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Chromium diffusion coatings for improving the oxidation behavior of refractory metals at intermediate temperatures Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2024-02-27 Katharina Beck, Anke S. Ulrich, Nathalie Thor, Ceyhun Oskay, Mathias C. Galetz
Due to their very high melting points and high mechanical strength at elevated temperatures, refractory metals are promising structural materials for high temperature applications. However, their application is strongly restricted by their insufficient oxidation resistance. In this fundamental study, four different refractory metals (Mo, Nb, Ta, and W) were chromized by pack cementation to investigate
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Microstructure and oxidation resistance of laser remelted Nb-18Ti-14Si-9Al alloy Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-17 Zhiping Sun, Faliang Bao, XiaoHui Chai, FengYing Zhang, Ting Guo, Xiping Guo, Yuqin Li
NbSi alloy has the potential for application in aviation engine component due to its excellent high-temperature performance. In this work, laser remelting treatment was carried out for Nb-18Ti-14Si-9Al. The microstructure of remelted alloy was composed of fine Nbss+T2 eutectic cells, this was significantly different from coarse Nbss+T2 of as-cast alloy. After 850 °C/3 h oxidation, 10.46 μm oxide scale
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First-principles comparative study on diamond/carbide combinations: Interfacial adhesion and bonding nature Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-17 Jiahe Zhou, Silu Zheng, Weijian Chen, Chuanyang Lu, Yafei Li, Huaxin Li, Yuwen Cheng, Jianguo Yang, Yanming He
Joining diamond and metal is vital to expand their application scope in electronic and military industries. A metallic carbide layer will be inevitably introduced on diamond to ensure strength and wettability, its tight interfacial adhesion with diamond needs to be satisfied in priority. Here, the bonding characteristics of diamond(001)/carbide(001) interfaces were comparatively studied through first-principles
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Microstructure and mechanical properties of WMoCu alloy doped with different sized Mo particles Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-13 Xu Wang, Kexing Song, Jiang Feng, Jiandong Xing, Tao Huang, Yiming Zhang
WMoCu alloys doped with Mo particles in the nanoscale or microscale range were prepared by infiltration process using the element Ni as an activating element. A comparative study was carried out on the effects of doping with nano- and micro-scale Mo particles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WMoCu alloys. The results show that the microstructure and distribution of Mo particles is
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A method to synthesize ultrafineTiB2 and ZrB2 powders Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 Ya-Long Wang, Xiao-Chun Deng, Guo-Hua Zhang
In this work, the ultrafine TiB2 and ZrB2 powders were prepared using TiO2, ZrO2, C, B4C, and Ca as the raw materials. The process consisted of steps of carbothermic pre-reduction of oxide, boronization and decarburization reactions in Ca melt, wet leaching as well as deep deoxidation. The pre-deoxidation by carbothermic reduction successfully avoids the problem of evaporation loss of boron source
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Effect of PCD tool wear on surface morphology and material removal mechanisms in the micro-drilling of Cf/SiC composites: Experiment and simulation Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Haotian Yang, Guolong Zhao, Zhiwen Nian, Lianjia Xin, Liang Li, Ning He
This study investigates the polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool's wear mechanism and the effect of tool wear on hole morphology in the micro-drilling of Cf/SiC composites. A 2D woven material model and tool wear model are created for the drilling simulation. The findings indicate that the wear mechanisms of the tools are mainly abrasive and adhesive. As the tool is worn, the quality of the hole entrance/exit
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The influence of nitrogen and boron doping on the surface morphology, defects and crystallinity of large-area chemical vapor deposition grown single crystal diamond Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Vivek K. Shukla, Lekshmi J., Brajesh S. Yadav, Monika Kumari, Sandeep Dalal, Anshu Goyal, Padmnabh Rai
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Preface to the special issue on 100 years of hardmetals Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-06 Walter Lengauer, Li Zhang, John L. Johnson, Animesh Bose
Abstract not available
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Effect of carbon content and cooling rate on the microstructure and hardness of TiC-Fe-Cr-Mo cermets Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-02 Jazmina Navarrete-Cuadrado, Tomas Soria-Biurrun, Lorena Lozada-Cabezas, Nerea Isasti, Federico Ibarreta-López, Roberto Martínez-Pampliega, José M. Sánchez-Moreno
TiC-FeCrMo cermets have been obtained in fully dense form by Sinter HIP at 1400 °C. Significant microstructural changes have been observed in these materials for relatively small variations in their carbon content after sintering. In the cermets with higher carbon content Cr-rich likely M7C3 carbides are observed to precipitate at the (Ti1-x,Mox)yCz - metal interface. In addition, these cermets present
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Laser powder bed fusion of molybdenum under various ArN2 mixture build atmospheres Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-04 Tejas Ramakrishnan, Sunyong Kwon, Mathieu Brochu
Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a promising technology for the processing of refractory metals like molybdenum (Mo). Unfortunately, LPBF-processed Mo exhibits cracking when processed under typical conditions, limiting the application of the process. The influence of N content in a gas mixture used as the build atmosphere on the cracking tendency of LPBF processed Mo was studied. The effect of N partial
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Enhancing mechanical and tribological performance of CrN/CrTiSiN coating through annealing treatment Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-02 Mohammadali Sohrabizadeh, Hassan Elmkhah, Naiming Lin, Meisam Nouri
The primary objective of the present investigation is to examine the effects of air annealing on the mechanical, tribological, and structural properties of multilayer CrN/CrTiSiN coatings. The deposition of CrN/CrTiSiN multilayer coatings on a Ti6Al4V substrate was carried out using CAE-PVD technique. Subsequently, the as-deposited coatings were subjected to annealing in ambient air environment at
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Influence of sintering condition on tribological properties of (Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb-Ti)C carbides Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-02 Lenka Ďaková, Monika Hrubovčáková, Alexandra Kovalčíková, Dávid Medveď, Jana Andrejovská, František Kromka, Ľubomír Medvecký, Ján Dusza
The wear behavior of high-entropy (Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb-Ti)C ceramics (HECs) was investigated using the ball-on-flat linear reciprocating method/dry sliding in the air. The experimental materials were prepared by ball milling and spark plasma sintering at 2100 °C and 5, 10, or 20 min sintering time. The HECs achieved relative density from 99.5% to 99.9%, with homogeneous chemical composition and grain sizes
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New strategies based on liquid phase sintering for manufacturing of diamond impregnated bits Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-12-23 C. Luno-Bilbao, N.G. Polvorosa, A. Veiga, I. Iturriza
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Correlation analysis between microstructure and mechanical properties of spark-plasma-sintered Ti(C, N)–W cermets according to changes in titanium, carbon and nitrogen contents Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 Takashi Murakami, Toshiyuki Nishimura
In this study, TiC–50 wt% W, TiN–50 wt% W, TiC0.7N0.3–50 wt% W, Ti0.55C0.13N0.32–50 wt% W, TiC0.5N0.5–50 wt% W and TiC0.5N0.5–70 wt% W cermet specimens with grain sizes smaller than 1 μm were prepared by blending TiC, TiN, TiC0.5N0.5, W and Ti powders followed by the spark plasma sintering of the blended powders. Under Ar gas flow conditions at 1973 K, the TiC0.5N0.5–50 wt% W and TiC-50 wt% W cermet
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Effect of Cu-coated diamond on the formation of Cu–Sn-based diamond composites fabricated by laser-powder bed fusion Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-12-13 Yakun Tao, Wucheng Sun, Jie Gan, Xiaoqiang Wang, Yan Zhou, Longchen Duan, Shifeng Wen, Yusheng Shi
In this study, Cu–Sn-based diamond composites were fabricated using L-PBF. The effects of the Cu-coated diamond on the melt-pool evolution, diamond–metal matrix bonding, thermal damage, and friction behavior of Cu in the Cu–Sn-based diamond composites were investigated. Moreover, the optimum L-PBF parameters for processing Cu-coated diamond/Cu–Sn composites were investigated. A convolutional neural
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Development of LaYO3 as a reaction-preventing material for metal fuel casting Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-12-14 SeoungWoo Kuk, Seong-Jun Ha, YongWook Choe, Jeong-Yong Park, Kyungchai Jeong, Seokjin Oh, Kihwan Kim, Sang-Gyu Park, JeongHwan Joo, WooSeob Shin, Kunok Chang
This study investigates the potential of LaYO3 as a crucible material to prevent interactions between a U-10 wt% Zr melt containing highly reactive lanthanide elements and the substrate during casting. The stability of LaYO3 phases at casting temperature was evaluated based on reaction phenomenon, chemical and physical properties. Sintered pellets were fabricated using both La2O3 and Y2O3 powders and
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Effect of Y2O3 nanoparticles on enhancing microstructure and mechanical properties of oxide dispersion strengthened W alloy Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-12-13 Jeong Hyun Kim, Myeongjun Ji, Won June Choi, Jongmin Byun, Young-In Lee
Dispersion of oxide nanoparticles in W, leading to the dispersion strengthening of W alloys, has emerged as a viable strategy to overcome the brittleness of W. In particular, the introduction of stable Y2O3 as a secondary phase refines the grain and enhances the densification of W, leading to an increase in the density of sintered alloy. Thus, analyzing the composite effects of Y2O3 on the alloy, which
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Novel refractory high-entropy metal-ceramic composites with superior mechanical properties Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-12-12 Xin Chen, Fei Wang, Xiang Zhang, Shanshan Hu, Xingbo Liu, Samuel Humphry-Baker, Michael C. Gao, Lingfeng He, Yongfeng Lu, Bai Cui
A new concept of refractory high-entropy metal-ceramic composites (HEMCC) has been proposed that combines the outstanding physical properties of both high-entropy alloy (HEA) and high-entropy ceramic (HEC). As the first HEMCC system, to the best of our knowledge, TiTaNbZr-(TiTaNbZr)C, has been developed by a powder metallurgy process. The HEA and HEC phases exhibit body-centered cubic (BCC) and rock-salt
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Modelling of the damage initiation at WC/WC and WC/Co boundaries in WC-Co tool material at the microstructure scale: Application to the tool/chip contact Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-12-03 K.E. Agode, C. Wolff, M. Guven, M. Nouari
In machining process, the wear of tungsten‑cobalt carbide cutting tools (WC-Co) is the result of different wear mechanisms such as abrasion, adhesion and diffusion. At the microstructure scale, the presence of microcracks in the carbide grain boundaries can be observed of the tool and in the WC/Co interfaces on the cutting surface. These microcracks are the cause of the WC-Co pull-out clusters from
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Tribocorrosion of TiC-based composites incorporating Ni and Co binders in saline solutions Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-12-05 Ming Lou, Leilei Chen, Kai Xu, Guotian Zhang, Keke Chang
Metallic binders impart necessary toughness to ceramic-metal composites, yet are vulnerable to corrosion and wear. Thus far, the tribocorrosion mechanism remains little understood, obstructing the design of durable composites for ocean drilling applications. Against this backdrop, we selected the TiC-based composites encompassing the Ni and Co binders having different standard electrode potentials
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Laser melting deposition of fine-grained 90W-7Ni-3Fe alloys using pre-sintered granulated powder Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-12-02 Wei Zhang, Chun Li, Yuzhao Zhou, Xiaoshan Yang, Jiupeng Song, Dou Wang, Yubin Zhang, Guomin Le
Reducing the grain sizes of tungsten (W) in tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs) is pivotal for achieving high strength. Traditional liquid phase sintering (LPS) often results in the growth of W grains, due to the long sintering time and slow cooling rates. To achieve a high cooling rate, a laser melting deposition (LMD) additive manufacturing technique was employed in this study to prepare 90W-7Ni-3Fe alloys
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Improving the properties of TiC steel bonded cemented carbides by optimizing the slurry rheology, printing path and shape design of 3D gel printing Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Tao Lin, Tingshuai Bai, Huiping Shao, Yixue Dong, Ming Fan
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Significant enhancement of electrical conductivity in boron-doped diamond through HPHT post-annealing treatment Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-12-02 Xiaoran Zhang, Jinyu Song, Xiangzhuo Xing, Chutong Zhang, Yonghao Sun, Xiaobing Liu
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is expected as a promising semiconductor candidate for potential application in next-generation high-power and high-voltage electronics. Unfortunately, a feasible strategy that focuses on the improvement of the semiconducting performance of BDD materials is still lacking and remains a fundamental challenge in material science. Thus, we aim to study the stability and adjustment
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SiCw strengthened WC-Y2O3 composite and its electrochemical corrosion in aggressive medium Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-12-02 Weili Wang, Jinfang Wang, Meng Zhang, Huilin Lan, Shengyang Zhao, Changyu Liang, Feilong Xu, Ling Shao, Dongdong Zhu, Sheng Dai, Yuyuan Yao, Liu Zhu
The mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of binderless tungsten carbide largely determine its performance and lifespan in complex industrial environments. Herein, WC-1Y2O3-xSiCw (x = 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt%) was prepared using the hot-press sintering. The mechanical properties of the composite, as well as the corrosion resistance of optimized mechanical properties in an aggressive medium (0
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AFM, Nano − indentation and TEM characterization study of HFCVD diamond on tantalum and diamond seeded cemented carbide inserts Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Ayashkanta Jena, Binod Bihari Palei, Sisira Kanta Pattnaik, Saroj Kumar Sarangi
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Microstructure control and mechanical property improvement of Cr3C2-Ni cermets by using solid-solution powders Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-26 Bihe Yu, Yongzhong Jin, Xiang Wu, Zaijiang Yang, Wei Su, Jun Liao, Wuxi Zhou, Haixiong Li
Cr3C2-based cermets have been strengthened and toughened significantly by using Cr3C2-TiC-WC composite solid solution powder with a particle size of 1–2 μm as starting material. 80(72Cr3C2-18TiC-10WC)-20Ni cermet sintered at 1200 °C for 1 h has excellent mechanical properties: bending strength of 1378 MPa, hardness of 88.7 HRA and toughness of 12.74 MPa·m1/2, which are 167.1%, 5.2% and 100.6% higher
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Dynamic simulation of powder spreading processes toward the fabrication of metal-matrix diamond composites in selective laser melting Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Jiangtao Zhang, Guoqin Huang, Yangli Xu, Jianyu Wang, Guangyao Han, Yuanqiang Tan
A novel method for the integrated production of structural and functional metal-matrix diamond composites is provided by selective laser melting (SLM) in the field of diamond tools. However, the uneven distribution of diamond particles and loose packing density in the powder bed can easily result in poor performance of diamond tools. In this work, a discrete element method model of diamond/CuSn composite
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Tribological and corrosion properties of β-TiNb alloy modified by plasma electrolytic oxidation: Evaluation of the synergistic effect of composition and processing time through statistical evaluation Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Roman Gabor, Ladislav Cvrček, Karel Mašek, Josef Hlinka, Oldřich Motyka, Jan Walter, Gražyna Simha Martynková, Gabriela Mikesková, Jana Seidlerová
For bone implants, β‑titanium alloy is promising mainly due to its low modulus of elasticity; the disadvantage may be the insufficient wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant properties. Bulk β-Ti39Nb alloy and magnetron sputtered β-Ti39Nb alloy were surface modified by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technique in an alkaline solution. The aim was to define in detail the relationships between the chemical
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Microstructure and mechanical properties of L12-strengthened CoFeMnNiMo0.2Alx high-entropy alloys Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-23 Hanqing Xu, Mengdi Zhang, Gaimei Zhang, Gong Li
Developing alloys with excellent strength-ductility combination is urged desirable for advanced structural application. However, it still remains challenging in spite of years' efforts. Face centered cubic (FCC) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) commonly exhibit superb ductility. However, the low strength and hardness would limit the development of the FCC-structured materials. Here, the FCC + L12 + BCC structured
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Microstructural and mechanical properties evolution of (Ti0.8W0.2)C powders after sintering by the SPS technique Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-24 Chiheb Slama, Amal Karouia, Mohieddine Abdellaoui
The Ti0.8W0.2C alloys were sintered at different temperatures after being synthesized by mechanical alloying for a grinding time of 10 and 20 h. The temperatures used to perform the sintering of the samples were 1100, 1135, 1150 and 1240 °C for a holding duration of 5 min and under a pressure of 100 MPa. XRD patterns demonstrate that a thermal decomposition has occurred for the Ti0.8W0.2C powders sintered
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Oxidation resistance of Cr-modified MoSi2 composites at high temperature Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-21 Niannian Li, Jun Gao, Wanxia Wang, Sheng-Chi Chen, Kunlun Wang, Yong Wang, Chao-Kuang Wen, Hui Sun
Alloying is an important measure to improve the oxidation resistance of MoSi2. Cr-modified MoSi2 composites were prepared by hot pressing sintering in this study, and their oxidation behaviors at different temperatures were examined by XRD, SEM and EDS. The results show that the MoSi2 matrix forms CrSi2 compound with the increase of Cr content, which is conductive to the formation of surface oxide
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Wear mechanism analysis and its effect on the cutting process of CBN tools during laser ultrasonically assisted turning of tungsten carbide Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-19 Changjuan Zhang, Yongjing Cao, Feng Jiao, Junhao Wang
Tungsten carbide, known for its high hardness and brittleness, presents a challenge in traditional processes due to severe tool wear and shortened tool life, impacting machining efficiency. This paper introduces a hybrid turning method – laser ultrasonically assisted turning (LUAT) – for precision and efficient machining of tungsten carbide. LUAT combines tool ultrasonic vibration with laser-induced
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A thermal-initiated monomer binder enhancing green strength with low binder saturation for binder jetting additive manufacturing of cemented carbide Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Tian Zhang, Yuanqiang Tan, Yangli Xu, Chao Liu
Binder jetting (BJ) additive manufacturing (AM) technology is a competitive technology for fabricating ceramic and metal parts. In most cases, a high level of binder saturation is necessary to achieve sufficient strength for the green part. However, the oversaturated binder may lead to shape distortion and excess carbon residual of the green part. To solve the problem, a novel binder consisting of
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Effect of SPS frequency on the transformation of diamond to graphite in WC-Co composite Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-16 Parinaz Pirmohammadi, Mohammad Zakeri, Mansour Razavi, Leila Nikzad
(WC–6wt%Co)/5Vol% diamond composites were successfully fabricated at 1150–1300 °C and 40 MPa for 5 minutes under the thermodynamically unstable conditions of the Spark Plasma Sintering method. The influence of on-off time, and frequency of the DC pulse of SPS on diamond stability, microstructure, and mechanical properties of WC–Co/diamond composites were investigated. The diamond particles are strongly
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Enhancing the hydrogen storage properties of (Ti, M)C1−x materials (M = W, Mg, Ni, and Al) depends on the carbon vacancies: Potential for the recycling of scraps Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Hyokyeong Kim, Myungjae Kim, Jiwoo Kim, Jiwoong Kim
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Effect of WC content on microstructure and properties of laser-cladded in-situ reactive ZrC/ZrB2 composite coatings on zirconium alloy Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-11 Kun Liu, Hao Wang, Chang Shu, Junbo Zhou, Jie Li, Chengwen Wang, Hong Wu, Jie Li, Lixiang Wang
ZrC/ZrB2 in-situ reinforced composite coatings were prepared by laser cladding on zirconium alloy. The effect of WC content on microstructure and properties of in-situ reactive ZrC/ZrB2 composite coatings were investigated experimentally. The dilution rate and the inhomogeneity of reinforcements distribution were increased by increasing WC content. The increment of WC content contributed to the refinement
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Study on the characteristics of Si-doped diamond synthesized by different iron-based catalyst systems under high temperature and pressure Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-11 Yang Liu, Zhiwen Wang, Yu Teng, Bowei Li, Hongyu Zhao, Qianyu Guo, Liangchao Chen, Hongan Ma, Xiaopeng Jia
This article investigates the effects of different iron based catalysts on the morphology and quality characteristics of diamond single crystals synthesized in high-temperature and high-pressure environments. The results indicated that incorporating silicon impurities led to defects in diamond crystals, increased internal stress in the lattice, and decreased crystal quality. In addition, there are
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Strengthening mechanism of Cr doping in Mo2FeB2-based cermets and effects on biphase interface Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-11 Bo Li, Yong Zheng, Wangwang Wang, Hao Wu, Yufan Li, Jin Lv
EDS, SEM, and TEM were utilized to investigate the effects of various Cr doping amounts on the microstructure and properties of Mo2FeB2-based cermets. The mechanism behind Cr doping and its influence on the biphase interfaces were elucidated by first-principle and EET theories, respectively. The results show that a moderate amount of Cr doped into Mo2FeB2-based cermets is preferentially solid-solved
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Sintering mechanism of TiB2 reinforced Ti(C,N)-based cermet during reaction spark plasma sintering Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Mengxian Zhang, Xianrui Zhao, Junting Zhang, Zhigang Fang, Huan Xu, Hongtao Wang
TiB2 reinforced Ti(C,N)-based cermet was produced by the reaction spark plasma sintering of Co, Ni, Ti, C, BN, Mo2C, WC, and TaC mixtures. To understand the mechanism of reaction sintering, systematic investigation on the microstructure evolution and displacement variation rule was carried out. In addition, the influence of C/BN molar ratio on the microstructures and performances of cermet was investigated
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Effect of nanopowder preparation method on the sintering behavior and microstructure of MoW alloy Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Suyeon Kim, Taehyun Kwon, Seulgi Kim, Sung Ho Song, Dongju Lee
Molybdenum‑tungsten (MoW) alloy sputtering targets are widely used in electronic, displays, and solar cells due to their favorable thermal and electrical conductivities, low thermal expansion coefficient, and corrosion resistance. Herein, we examined the impact of two different MoW nanopowders preparation methods, i.e., mixed oxide-reduction and mechanical alloying, on the sintering behavior and microstructure
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Numerical and experimental study of RHEAs surface morphology and defect in selective laser melting Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Yibo Li, Lan Chen, Linkai Lu, Xinzhou Zhang, Wangfan Zhou, Xudong Ren
Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) are a new category of high-temperature materials that are high-entropy alloys with refractory metal elements as the major components. SLM technique provides distinct benefits in preparing refractory metals with high melting points. The effects of laser power and scanning speed on the surface morphology and internal defects of VNbMoTaW RHEAs samples were examined
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Spray pyrolysis-based synthesis of pure molybdenum powder with nanoscale primary particles and its sintering characteristics Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Yong-Seong Lee, Hyun-Jun Shim, Jeong Hyun Kim, Myeongjun Ji, Jongmin Byun, Young-In Lee
Molybdenum (Mo) is a refractory metal with exceptional high-temperature stability, resistance to creep, and low coefficient of thermal expansion, it thus has great potential for various high-temperature applications. Nevertheless, conventional methods of synthesizing Mo powder, such as mechanical milling and wet chemical processing, have encountered limitations in producing sintered bodies with high
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Regulation of particle size and morphology of tungsten powders in bottom-blowing hydrogen reduction process Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Ruifang Wang, Xiang Zhan, Yongqiang Chen, Chao Zhang, Yusi Che, Jilin He
Particle size and morphology of tungsten powders determine the processing properties of tungsten products. The thermodynamic analysis indicates that the partial pressure of water vapor is an essential factor to regulate the hydrogen reduction of tungsten oxides. The investigation proposed a method of changing the particle size of tungsten powders by bottom blowing hydrogen pretreated by water bath
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Mechanisms and mechanical properties of high-temperature high-pressure sintered vanadium carbide ceramics Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-11 Jie Chen, Fang Peng, Yipeng Wang, Ruiqi He, Zhengang Zhang, Wenjia Liang, Haidong Long, Peihong He, Hao Liang
Vanadium carbide (VC) is extensively employed as a reinforcing agent in coating materials and a grain refiner in hard alloys, owing to its exceptional mechanical properties. A series of bulk VC ceramics were fabricated via high-temperature high-pressure sintering, followed by a comprehensive and systematic investigation of various properties of the sintered samples. The results revealed significant
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Enhancing the fracture toughness of polycrystalline diamond by adjusting the transgranular fracture and intergranular fracture modes Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-11 Min Lian, Fei Wang, Kaixuan Rong, Xiaoci Ma, Hetian Liu, Xinmiao Gai, Yufei Ge, Shushan Dong, Qiang Tao, Pinwen Zhu
Enhancing the fracture toughness of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) is challenging because of its inherent brittleness and the absence of a toughness mechanism. Elucidating the transgranular fracture (TF) and intergranular fracture (IF) modes in PCD is urgent for fabricating robust PCDs. In this study, the toughness of PCD was optimised by adjusting the IF and TF modes. The high pressure and high temperature
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Role of Ti on the microstructure and mechanical properties of MoNbTi medium-entropy alloy Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-11 Deekshith G. Kalali, Anjali Kanchi, P. Sudharshan Phani, K. Bhanu Sankara Rao, S.V.S. Narayana Murty, Koteswararao V. Rajulapati
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Diffusion bonding among hard alloy, tool steel, and alloy steel by hot isostatic pressing: Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Haonan Zheng, Chao Cai, Ruipeng Guo, Yusheng Shi
In this study, the diffusion bonding among YG18 cemented carbide, 30Cr2Ni2Mo alloy steel, and M4 high-speed steel was successfully realized by hot isostatic pressing. The microstructure and element diffusion of 30Cr2Ni2Mo/M4, YG18/M4, and Y18/30Cr2Ni2Mo joints were studied by electron-probe microanalysis and field emission scanning electron microscope. The mechanical properties of the three joints
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Mechanisms controlling friction and material transfer in sliding contacts between cemented carbide and aluminum during metal forming Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Mikael Olsson, Núria Cinca
Cold forming of aluminum alloys is frequently associated with problems related to severe adhesion and material transfer onto the forming tools which results in high friction forces and negatively affects the surface quality of the formed parts, a phenomenon frequently named galling. In the present study, well controlled laboratory tests using a scratch testing equipment have been performed to evaluate
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Scanning photoelectron microscopy discloses the role of Cr and Mo in the selective corrosion of hardmetal grades with Co-Ni binders Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Benedetto Bozzini, Matteo Amati, Luca Gregoratti, Majid Kazemian, Francesco Tavola, Sandra Tedeschi, Gian Pietro De Gaudenzi
Advanced applications of hardmetal (HM) in chemically aggressive ambients call for the improvement of their corrosion resistance, combined with optimal abrasion and toughness properties. This goal is chiefly achieved with binder alloying. In particular, Cr and Mo additions to Co-Ni matrices have proved effective in many cases, but the physico-chemical mechanisms underlying this functional improvement
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Promoted high-temperature strength and room-temperature plasticity synergy by tuning dendrite segregation in NbMoTaW refractory high-entropy alloy Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Bo Sun, Qianqian Wang, Jinyong Mo, Bingjie Wang, Xiubing Liang, Baolong Shen
NbMoTaW refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) exhibits high strength and excellent softening resistance at elevated temperature, while normal compositional modification cannot overcome the trade-off between high-temperature (HT) strength and room-temperature (RT) plasticity. Here, we proposed a heterostructure strategy by tuning dendrite segregation to reach large RT plasticity without deterioration
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Microstructure, mechanical properties and hermeticity of W-Cu/HTCC brazed joints with surface metallization Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Dong-Guang Liu, Jin-Xin Zou, Hui Liu, Ze-Qun Li, Sha-Sha Chang, Liang Zheng, Lai-Ma Luo, Chun-Fu Hong
WCu alloy and high temperature co-fired ceramic (HTCC) were metallized through electroless nickel plating, then one series of W-Cu/Ni/AgCu/Ni/HTCC joints were successfully brazed with AgCu filler. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and hermeticity of W-Cu/HTCC joints were systematically investigated, and the fracture paths of the joints were summarized. The results revealed that the interface
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Exploring the origin of wear in cemented carbides via molecular dynamics simulations Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Haibin Wang, Hezi Lou, Ming Xing, Xuemei Liu, Xiaoyan Song
In this work, the experimentally observed tribological phenomena of WC-Co cemented carbides were interpreted on the atomic scale using molecular dynamics simulations. It was demonstrated that the friction-induced deformation was mainly coordinated by dislocations slip in both Co and WC phases, along with the local rotation of WC grains adjacent to the Co binder. The dislocation motion within the subsurface
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Cemented carbide tools and moulds for wear-resistant applications in Japan Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Masaru Kawakami
Tools for metal cutting, mining, metal forming, woodworking, and other applications are made from cemented carbide owing to its hardness, strength, toughness, and rigidity. In Japan, cemented carbide tools that are not used as cutting or mining tools are considered wear-resistant and they are mainly used for plastic deformation but including some special parts. Wear-resistant tools have been developed
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Property correlations of WC-Co with modified binders Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Oladapo Eso, Xu Wang, Samuel Wolf, Travis Puzz
In the last few decades, there has been an upward trend in incorporating alloying additives into WC-Co hardmetals for property enhancement. Alloying elements such as Ru, Re and Mo have been used effectively to improve some functional properties of WC-Co. These elements dissolve in the cobalt binder of WC-Co during sintering to form solid solution phases with different properties from the cobalt binder
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Prediction of hardmetal corrosion based on the binder response Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 A.M. Ferro Rocha, A.M. Santos, R. Mineiro, P. Pereira, J. Sacramento, A.M.R. Senos, A.C. Bastos
For 100 years WC-Co has been the quintessential hardmetal, finding extensive application whenever high hardness and wear resistance are required. However, recent concerns regarding health and economic factors have motivated both industry and academia to explore alternative composites. Consequently, numerous hard phases and metallic binders are currently under evaluation. To expedite and streamline
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Some aspects of solid solution grain growth inhibitors in cemented tungsten carbides Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Rajendra Sadangi, Animesh Bose
Cemented tungsten carbides are the materials of choice for applications requiring superior wear resistance with high strength and toughness. Recently, there has been a growing interest in using ultrafine-grained cemented carbides to exploit the benefits of superior properties and improved performance. Finer grain carbides, due to higher interface area, are more susceptible to grain growth, and processing
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Role of V(C, N) on gradient structure formation and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline cemented carbides Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-04 Kai Wang, Mingyuan Ma, Yingchun Diao, Qijun Huang, Xiangkui Zhou, Guojian Li, Qiang Wang
We investigated the relationship between the V(C, N) content in nanocrystalline cemented carbides and the thickness of the gradient layer, while also exploring the effects of V(C, N) content on the mechanical properties. Nanocrystalline cemented carbides featuring a cubic-phase gradient layer on their surfaces were prepared through a one-step sintering process, utilizing V(C, N) as the gradient-forming
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Effects of bias voltage on the structure, mechanical properties and tribological properties of TaBx films at elevated temperatures Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-05 Longlong Sun, Hang Li, Ningxin Wei, Jianliang Li, Jiewen Huang, Jian Kong, Qiujie Wu, Yan Shi, Dangsheng Xiong
Transition metal boride (TMBx) show the potential application as protective films at extreme environment due to their high hardness, but their low toughness limits reliability. In order to achieve both excellent mechanical and high wear resistances of the films, the microstructure of TaBx films deposited by magnetron sputtering were regulated by varing the substrate bias voltages. With the increase
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The effect of Ta on oxidation resistance of in-situ TiC/Ni composites Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-05 Ziyan Zhao, Kaiyue Zheng, Xianghui Yu, Qian Qi, Lujie Wang, Yan Liu
In-situ TiC/Ni composite with Ta element was fabricated by reactive sintering. Ta element solid solubilizes in TiC particles and Ni matrix. The addition of Ta reduces the oxidation rate of TiC at initial stage of oxidation, and suppresses the outward diffusion of Ti atom and inward diffusion of O atom after the formation of oxide scale, leading to the decrease of TiO2 and NiTiO3 content in oxide scale
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Recent metrological approaches relevant to the characterisation of hardmetals Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 B. Roebuck, M.G. Gee, K.P. Mingard, H.G. Jones, H. Zhang, V. Tong
Metrology provides the underpinning science that supports the practical use of testing standards; ensuring that different users, be it academia, government or industry, develop a common language regarding the capabilities of many materials sectors. For the hardmetal community, after a century of fundamental and effective applications, it isn't surprising that there are already a considerable number