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High temperature and fire properties of sustainable syntactic foam reinforced by end-of-life tyre-derived rubber particles Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-15 Nathaphon Buddhacosa, Fillippo Giustozzi, Cheng Wang, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Akbar Khatibi, Raj Das, Everson Kandare
The management of end-of-life tyres faces challenges due to insufficient recycling infrastructure and technologies, as well as limited markets for the materials recovered from them. To mitigate this, waste rubber can be upcycled and used as filler material for polymer matrix composites. Before rubber-reinforced composites can be certified for fire-prone applications, their thermal and flammability
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Numerical investigation of the temperature characteristics beneath the ceiling driven by a strong plume in a longitudinal ventilated tunnel Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-13 Longfei Chen, Xiaosong Li, Yunping Yang, Zhisheng Li, Tao Li, Yujie Lan, Yanqiu Chen
Previous studies have mainly focused on the situation that the tunnel's continuous flame region was lower than the ceiling height. For tunnels with longitudinal ventilation, the temperature characteristics of strong fire plumes are still unclear. In this paper, the maximum temperature rise beneath the ceiling for strong fire plume conditions in a small-scale tunnel is studied using fire dynamics simulator
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A pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry study of volatile compounds produced by wood-based materials Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-07 Mahsa Lotfi Marchoubeh, Holli Knight, Gavin P. Horn
The pyrolysis by-products of five common wood-based construction materials (low-density wood fiberboard, oriented strand board, pine, particle board, and plywood) were studied using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Samples of wood-based materials were pyrolyzed under helium from 300 to 800°C to further understand the production of compounds that may become airborne and available for
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The utilization of phytic acid as a reactive flame retardant in the preparation of a fully waterborne biobased epoxy system Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-31 Amer Aljamal, György Marosi, Beáta Szolnoki
A fully biobased waterborne flame-retarded epoxy system was prepared using sorbitol polyglycidyl ether epoxy resin (SPE) and phytic acid (PA) as a reactive flame retardant (FR). The flame-retardant efficiency was evaluated by comparing the reference SPE-PA system with solventborne and waterborne SPE systems. Additional enhancement of intumescence and reduction of flammability was achieved by incorporating
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Fire risk assessment of Kashan's commercial and shopping centers using fire risk assessment method for engineering (FRAME) Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-31 Hadiseh Rabiei, Asma Zare, Somayeh Ahmadian Taheri, Niloofar Ebrahimi, Ashraf Mazaheri Tehrani, Mahdi Malakoutikhah
Commercial buildings are considered as high-risk units in fire due to the existence of expensive equipment and large presence of people with different ages. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the fire risk of commercial and shopping centers in Kashan using the fire risk assessment method for engineering (FRAME). This cross-sectional study was conducted using FRAME in 15 commercial and shopping
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Experimental study on the effect of dry water materials on the fire extinguishing efficiency and suppression mechanism of wood crib fire Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Guoqiang Chai, Yang Wang, Guoqing Zhu, Zhenku Wu, Frank Markert
Micron-sized dry water particles assembled from gaseous silica and deionized water were prepared by physical dispersion method, and the effects of two chemical components on the microstructure and fire extinguishing efficiency of dry water materials were analyzed. Three different filling pressures were selected to study their effect on dry water extinguishing efficiency of wood crib fire. The effect
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Synthesis and flame-retardant analysis of a novel P/N containing flame retardant on epoxy resin composites Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-26 Vishal Soni, Jai Bhagwan Dahiya
A new reactive flame-retardant N′-(1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(6-oxido-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-6-yl)ethyl) benzohydrazide (DOPO-BD) was synthesized via a two-step reaction involving the Schiff base reaction between benzohydrazide and 4-hydroxy acetophenone, followed by a reaction between the imine-based condensation product and 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). The chemical
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Study of spatial temperature features of road tunnel fires under multiple factors Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-24 Jianchun Sun, Keqing Yang, Kun Liang, Min Zhang
After a highway tunnel fire, the rapid change of the internal ambient temperature directly affects the personal safety of pedestrians. Based mainly on the lateral possibility of fire location and considering the coupling effect of multiple factors in a two-lane highway tunnel, this study systematically carried out 63 full-size tunnel fire simulation studies relying on Fluent software. The smoke temperature
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Self-ignition of forest soil samples demonstrated through hot storage tests Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-14 Kira Piechnik, Anja Hofmann, Andrea Klippel
The increasing threat of forest fires on a global scale is not only a matter of concern due to the potential harm they may cause to both human and animal life but also due to their significant role in exacerbating climate change. In light of these circumstances, one might inquire as to whether forest soil can self-ignite and, if so, under what conditions and at what temperatures this phenomenon may
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Influence of state of charge inconsistency on electrical performance and thermal runaway characteristics in 2 serials 1 parallel lithium-ion battery pack Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 Zhongsheng Xie, Zhirong Wang, Jialong Liu, Tianfeng Gao, Wei Yan
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are connected in series during use. State of charge (SOC) difference between two batteries will exist after charging/discharging owing to the capacity or resistance difference between them. This is also seen as SOC inconsistency. SOC inconsistency may cause battery electrical abuse. In this manuscript, a battery testing system, scanning electron microscope, heat furnace
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Effect of prepared barium phytate on thermal stability and combustion properties of flexible polyurethane foams Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 Xu Zhang, Renzhou Li, Simiao Sun, Zhi Wang, Hua Xie
Flame retardant barium phytate (PABA) was prepared by phytic acid and barium carbonate. PABA was used to modify flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) by “one-step method” to obtain composite FPUF-PABA. The effects of PABA on the thermal stability and combustion properties of FPUFs were studied by smoke density (Ds), cone calorimeter (CONE), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and pyrolysis kinetic analysis
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Large eddy simulations fire modeling of JIS A 1310 façade calibration test with respect to sidewall Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-07 Xukun Sun, Hideki Yoshioka, Takafumi Noguchi, Yuhei Nishio, Yoshifumi Ohmiya, Tetsuya Hayakawa, Biao Zhou
The full-scale façade standard test is widely employed as a comprehensive method to assess the façade fire spread. Within this approach, the calibration test without combustible façade decouples the intricate interaction between gas-phase combustion and material pyrolysis, which simplifies diagnostics and provides an ideal scenario for model validation. This paper presents large eddy simulations (LES)
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The development process of a candidate screening test for cladding products Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Cameron MacLeod, Neal Butterworth, Angus Law
The ongoing cladding crisis within the United Kingdom has elevated the need for designers and risk assessors to have the knowledge and tools to evaluate the fire safety of proposed and existing cladding systems. This paper documents efforts to develop a test that could be used to evaluate the fire safety hazards of cladding products that were either proposed for use in design or that were found on
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Study on the smoke evolution mechanism of a subway tunnel with a multi-door carriage fire under longitudinal ventilation Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-26 Zhenkun Wu, Min Peng, Yun Zhou, Guoqing Zhu
This paper has analyzed the longitudinal ventilation on the effect of the efficiency of the smoke evolution mechanism in a metro tunnel of multi-window carriage fires. These were simulated by Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). In the past, analyses of smoke temperature under the tunnel ceiling and smoke overflow characteristics have been conducted. However, longitudinal
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Examining China's rural fire protection within the rural revitalization strategy: An in-depth policy research Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-26 Yang Li, Xiaorong Du
Currently, rural fire protection issues in China loom large, resulting in frequent fire incidents due to an inadequate rural fire infrastructure and insufficient firefighting resources. Consequently, prompt fire suppression becomes challenging, leading to significant casualties and economic losses. To address these challenges and align with the national rural revitalization strategy, our research team
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Residual mechanical resistance of concrete blocks and laying mortars after high temperatures Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-13 Rafaela de Oliveira Amaral, Armando Lopes Moreno, Wallison Angelim Medeiros, Guilherme Aris Parsekian
This paper reports an experimental campaign to evaluate the residual mechanical resistance after high temperatures of two structural masonry components: block and mortar. Residual compressive strength and deformation modulus of four different hollow concrete blocks and two different mortar mixes after heating at high temperatures are investigated. The test method used was the one recommended by RILEM
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Influence of char-forming lignin in combination with aluminium phosphinate on thermal stability and combustion properties of polyamide 11 blends Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-12 Neeraj Mandlekar, Aurelie Cayla, Francois Rault, Stephane Giraud, Jinping Guan, Fabien Salaün
Polyamide 11 (PA) blends based on char-forming industrial lignin and aluminum phosphinate (AlP) were prepared to improve flame retardant (FR) properties using a green and eco-friendly approach. This study investigates the thermal degradation and combustion behavior of PA blends prepared by using AlP in combination with two different types of industrial lignins (i.e., kraft lignin (DL) and lignosulphonate
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Experimental study on the quantitative evaluation of the thermal stability performance and heat insulation characteristics of fire-fighting foam Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-11 Zhengyang Wang, Xuepeng Jiang, Chaojun Yang, Dezheng Wang, Biao Zhou, Wei Wang
Foam extinguishing agents are crucial for the suppression of flammable liquid fires. Their thermal stability performance and heat insulation characteristics are critical indicators to evaluate the efficiency of the fire-fighting foam. There have been some studies focused on exploring the behavior of fire-fighting foams exposed to radiant heating. However, the decay mechanisms and heat transfer behaviors
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Influence of cooling methods on high-temperature residual mechanical characterization of strain-hardening cementitious composites Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-11 Dhanendra Kumar, Amr A. Soliman, Ravi Ranade
Residual strength tests are commonly used to characterize the high-temperature mechanical properties of concrete materials. In these tests, the specimens are heated to a target temperature in a furnace and then cooled down to room temperature, followed by mechanical testing at room temperature. This research investigates the influence of the cooling method on the residual strength of Strain Hardening
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Effect of flame-retardant melamine and dispersants on the mechanical, thermal, and foaming properties of flexible polyurethane foam Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-06 Yu Yeong Jeon, Euy Sik Jeon, Young Shin Kim
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of adding flame-retardant melamine and five different dispersants on the precipitation, foaming, mechanical, and thermal properties of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). Precipitation experiments were conducted to analyze the effect of dispersant on the separation of flame retardant and polyol, and the foaming characteristics of polyurethane
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Study on the influence of air supply and smoke exhaust on full transverse exhaust of long highway tunnel Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-06 Min Peng, Yun Zhou, Yuyang Ming, Chunxiao Song, Kun He, Zhenkun Wu, Guoqing Zhu
This study investigated the efficacy of the full transverse exhaust method for smoke extraction in tunnel fires. It examines factors such as the number and layout of air supply and exhaust outlets, analyzing their impact on smoke spread, tunnel temperature, visibility, and airflow. The results demonstrate that the full transverse exhaust method effectively controls smoke emissions in raised highway
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Exhaust flow calibration for a large-scale calorimetry system using tracer gas dilution Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-05 Rodney A. Bryant
Exhaust flow measurements are a significant source of uncertainty for measurements of heat release rate in large-scale fire experiments. Irregular flow distributions are often present in the exhaust ducts making it difficult to measure flow accurately. Tracer gas dilution (TGD), a measurement method for volume flow, is not sensitive to flow distribution and has been applied to calibrate flow measurement
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Flame-retardant composite derived from polyurethane/wood-fiber Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-27 Xuanye Wang, Beibei Wang, Jingmeng Sun, Lei Yu, Guochao Yang, Hongwu Guo
Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are facing fire hazard when they are used in construction and furniture and need to be treated with fire protection. In this work, polyurethane (PU) was applied to derive simultaneously flame-retardancy-improved and mechanically strengthened wood-polyurethane composites (WPUCs). It was constructed with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and PU by a simple way. The results showed
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Study on the inhibitory effect of DL-malic acid on the phase structure and combustion characteristics of coal Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-17 Qingqing Sun, Huiyong Niu, Yanxiao Yang, Siwei Sun
DL-malic acid (DMA), as a recognized antioxidant inhibitor and chelating agent in the food and chemical industries, has good application prospects in coal fire prevention and control. This paper investigates the impact of a DMA solution on the surface properties and phase structure of coal through a range of analytical techniques, including electron microscope scanning, particle size analysis, and
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Intumescent fire-retardant performance and small-scale reaction mechanism on banana/bio-epoxy composites Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-18 Asih Melati, Abdelhakim Settar, Khaled Chetehouna, Léo Foucault, Mounir Sahli, Christophe Baudron
The present work deals with the thermal degradation, the physical characterization, and kinetic mechanisms of green epoxy resin-based biocomposites (BC) reinforced by banana leaf fiber (BLF). The two main samples have been manufactured using the vacuum bag resin transfer molding method. The first, BLF-based BC, is used as a control sample, while the second sample is coated with 6% wt. of intumescent
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Investigation of the flame properties and fire behavior of carbon-reinforced PEKK, BMI and phenolic composites impacted by Jet-A1/air flames Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-06 R. Ogabi, B. Manescau, K. Chetehouna, S. Senave
This paper provides an experimental investigation of a kerosene/air burner (the NexGen burner designed on the FAA's proposed ISO 2685 standard), which is used to generate flame/burnt gases impinging on material samples in the field of fire safety. The purpose of this study is to characterize this burner, and experimental means are implemented to better understand the effects of the equivalence ratio
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Examining the fire risk in London dwellings using the London Fire Brigade Incident database Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Matthew Bonner, Leonardo Caracci, Guillermo Rein
Analysis of the Fire Brigade's database of fires in London between 2009 and 2020 provided insight into the level of fire safety in the city and how it varies across different types of dwellings and different levels of protection. Regarding the number of fires, fatalities, and injuries, fire safety in London has significantly improved on average over these years. However, average trends cannot analyze
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Fuel loads and their composition, and compartment characteristics in educational, office and library buildings Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Namita Nayak, Lakshmi Priya Subramanian
This paper presents the fire load data in educational, office and library buildings, obtained through an extensive inventory survey. This data collection effort is prompted by a growing need to simulate compartment fires, wherein estimating realistic fire scenarios is essential to assess the level of fire severity in a structure, and consequently the strength of the various structural members at elevated
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Estimation of heat release rate based on analysis of flame spread behavior in mattresses Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-02 Kye-Won Park, Masayuki Mizuno, Chang-Geun Cho, Jong-Jin Jeong
To investigate the fire danger of mattresses, combustion experiments were conducted with a mattress installed at different heights above the floor to better understand their combustion behavior. The installation height was varied because the height of a mattress varies depending on the bed frame, and the combustion behavior is expected to change with the installation height. Experiments with a mattress
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Evolution of the corrosion layer of Q235 steel in simulated fire-scene smoke Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-31 Shengyuan Zhang, Yiyue Cao, Peibin Wang, Jing Jin, Liang Deng
The ability to accurately identify fire patterns is the fundamental requirement for fire investigations. The corrosion layers of steel in fire scenes exhibit three distinct characteristics. First, due to steel's nonflammable nature, steel patterns can be preserved better at the fire site than patterns formed on other combustible materials; second, both the high temperature and the smoke during the
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Investigation of the synergistic effect of red phosphorus and magnesium hydroxide on the thermal degradation behavior and flame resistance of the intumescent fire-retardant polypropylene system Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-30 Nhung Hac Thi, Truong Cong Doanh, Doan Tien Dat, Ho Thi Oanh, Ha Tran Nguyen, Tuyen Van Nguyen, Quang Vinh Tran, Mai Ha Hoang
High fire-resistance polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared by using environment-friendly flame retardants including expandable graphite (EG), red phosphorus (RP), and magnesium hydroxide (MH). Synergism between EG, RP, and MH on the thermo-oxidation behavior and flame resistance of PP was found. The incorporation of MH and RP formed highly thermally stable mixtures of magnesium phosphates consisting
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Response to the comments made by Vytenis Babrauskas on “the curious case of the second/end peak in the heat release rate of wood: A cone calorimeter investigation” Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Ellinor Sanned, Rhoda A. Mensah, Michael Försth, Oisik Das
We highly appreciate the comments by Vytenis Babrauskas on our recently published article entitled, “The curious case of the second/end peak in the heat release rate of wood: A cone calorimeter investigation” by Sanned et al. We agree with Vytenis Babrauskas regarding the multiple processes involved in the thermal degradation of wood. However, these processes are quite universal when wood burns, and
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Review of the charring rates of different timber species Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-26 Julie Liu, Erica C. Fischer
During a fire, the load-carrying cross section of timber members will reduce due to charring. This article summarizes experimental investigations into the charring rate of different timber species under standard fire conditions, identifies material properties that contribute to the variations of char rates across the different species, and evaluates the applicability of prescribed charring rates to
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Study on the key parameters of vehicle fires for the growth stage in road tunnels Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-22 Pai Xu, Daiqiang Zhu, Liangliang Li, Kai Chen, Beibei Lin, Linjie Li
As the golden period for evacuation and rescue in road tunnel fires, the fire growth stage is indispensable for security. The key parameters of this stage must be clearly defined, including the maximum heat release rate (HRR), growth time, and growth coefficient. Based on the squared model, the correlations between the key parameters are investigated according to the existing fire tests of vehicle-related
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Fire behavior of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes and bonded materials Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-15 Vitus Hupp, Bernhard Schartel, Kerstin Flothmeier, Andreas Hartwig
Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are used in several industrial applications such as construction, railway vehicles and the automotive sector, where the burning behavior is of crucial importance. Flame retarded adhesive tapes are developed and provided, however, often without considering the interaction of adhesive tapes and the bonded materials during burning nor the contribution of the tapes to
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A simple and economical fire test setup for examining the fire retardancy/extinguishing ability of water additive fire-retardant materials on class A fires Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-04 Sravan Bokka, Pranav Ameta, Srungarpu Nagabhusan Achary, Anirban Chowdhury
A portable lab scale test setup (1 × 1 × 0.72 m3) with apparatus and procedure has been illustrated to test the fire extinguishability of fire retardant materials (FRMs) as water additives on class A fires. The main objective was to use selected commercial, eco-friendly FRM powders such as hydroxides, carbonates, and clays as water additive-based fire extinguishing agents for suppressing solid fires
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Quenched-and-tempered high-strength steels at elevated temperatures: Mechanical properties and effects of plate thickness Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-04 Ming-Xiang Xiong, Hui Xiang, Minfeng Yang, Shenchun Xu
High-strength steels can be used in civil structures that demand high strength/weight ratios, but their advantages may be weakened by fire. For this reason, this study has been concerned with the mechanical properties of a type of quenched-and-tempered high-strength steel at elevated temperatures up to 800°C, the steel grade is S690. A standard axial tensile test was conducted on plate specimens with
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Fire resistance of austenitic stainless steel beams with rectangular hollow sections Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 N. Lopes, F. Arrais, P. Vila Real, M. Alves, L. Mesquita, P. Piloto, J. Pinho da Cruz
This paper presents a study on the structural behaviour of stainless steel profiles under fire conditions. An experimental campaign of three-point bending tests on rectangular hollow section beams of the grade 1.4301 (also known as 304) were conducted, considering both steady-state and transient state conditions. Prior to those tests, the mechanical characterization of the stainless steel was investigated
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Fire reaction properties of bio-based aggregates used in thermally insulated building components Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-06-28 Monique Rocha, Bruno Gomes, Amanda Aguiar, Alexandre Landesmann, Nicole Pagan Hasparyk, Romildo Toledo Filho
Bio-based aggregates can be seen as one of the promising alternatives to reduce the environmental impacts of buildings due to their lower carbon footprint and energy efficiency. They have great potential to be incorporated into inorganic matrices and produce insulating materials. However, there is a lack of information about the flammability of these materials. This work presents the results of an
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Residual mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete at elevated temperatures Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-06-28 Rami A. Hawileh, Syed Shah Quadri, Jamal A. Abdalla, Maha Assad, Blessen Skariah Thomas, Deanna Craig, M. Z. Naser
This research examines the residual mechanical properties of normal and recycled aggregate concrete when subjected to elevated temperatures. The concrete specimens containing recycled aggregate (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were exposed to different temperatures (25, 200, 400, and 600°C) in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 10°C/min. The variations in flexural strength, compressive strength, and density
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Correction to “Cross-comparison of screening tests for fire spalling of concrete” Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-06-22
In Mohaine et al.,1 the following errors were published. Figure 12 was incorrectly drawn. Unloaded slab ISS_C_0 and Loaded slab ISS_C_0,75 correspond to the “time of onset of spalling” rather to the “maximum spalling depth” of the slabs. The correct figure 12 is shown as below. The correct figure was presented in the Interflam 2019 conference paper “Cross-comparison of screening tests for concrete
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Experimental testing on timber connections considering the influence of gap size and intumescent sealants Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-06-13 Marika du Plessis, Darren Sulon, Dirk Streicher, Richard Walls
This paper investigates the influence of gap size (openings/spaces between two structural members) and the presence of intumescent sealants on the development of temperature when timber connections are exposed to fire conditions. The experimental results of 21 samples representing a concealed steel-to-timber connection configuration that was exposed with a 0, 3, 6, and 10 mm gap to the ISO834 standard
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Application of the PAPP/MCA/APP intumescent flame retardant system in polypropylene Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-05-30 Zhenhao Meng, Yang Liu, Song Wang, Ailing Zhang, Sanxi Li
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP), and melamine cyanurate (MCA) were used as raw materials to develop an intumescent flame retardant system (IFRS) for polypropylene (PP). The synergistic flame retardancy among APP, PAPP, and MCA was explored. The effect of the proportion of APP, PAPP, and MCA on the IFRS flame-retardant performance was studied. For the range of samples tested
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Effect of fibre orientation and thermal exposure on the post-fire mechanical behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polymer material Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-05-24 Tim J. Aspinall, Emmajane L. Erskine, Derek C. Taylor, Rory M. Hadden
This study investigates the influence of fibre orientation and heat flux on the post-fire (residual) load-bearing properties of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. As a result, a deep insight into the post-fire load-bearing response is gained, which is necessary to fully understand and assess the advantages of CFRP laminates containing different fibre orientations for use in load-bearing
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Flame retardancy, combustion, and ceramization behavior of ceramifiable flame-retardant room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber foam Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-05-20 Ke Shang, Gui-De Lin, Hui-Jing Jiang, Xing Jin, Jing Zhao, Dan Liu, Bi Zhao, Jin-Jun Yang, Teng Fu, Jun-Sheng Wang
Two types of ceramifiable flame-retardant room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber foam containing mica power (MP) were prepared by using glass powder (GP) as fluxing agents and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) as flame-retardant agent, respectively. The flame retardant, combustion behavior, and thermal stability of ceramifiable flame-retardant RTV silicone rubber foams were investigated. The results
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Effects of under-clothing airflow on thermal protective performance and thermal aging behaviors of flame-retardant fabric Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-05-17 Xinyu Zhang, Miao Tian, Wanrong Huang, Yun Su, Jun Li
To investigate the effects of under-clothing airflows on the thermal protection performance (TPP) and thermal aging of flame-retardant fabrics, we constructed an under-clothing air-gap ventilation device based on the TPP tester. This device can generate different levels of airflow velocities such as 0.17, 1.0, and 2.0 m/s. The flame-retardant fabrics were exposed to a heat flux of 30 kW/m2 to simulate
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A theoretical evaluation of the impact of the type of reaction on heat production and material losses in biomass piles Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-05-17 Sixten Dahlbom, Erik Anerud, Anders Lönnermark, Mohit Pushp
Self-heating during storage of biomass in piles causes material losses, leads to emissions to air, and poses a risk of fire. There are different techniques to assess a biomass material's propensity for self-heating, some of these are briefly reviewed. One of these techniques is isothermal calorimetry, which measures thermal power from materials and produces time-resolved curves. A recently developed
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An experimental study on the combustion process and thermodynamic characteristic parameters of copper wire overcurrent fault Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-05-04 Weifeng Wang, Xiaohan Ji, Lin Shi, Cuizhen Lu, Hanfei Liu, Huifei Lv, Xuanchong Zhao, Xiaoyun Gui
The overcurrent fault of copper wire is an important cause of electrical fire, and the combustion process of which is relatively complicated. In this study, the rated current of 32A of the wire was taken, and the electrical fault simulation device was used. After the overcurrent Io was set to 128A, 160A, 192A, and 224A, respectively, to analyze the combustion evolution process of PVC-insulated copper
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Featured Cover Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-05-01 Johan Sjöström, Daniel Brandon, Alastair Temple, Johan Anderson, Robert McNamee
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Fire research for timber structures Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-05-01 John Gales, Robert McNamee
This special issue of Fire and Materials presents global research into timber structures and fire safety. This follows the renewed momentum in sustainable timber design in the 21st century. Contemporary practitioners and researchers are tasked with a need for information into the fire safety of these structures and from a sustainability point of view, important combination of timber and other structures
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Study on flame propagation characteristics of deposited coal dust explosion induced by pressure waves of different intensities Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-05-02 Zhenhai Hou, Deming Wang, Shengyun Luo, Qiu Zhong, Yansen Lu, Wei Zhang, Yunfei Zhu, Shun Wu
In the hope of studying the laws of secondary explosion induced by gas explosion shock waves lifting deposited coal dust (CD) in coal mines, the paper discusses the explosion overpressure, composite flame propagation characteristics and the acceleration mechanism of composite flame with the aid of a self-built gas explosion experiment pipeline. The experimental results demonstrate that under the methane
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Effects of ammonium polyphosphate and casein on the properties of poly (lactic acid) Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-27 Li Baochai, Zhang Yuling, Aznizam Abu Bakar, Zurina Mohamad, Zhang Jianhui
In this paper, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and casein (CSN) were added to poly (lactic acid) (PLA) to improve flame retardancy and maintain biodegradability. The flame retardancy, mechanical, and thermal properties of PLA/APP/CSN composites were evaluated, and the optimum ratio of APP and CSN was determined. The results showed that with the addition of 9 wt% flame retardant (APP:CSN=5:4), the limiting
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Performance evaluation of guar gum and conventional binders based fire-extinguishing aerosol-forming composites Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-22 Satya Prakash Dobhal, Tribhuvan Kumar Pathak, Vandana Sharma, Raj Pal Singh, Santosh Kumar Singh, Pyar Singh Jassal, Rajni Johar
Pyrotechnic-based firefighting systems have been found to be effective in a wide variety of firefighting applications. Binders in pyrotechnic mixtures play a significant role as they consolidate the ingredients, provide excellent mechanical strength and increase the storage life. The rise in health and environmental safety concerns in recent years has directed our research towards natural binder systems
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The impact of halogen free phosphorus, inorganic and nitrogen flame retardants on the toxicity and density of smoke from 10 common polymers Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-21 H. Feuchter, F. Poutch, A. Beard
The toxicity and density of smoke from 10 commonly used commercial polymer types was studied using the European railway standard EN 45545-2. This test method was chosen because it reflects the current state-of-the-art in assessing the hazards of smoke in bench-scale test scenarios (not because of a specific link to railway applications). The study involves 72 commercially relevant formulations provided
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Synergistic flame retardant linear low-density polyethylene based on piperazine pyrophosphate and melamine cyanurate Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-10 Kexuan Chen, Qiuru Bao, Gang Chen, Shulong Wu, Yuan Liu, Qi Wang
Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) combined with the piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP) and melamine cyanurate (MCA) was adopted to prepare the flame retardant LLDPE composite by melt blending. The research results showed that the PAPP/MCA mixture with a mass ratio of 4:1 presented the optimal flame retardant effect. With the 25 wt% addition amount, the LLDPE composite passed the UL-94 V-0 level
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Scale modeling of thermo-structural fire tests Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-29 Michael J. Gangi, Brian Y. Lattimer, Scott W. Case
Standard methods for fire resistance testing require large-scale assemblies and are typically conducted on specialized furnaces at considerable cost. This research focused on developing a scaling methodology for a reduced-scale fire resistance test that reduces the size of the test article while maintaining the same thermal and structural response exhibited in the large-scale test. The developed scaling
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Effect of geometrical dimensions on flame spread rate over U-shaped polyurethane facade and theoretical analysis Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-27 Yanqiu Chen, Jiwei Zhang, Yifan Nie, Jiacheng Qi, Qianhang Feng, Junmin Chen
Polyurethane is widely used in building facades as a good energy-saving and environment-friendly organic material, and the U-shaped structure is a common facade form as it could improve indoor lighting and ventilation. Through numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, this study found the flame spread rate of polyurethane foam over a U-shaped facade was affected by the structural dimensions due
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Thermal response of timber connections in the cooling phase Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-23 Paul Horne, Anthony Abu, Alessandro Palermo, Peter Moss
Structures are conventionally designed to maintain load-bearing capacity during the heating phase of a fire. However, in structures with moderate or high thermal inertia, the thermal field which results in the lowest structural resistance is likely to occur after the heating phase. This is of particular interest for timber connections because the strength and elastic modulus of timber reduces until
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Fire-suppression efficiency and extinguishing mechanisms of calcium acetate using heptane cup-burner flames Fire Mater. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-23 Yusuke Koshiba, Yuichi Hirakawa
To address the global requirement for a phosphorus-free fire-extinguishing agent, this study elucidated the ability of calcium acetate to extinguish cup-burner flames. The inhibition efficiency of calcium acetate powder (<50 μm) was compared with that of silica-uncoated ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (<50 μm), a chemical contained in agents used in typical ABC fire extinguishers. Calcium oxide and calcium