13) and TLR9 (n = 10) were analysed. The risk of developing keratitis was assessed

Purpose To investigate the behaviour of contact lens (CL) wearers in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods An anonymized web-based questionnaire was used to assess demographics, CL history, and activity, CL wear habits and perceived risk of infection due to CL wear during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results A total of 737 participants with an average age of 27.4 (±9.3) years completed the online questionnaire

Objective To measure and compare the vision-related quality of life between Chinese children wearing orthokeratology (ortho-k) lenses and single vision spectacles, to understand acceptance of ortho-k treatment by children in China. Methods Subjects of Chinese origin, with myopia of -5.00 to -0.75 D, astigmatism < 1.50 D were recruited. All subjects had been wearing optical correction – ortho-k lenses

While scleral lenses have been fitted using diagnostic lenses or impression moulding techniques for over a century, recent advances in anterior segment imaging such as optical coherence tomography and corneo-scleral profilometry have significantly improved the current understanding of the anatomy of the anterior eye including the morphometry of the conjunctiva, sclera, and corneo-scleral junction,

Purpose To analyse and compare the alterations in corneal endothelium morphology induced by different materials and durations of wearing soft contact lenses (CL) among young adults living in Kuala Lumpur. Methods Healthy soft CL wearers were invited to participate in this study. Visual acuity (VA) was measured using the Snellen chart, and subjective refraction was performed using cross-cylinder technique

Purpose To determine the effectiveness of the Aurai water propelled, heating Eye Massager (AEM) in managing dry eye disease and its effects on the ocular adnexa. Methods This prospective, randomised cross-over study enrolled 15 participants (aged 25.8 ± 5.45 years, 5 male). Participants wore a smart watch 24 h a day to track their sleeping cycle and heart rate for 4 weeks, using the AEM twice a day

Overnight orthokeratology lenses are approved in countries all over the world for the temporary reduction in myopia, and recently, one lens design has received regulatory approval for myopia control in Europe. The modern orthokeratology lens has a substantial history from its origins of attempting to flatten the corneal curvature with a spherical rigid contact lens to sophisticated gas permeable lenses

Purpose To analyse the one-month change in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) of myopic children treated with 0.01 % atropine, orthokeratology (OK), or their combination. Methods This is a prospective, randomized controlled trial. One hundred fifty-four children aged between 8 and 12 years with a spherical equivalent (SE) of -1.00 to -6.00 diopters were enrolled. Subjects were randomly assigned

Purpose To evaluate differences in corneoscleral shape in keratoconus patients with and without specialty lenses compared to controls. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed comparing three groups of keratoconus eyes: 24 lens-naïve keratoconus eyes (17 patients; group 1), 7 eyes with corneal lens wear (7 patients; group 2) and 7 eyes with scleral lens wear (7 patients; group 3). For comparison

Purpose To assess the impact of using different numbers of cells in calculations of the coefficient of variation (COV) value for normal and polymegethous endothelia Methods Four sets of 20 non-contact specular microscope images obtained from Caucasian individuals were assessed, and categorized according to the extent of polymegethism, i.e. grade 0 (none), grade 1 (mild), grade 2 (moderate) and grade

Purpose To analyze the therapeutic benefits of limbal-supported contact lens (CL) wear in patients with ocular sequelae due to Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Methods This interventional study enrolled 10 chronic SJS/TEN eyes with a spectacle best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of between 0.01 and 0.7 that were fitted with a limbal-supported CL. At baseline and at after

Purpose To investigate the interaction of a novel low molecular weight hyaluronic acid derivative containing hydrophobic groups with soft contact lenses and its effect on lens hydrophilicity compared with a conventional form of hyaluronic acid. Methods This investigation studied the uptake of fluorescently-labelled hyaluronic acid and a low molecular weight hyaluronic acid derivative to four types

Purpose To examine the variation in intraocular pressure (IOP) during the first six months of scleral lens wear. Methods Thirty-two neophyte scleral lens wearers were recruited and IOP was measured using Goldman applanation tonometry before, and after 1 and 6 months of scleral lens wear (following lens removal). All scleral lenses were designed based on scleral topography or an impression of the ocular

To examine the role of incomplete blinking in contributing to blink inefficiency, symptoms of dry eye and ocular surface disease. To review methods for diagnosing blink inefficiency (including both reduced overall blink rate and increased incomplete blink rate) and the role of remediation for efficient complete blinking as an essential part of the lacrimal functional unit in maintaining tear homeostasis

Purpose To find an appropriate correlation between the base curve (BC) of rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses and manual keratometry findings in Iranian patients with keratoconus (KCN) in order to simplify the fitting process, reduce the time, and lower the costs. Method This retrospective study was done in 121 eyes of 69 patients with KCN fitted with a specific trial set of RGP contact lenses

Purpose Lipid deposition on contact lenses (CL) has traditionally been believed to reduce comfort during CL wear. The purpose of this study was to quantify lipid deposition on CL in a group of symptomatic and asymptomatic adapted CL wearers. Methods This was a single-masked, randomized clinical trial. Only confirmed symptomatic (comfortable lens wear time (CWT) < 8 h and a noticeable reduction in comfort

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of topical ivermectin-metronidazole combined therapy in the management of Demodex-associatedblepharitis. Methods Sixty patients with a diagnosis of Demodex-associatedblepharitis were recruited in a randomized clinical trial. Thirty receiving topical ivermectin (0.1%)-metronidazole (1%) gel treatment on days 0, 15 and 30. Thirty additional patients were used as a control

Purpose To report the use of corneoscleral lenses (CSL) in keratoconus patients who were unsatisfied with their visual outcomes after keratoplasty surgery. Methods Eleven consecutive cases with unsatisfactory vision with spectacles, due to irregular astigmatism, preferred to try CSL before SL due to handling or economic issues. An eye examination included refraction and visual acuity assessment, anterior

PURPOSE To investigate the current patterns of diagnosis and referral in keratoconus. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed of patients who had recently been diagnosed with keratoconus and attended dedicated clinics at Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium and Maria Middelares General Hospital, Ghent, Belgium between June 2013 and February 2018. Exclusion criteria included longstanding

PURPOSE To demonstrate an alternative to the rinse and rub (RR) method for cleaning pollutants from the exterior surface of soft contact lenses. This proposed technique is termed Polymer on Polymer Pollutant Removal (PoPPR), which utilizes the elastic properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to physically remove contaminants from contact lens surfaces through non-adhesive unpeeling. METHODS Three

PURPOSE Lid wiper epitheliopathy (LWE) is a clinical sign that has been associated with dry eye disease. This study used a semi-automated method to identify the effect of drop instillation and post-dye viewing time on the absorption of lissamine green (LG) and sodium fluorescein (NaFl) on the upper eyelid in order to ascertain the optimal identification for LWE assessment. METHODS In 37 participants

PURPOSE Return zone depth (RZD) and landing zone angle (LZA) are important parameters of corneal refractive therapy (CRT) lenses. A new machine learning algorithm is proposed for prescribing CRT lens parameters in Chinese adolescents with myopia. METHODS This is a retrospective study. In total, 1037 Chinese adolescents with myopia (1037 right eyes) were enrolled. A calculation model based on corneal

PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to review the safety and efficacy of topical artificial tears and rewetting drops with contact lenses (CLs) and the ocular surface. METHODS Manuscripts were obtained by searching PubMed with the term "contact lens" and "artificial tears" or "rewetting drops" or "lubricant". Recovered texts were searched to find additional references. No date exclusions were applied

PURPOSE Dry eye disease (DED) is an important public health concern given its increasing prevalence and impact on patient quality of life. Blinking frequency and completeness are reduced during digital screen exposure, compromising meibum secretion and distribution, causing tear film instability and leading to DED. This study evaluated the effects of blinking exercises on blink pattern and clinical

OBJECTIVE To report the study design and one month's preliminary results of a randomized, single-masked, one-year prospective study of orthokeratology (ortho-k) in adults wearing lenses of different compression factors. METHODS Adults aged 18-38 years, with myopia of -0.75 to -5.00 D and astigmatism < 1.50 D, were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups: a conventional compression factor or

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of overnight orthokeratology (OOK) on the ocular surface and dry eye-related cytokines in children. METHODS A non-randomized, prospective pilot study was conducted including sixty myopes treated with OOK and sixty age-matched spectacle wearing participants. The following tests were performed before and after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months: ocular surface disease index (OSDI)

PURPOSE To subjectively and objectively evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of preservative-free Ectoin ® Eye Spray - Colloidal (EES09) and Tears Again ® Eye Spray (TA) in subjects with mild-moderate dry eye disease (DED), and to compare efficacy of these two eye sprays with each other. METHODS Thirty-six volunteers (average age 32.3 ± 16.1 years; 26 females) were successfully recruited for this

PURPOSE The aim of this project was to evaluate which personal protective equipment (PPE) eye care practitioners (ECP) will use during the next months and also what they will ask the patient to use in clinical practice. METHODS A social-media survey was carried out, asking 257 optometrists and opticians in Germany, Austria and Switzerland (i) which PPE they intended to use in the future (after lockdown

PURPOSE To explore the association between xerostomia and dry eye symptoms in the older adult population. METHODS Secondary analysis of data from 627 participants (346 male, 291 female), with a mean ± SD age of 75 ± 7 years, recruited through the population-based South Australian Dental Longitudinal Study. Participants completed the validated Summated Xerostomia Inventory-Dutch Version questionnaire

Every part of the human body is subject to aging, including the eye. An increased prevalence of dry eye disease with age is widely acknowledged. Aging threatens ocular surface homeostasis, altering the normal functioning of the lacrimal functional unit and potentially leading to signs and symptoms of dry eye. Additional age-related processes take place within the crystalline lens, leading to presbyopia

PURPOSE To evaluate facial Demodex densities in participants with varying severities of blepharitis secondary to Demodex folliculorum assessed by the highest number of cylindrical dandruff on one lid. METHODS This double masked cross-sectional study included 58 participants [19 control, 21 mild/moderate and 18 severe Demodex blepharitis] who underwent a standardized skin-surface biopsy and a lash epilation

Purpose To measure the refractive index (RI) of commonly available soft contact lens (CL) materials, their packaging solutions and compare to the manufacturers’ nominal RI. The relationship between RI versus water content, and the effect of inaccurate RI when converting lens power measured in solution to in-air back vertex power were examined. Methods The RI of 18 single vision soft CL materials were

Purpose To study the light distortion effects of soft multifocal contact lenses and the influence of different pupil size and shape. Methods A total of 14 eyes of 7 healthy contact lens users (mean age 28.6 ± 8.5 years) were recruited. The “Light Disturbance Analyser” device was employed for light characterization. The selected lenses were the monthly disposable “Biofinity multifocal” (CooperVision

BACKGROUND/ AIMS Standardised numeric grading scales are used in ophthalmic practice to improve consistency between clinicians in recording the severity of ocular conditions and to facilitate the monitoring of such changes. We investigated the intra- and inter-observer grading reliability and the agreement between subjective Cornea and Contact Lens Research Unit (CCLRU) and Efron grading scales as

When a contact lens is in contact with the eyelid and the cornea, tear proteins start to be accumulated on the lens and may subsequently undergo conformational changes. Protein adsorption or conformational changes on the lens may lead to discomfort, red eye, or even inflammatory reactions. Although measuring the friction coefficient of contact lens has been linked to comfort degree in vivo, there is

PURPOSE To compare the central and peripheral (< 2 mm from the limbus) endothelial regions of the human cornea of young contact lens (CL) neophytes, in terms of endothelial cell density (ECD), polymorphism through cell hexagonality (HEX), and polymegethism through the coefficient of variation of cell areas (CoV). MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo, central, temporal, and nasal ECDs, HEXs, and CoVs were

PURPOSE To investigate the association between levels of MMP-9, a common marker of inflammation in tears, and changes to the meibomian glands accompanying soft contact lens (CL) wear. METHODS Flush tears were collected from: (1) three groups of CL wearers who had worn CLs on a daily basis for different durations (Short: 2 ± 1 years, Moderate: 5 ± 1 years and Long experience: 10 ± 2 years); (2) a group

AIM To evaluate the effect blepharitis lid cleansers have on the tear film and ocular surface, and to examine the prevalence of Demodex folliculorum in a young population. METHODS Forty-eight university students completed a randomised, controlled, investigator-masked, eight-week clinical trial. Three eyelid hygiene products were investigated: blepharitis eyelid cleanser (OCuSOFT® Lid Scrub® PLUS foam)

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative epithelial healing time and ocular discomfort score in patients wearing two types of silicon hydrogel bandage contact lenses (BCLs) following bilateral photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). METHODS For the study's contralateral eye comparison, 43 patients who underwent bilateral PRK were randomized to be fitted for a senofilcon a lens in one

PURPOSE To compare the effects on ocular temperature and tear film parameters following a single application of a latent heat eyelid warming device at a range of temperature settings. METHODS Fifteen subjects were enrolled in a prospective, investigator-masked, randomised, cross-over trial. On separate days, participants were randomised to 10-minute application of a research latent heat device (Laboratoires

PURPOSE To evaluate the risk factors associated with contamination of lens cases in a group of orthokeratology (ortho-k) lens wearers. METHOD Ortho-k patients attending the Contact Lens Clinic of the Hospital were required to complete a checklist about their routine daily care and handling of lens cases. Their cases were then collected for analysis. Contamination was evaluated by determining the optical

BACKGROUND Contact lens related keratitis is a frequent presentation to acute ophthalmology services. Patients often do not recall being counselled regarding the safe use of contact lenses therefore fail to comply with guidance. This study aimed to identify the content and format of advice given to patients with contact lens keratitis concerning appropriate hygiene practices, determine their compliance

AIM This study aimed to investigate the effect of scleral lens (SL) use on conjunctival microbiota. METHOD A total of 26 eyes of 26 patients using an SL and 25 eyes of 25 healthy controls were included in the study. The samples were obtained from the lower fornices of the eyes using sterile swabs. For the bacteriological examination, a bacterial culture was obtained by inoculating the samples on chocolate

PURPOSE To investigate whether standard clinical measures of tear film stability, meniscus height and symptomology reflect changes in evaporation rate induced by ocular surface provocations. METHODS Forty participants (23.8 ± 4.5 years, 53 % female) with healthy to mild dry eyes underwent two tear film provocations in random sequence on separate occasions: playing a tablet computer high concentration

Purpose While several advanced contact lens (CL) designs are commercially available for vision correction in keratoconus, their visual performance and optical quality, relative to each other and controls remains unclear. This prospective, crossover study tested the hypothesis that these CL designs would have a differential impact on visual performance and optical quality in subjects with advanced keratoconus

Purpose To establish the optimum grading increment which ensured parity between practitioners while maximising clinical precision. Methods Second year optometry students (n = 127, 19.5 ± 1.4 years, 55 % female) and qualified eye care practitioners (n = 61, 40.2 ± 14.8 years, 52 % female) had 30 s to grade each of bulbar, limbal and palpebral hyperaemia of the upper lid of 4 patients imaged live with

PURPOSE To compare the corneal densitometry changes after transepithelial pulsed (t-ACXL), epithelium-off continuous (c-ACXL) and epithelium-off pulsed (p-ACXL), accelerated corneal crosslinking for patients with progressive keratoconus. METHODS Prospective, interventional case series at a university hospital tertiary referral center. Forty eyes received t-ACXL, 40 eyes received c-ACXL, and 40 eyes

Purpose To estimate the prevalence of patient-reported midday fogging and to identify risk factors for midday fogging. Method A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted with an electronic survey that was distributed to scleral lens practitioners. The survey asked them to describe their most recently examined established scleral lens patient. Respondents provided data about patient-reported

PURPOSE Accommodative micro-fluctuations (AMF) are small dioptric changes during accommodation. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare changes in AMF when wearing silicone hydrogel contact lenses of two different optical designs. METHODS A multi-centre, randomised, cross-over, non-dispensing study was conducted on 68 adapted contact lens wearers aged 25-35 years to compare AMF responses

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of artificial tears and warm compress with an eyelid warming mask (EWM) in alleviating dry eye syndrome (DES) in contact lens wearers Methods This study was a prospective, randomized, active-controlled trial. Participants included 81 university students aged 19 or over, who had been wearing contact lenses for more than 1 year; they were

Purpose A number of studies have examined the association between vitamin D and dry eye disease in different populations, but findings are inconclusive. Herein, available observational studies were systematically reviewed to elucidate the overall relationship between vitamin D and dry eye disease among adult population. Methods PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar and ISI web of science databases were searched

Purpose To measure inflammatory mediators in the scleral lens fluid reservoir (FR) in healthy eyes and to compare them to basal tear samples after 8-hs (8h) and 4-days (4d) of scleral lens (SL) wear. Methods Fifteen normal, habitual soft contact lens wearers were fitted with 14.8- or 15.4-mm SLs (Zenlens, Alden Optical, USA). Basal ocular surface tears and FR samples were collected after 8h and 4d

Background The aim of this study was to assess the validity of rebound tonometry measurements obtained over eyes wearing extended-wear bandage contact lenses with the highest oxygen transmissibility (Dk/t) value of 175 @ -3.00 D. Methods A total of 151 normal eyes were included in this prospective pretest-posttest study. A rebound tonometer (iCare PRO) was used to collect intraocular pressure readings

Purpose To demonstrate the necessity of aligning a wavefront-guided scleral lens (WGSL) optical correction to the eye’s effective pupil, with misalignments leading to reduced performance. Case report A 34 year old subject with a history of failed LASIK in the left eye, leading to penetrating keratoplasty, extracapsular extraction of the crystalline lens and neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG)

Objectives Limited literature supports the value of routine contact lens examinations. The purpose of this study is to document complications diagnosed when subjectively successful planned replacement soft contact lens patients are evaluated to renew their existing contact lens prescriptions. Methods Asymptomatic soft contact lens patients who presented to the University Eye Center at Ketchum Health

PURPOSE Since tear film stability can be affected by fluorescein, the Dry Eye Workshop (DEWSII) recommended non-invasive measurement of tear breakup time (NIBUT). The aim of this study was to investigate the agreement and repeatability of four different instruments in the measurement of NIBUT. METHODS 72 participants (mean 24.2 ± 3.6 years) were recruited for this multi-centre, cross-sectional study

PURPOSE To determine the antimicrobial efficacy of a povidone-iodine system (PVP-I; cleadew, OPHTECS Corporation, Kobe, Japan), a peroxide system (AOSEPT Plus with HydraGlyde, Alcon, Fort Worth, TX), and a chemical multipurpose system (renu fresh, Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) on contact lens case surfaces that are both in contact and not in contact with the solutions during lens disinfection. METHODS

PURPOSE Contact lens dry eye questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8) quantifies the disturbing symptoms with the aim of assessing the satisfaction and overall opinion of contact lens wearers. The aim of this study was to develop Turkish version and to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. METHODS CLDEQ-8 was translated into Turkish language, using the back translation methods. In a sample of

PURPOSE To evaluate the accuracy and reliability (inter and intra-observer) of a method to assess multifocal contact lenses (MCLs) centration using a corneal topography unit. METHOD Daily-disposable MCLs (Fusion 1 day Presbyo) were fitted on both eyes of the subjects. For each lens fit a slit lamp digital picture and videokeratograph image were taken in a rapid but randomised sequence. Photo-editing