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A probabilistic analysis of non-military hangar fire protection systems J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-16 John T Wade, Bhushan Lohar, Kari Lippert, Rob Cloutier, Sean Walker, Olabode Olanipekun
The United States Air Force (USAF) dictates policy for foam fire suppression systems in their hangars. In November 2021, the USAF issued a Sundown Policy for Foam Fire Suppression Systems. The National Fire Protection Association’s Standard on Aircraft Hangars, NFPA 409 serves a similar function. This article uses a real-world installation and analysis of the hangar fire protection scheme stipulated
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Experimental and numerical investigation of a single-tree fire J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Gilbert Accary, Joseph Darido, Dominique Morvan, Leo Schneider, Benjamin Betting, Nicolas Frangieh, Sofiane Meradji, Albert Simeoni
The physics and the dynamics of static fires were studied numerically and experimentally by burning single Douglas fir trees. The mass loss rate was recorded, as well as the radiative heat flux and temperature at different positions. The numerical simulations were carried out using a fully physical CFD code (FireStar3D), and two levels of description were considered: in the first one, the vegetation
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Toward improved thermal exposure classes for structural firefighters J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-19 Craig Weinschenk, Holli Knight, John W Regan
In the early 1970s, there was an initial effort to quantify the conditions under which firefighters are expected to perform. Harvey Utech led this endeavor by defining three levels of thermal exposure—routine, ordinary, and emergency—which were characterized by combining a range of air temperatures and radiative heat fluxes. In the last half-century, there has been a concerted scientific effort to
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Block it and rock it: Smoke suppressants that form a protective layer in PA 6.6 J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-13 Sebastian Manfred Goller, Bernhard Schartel, Simone Krüger
To ensure fire safety, polymers are filled with flame retardants and smoke suppressants. To meet the highest requirements, it is essential to understand the decomposition of those polymeric materials. This study reveals interactions between polymer, smoke suppressants, and flame retardants, and discusses their impact on the materials’ flame retardancy, smoke emission, smoke toxicity, and particle emission
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An assessment of recent thermal radiation model performance for propane gas fire experiments J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-13 Michael Chong Vui San, Mohd Zahirasri Mohd Tohir, Michael Spearpoint, Syamimi Saadon, Abd. Rahim Abu Talib
In this article, the performance of five radiation models is investigated, including one conventional radiation model, that is, single-point source model, as well as four recently developed models, that is, a weighted multipoint source model, a cuboid flame model, a multicuboid flame model and a multicylinder flame model. The models are assessed in terms of the height of a target above flame base,
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Radiative ignition properties of food grains and surface temperatures at ignition J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-03 Anene Oguaka, Natalia Flores-Quiroz, Richard Walls
Fire safety of food grains in storage, transport and processing facilities requires knowledge of their ignition properties some of which have been determined in this study. Cowpea, lentils, millet, soybean, unshelled peanut, flax (linseed), sunflower, shelled peanut and sesame, at 10% moisture content were studied. A cone calorimeter heater was used to impose radiative heat fluxes of 25, 35 and 47
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A review on volatilization of flame retarding compounds from polymeric textile materials used in firefighter protective garment J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-05-06 Vincent N Mokoana, Joseph KO Asante, O Jonathan Okonkwo
Polymeric textile materials, now, find extensive application in modern society than previously imagined, particularly in protective clothing. The application of these polymeric materials has been r...
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Performance improvement of the dry chemical-based fire extinguishers using nanocalcium silicate synthesised from biowaste J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-24 Nuttabodee Viriyawattana, Surachat Sinworn
Herein, we investigated nanocalcium silicate (nCa2SiO4) prepared from clam shells and rice husks for its utilisation as a chemical agent in a fire-extinguishing mixture comprising ABC dry powder. T...
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Flammability and explosion characteristics of hardwood dust J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-19 Jan Przybysz, Maciej Celiński, Paweł Kozikowski, Kamila Mizera, Monika Borucka, Agnieszka Gajek
Wood dust consists of the fine particles of wood that are produced when wood is processed. It is considered explosive, especially if it produces a dust cloud. Initiating the combustion process insi...
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Automatic early detection of wildfire smoke with visible-light cameras and EfficientDet J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 Armando M Fernandes, Andrei B Utkin, Paulo Chaves
The ability of EfficientDet, a framework developed in 2019 for object detection, to automatically detect smoke plumes at a distance of several kilometers is demonstrated. Recent articles have raise...
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Toxicity of organophosphorus flame retardants J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-23 Bob A Howell
As the development and use of organophosphorus flame retardants have become more prevalent, concerns about potential toxicity are being raised. To date, most studies on potential toxicity have focu...
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Impact of additive manufacturing on reaction to fire J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-07 Thomas Nazé, Franck Poutch, Fanny Bonnet, Maude Jimenez, Serge Bourbigot
Additive manufacturing, including fused deposition modelling, is a growing technology opening up wide perspectives in material sciences. However, the ability to produce suitable fire-retarded mater...
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Upward flame spread over discrete thin solids separated by heat-absorbing inert materials J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-02-10 Wohan Cui, Ankit Sharma, Ya-Ting T Liao
Flame spread over discrete solid fuels has been of key research interest in the past few decades. Most studies considered an array of discrete fuels separated by air gaps or heat-insulating inert m...
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Old age and fire injury J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-02-01 Mark Taylor, Hulya Francis, John Fielding
Previous studies indicated that the elderly are vulnerable to fire injury. In this article, the nature of such vulnerability in terms of fire injury risk factors including age band, gender, occupan...
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Analysis of solid combustion products to establish a theoretical model of the causes of thermal runaway of ternary lithium-ion battery overcharge and heating J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-01-02 Wei Liu, Fusheng Zhao, Songfeng Yin, Tengzhou Ma, Jiang Qing
It is difficult to determine whether ternary lithium-ion batteries (t-LIBs) were the “source” of the actual fire scene because of the little available direct evidence left after thermal runaway com...
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Fire-extinguishing performance and gas-phase pollution characteristics of different foam agents in extinguishing transformer oil pool fire J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-11-26 Jiaqing Zhang, Fengju Shang, Wencheng Zhou, Fei Xiao, Dengfeng Cheng
In this study, aqueous film-forming foam, fluoroprotein foam, and synthetic foam were applied to extinguish the transformer oil pool fires. The fire-extinguishing performance and burn-back resistan...
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The study of firefighter operation radio attenuation during fire disaster J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-11-17 Chih-Yuan Weng, Yuan-Ming Chiu, Ya-Wen Yang
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of environmental and human factors on communication attenuation as well as to improve radio signal attenuation. In this study, a fire trainin...
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Sensitivity analysis applied to the pyrolysis of charring and non-charring materials under a cone calorimeter J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-11-16 Manon Fleurotte, Olivier Authier, Serge Bourbigot, Gaëlle Fontaine, Gérald Debenest, Abdenour Amokrane
A sensitivity analysis is performed using the Morris method to prioritize the input parameters of a pyrolysis model according to their degree of influence on the heat release rate (HRR). Moreover, ...
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Effects of accelerated and natural weathering on fire-retarded industrial wood composite J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-08-27 Gaëlle Fontaine, Véronique Marchetti, Serge Bourbigot
This study shows the impact of aging on the fire behavior of a fire-retarded polyvinyl chloride wood composite cladding intended for outdoor use. Two sets of composite wood cladding elements were e...
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Experimental study on combustion characteristics of fire in data room J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-08-27 Xiaohong Gui, Haiteng Xue, Yan Jia, Can Zhang, Shiqing Xing
Through the combustion experiments on the cables and servers in a data room, the combustion characteristic parameters of the materials were obtained, and the materials were analyzed and evaluated f...
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Electrical applications in Internet of things and e-vehicles: Passive fire safety needs and solutions J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-07-07 Juergen H Troitzsch
The exponential growth of electrical devices in Internet of things and e-vehicles will lead to new fire safety challenges. As electric fires rank second among all fires and electrical equipment rec...
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Experiments in aerial firefighting with and without additives and its application to suppress wildfires near electrical transmission lines J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-06-22 Tejun Zhou, Jiazheng Lu, Lifu He, Chuanping Wu, Jing Luo
A comparison scheme is proposed to extinguish non-uniform fire scenes and continuously uniform fire scenes using a helicopter’s bucket fire-extinguishing device to spray extinguishing agent. Pure w...
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Flame retardancy of biodegradable polylactic acid with piperazine pyrophosphate and melamine cyanurate as flame retardant J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-05-08 Hongxu Chen, Wei Xia, Nan Wang, Yang Liu, Penghui Fan, Song Wang, Sanxi Li, Jie Liu, Tao Tang, Ailing Zhang, Zhan Ding, Weidong Wu, Qi Chen
A flame-retardant polylactic acid composite added with piperazine pyrophosphate and melamine cyanurate was developed. Piperazine pyrophosphate and melamine cyanurate showed synergistic effect in th...
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Reaction to fire of polymethylmethacrylate and polyvinylchloride under reduced oxygen concentrations in a controlled-atmospherecone calorimeter J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-04-29 Sarah Chatenet, Olivier Authier, Serge Bourbigot, Gaëlle Fontaine
Electrical cable sheaths are the most abundant fire load in nuclear power plants, mainly in rooms that are kept in under slight pressure. This configuration leads fires to grow in under-ventilated ...
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Experimental study of spruce wood reaction to fire in single burning item test J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-04-08 Lucas Terrei, Davood Zeinali, Zoubir Acem, Véronique Marchetti, Paul Lardet, Pascal Boulet, Gilles Parent
The aim of this work is to study and characterize the fire behavior of vertically oriented spruce wood panels using experiments conducted at the scales of cone calorimeter and single burning item t...
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Material-scale flammability characteristics of epoxy-based coating systems J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-03-28 Jonathan Siow, Aravind Dasari
Flammability of intumescent coatings at the materials-scale is “expected” to have an impact on their fire resistance offered to the steel member. However, to what extent and at what stage during th...
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Effects of spacing on flaming and smoldering firebrands in wildland–urban interface fires J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-03-24 Byoungchul Kwon, Ya-Ting T Liao
Firebrand (ember) attack has been shown to be one of the key mechanisms of wildfire spread into wildland–urban interface communities. After the firebrands land on a substrate material, the ignition...
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Flammability and thermal stability of thermoplastic-based composites filled with natural carbon J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-03-11 Yahya T Al-Majali, Jason P Trembly
This investigation characterized flammability and thermal stability for a novel sustainable composite engineered for use in building applications. Flammability and thermal stability of coal plastic composites composed of coal (40–60 wt.%) and high-density polyethylene were compared to commercial wood–plastic composites. Pyrolysis thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that coal plastic composites
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Challenges and limitation of wearable sensors used in firefighters’ protective clothing J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Farshad Shakeriaski, Maryam Ghodrat
This review aims to present recent improvements and existing challenges in the design of wearable sensors used in the firefighters’ protective clothing. Wearable sensors are generally used directly on the body or placed on wearable items to monitor data for the safety of firefighters. Recently, wearable sensors have attracted much attention from researchers and experts. Most investigations have addressed
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Experimental research on temperature distribution and charring rate of typical components of wood structure building J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-01-21 Shanyang Wei, Huan Yang, Butong Gao, Haitao Cheng, Rongxiu Lu, Lihui Dong
This study presents the fire performance of typical components of wood structure buildings. The wooden beams and floor slabs, quite common in wood structure buildings, were burned with different fire exposure times by a pool fire source. Then, the surface temperature evolution and the charring rate were recorded and analyzed. The results show that the flashover and re-ignition phenomenon occurred in
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On the application of non-uniform water cooling for the fire safety of fuel storage tank farms J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-01-17 Ahmed Saber, Mahmoud Abo El-Nasr, Amr Y Elbanhawy
Compromising between application rate and spacing between tanks is one of the vague points regarding fire mitigation in hydrocarbon storage tanks. Codes and standards recommendations are not comprehensive and sometimes contradicting. The traditional, uniform, coolant application technique requires high storage capacities and over-consumes the coolant. This study investigates a non-traditional technique
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Design of a radiant panel test at reduced scale for the high throughput development of artificial turf structures J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-12-15 Angeline Paturel, Mathilde Casetta, Stijn Rambour, Ludovic Janus, Sophie Duquesne
Artificial turf structures are increasingly used in closed areas and have to comply with the European fire standard for building products (EN ISO 13501-1). The main test to evaluate the fire performance of flooring products is the EN ISO 9239-1 radiant panel test. The test principle is to determine the critical heat flux of floorings exposed to a forced ignition and a specific heat flux profile. As
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In-depth temperature and smoke production of charring wood under a constant external heat flux J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-12-02 Yumi Matsuyama, Fumiaki Takahashi
The combustion characteristics of charring wood have been studied experimentally in a well-ventilated environment of a smoke chamber. A numerical simulation has also been performed for a limited case, with the Fire Dynamics Simulator, to estimate the burning environment. A horizontally placed specimen (ponderosa pine) with a moisture content of 0% or 20% is exposed to a radiant flux (25 kW/m2), with
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Mine conveyor belt fire classification J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-11-30 Manuel J Barros-Daza, Kray D Luxbacher, Brian Y Lattimer, Jonathan L Hodges
This article presents a conveyor belt fire classification model that allows for the determination of the most effective firefighting strategy. In addition, the effect of belt design parameters on the fire classification was determined. A methodology that involves the use of numerical simulations and artificial neural networks was implemented. An approach previously proposed for modeling fires over
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Simulation of the burning and dripping cables in fire using the particle finite element method J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-10-08 Julio Marti, Bernhard Schartel, Eugenio Oñate
The behavior of the cable jacket in fire characterized by the tendency to melt and drip constitutes a major source of fire hazard. The reason is that the melted material may convey the flame from one point to another, expanding fire and contributing to the fire load. In this article, the capability of a new computational strategy based on the particle finite element method for simulating a bench-scale
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Performance optimization of thin fire blankets by varying their radiative properties J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-10-07 Kevin M Brent, James S T’ien
In using thin fire blankets to protect structures in wildfires, heat rejections by radiation (reflection and emission) are essential for good performance. By varying the radiative properties of the front and back surfaces of the blankets, this article offers an optimization study of several scenarios of incident heat flux including pure convection, pure radiation, and combinations of the two. Two types
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Bench-scale experimental study on the fire behavior of electric cable arrays by considering different layouts J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-09-20 Zhou Cai, Xiao Chen, Jiaqing Zhang, Shouxiang Lu
The effect of different cable layouts on the fire behavior of electric cable arrays was experimentally studied. The influence of external heat flux on cable fire characteristics was investigated. Several parameters for electrical cables such as the post-burning morphology, ignition time, heat release rate, peak heat release rate and total heat release were obtained. The results show that cable layouts
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Jetfire lab: Jetfire at reduced scale J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Johan Sarazin, Elsa Franchini, Virginie Dréan, Roman Chiva, Serge Bourbigot
This article addresses the development of a bench-scale test (jetfire lab) mimicking the fire exposure of the large-scale jetfire facility. An experimental approach was addressed to develop direct correlation and to validate the similitude between bench-scale test and large-scale jetfire. Comparisons were made by testing Zaltex passive fire protection material in the form of panels. Novel setups were
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Evaluation of propane explosion with applied water mist J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-09-06 Ping-Jung Li, Chao-Shi Chen, Cheng-Yu Weng, Hsin-Hsiu Ho
This article discusses the overpressure of a gas explosion and the performance of applying water mist for explosion suppression. According to the experimental results, the larger the opening area, the more difficult it is for pressure to accumulate, resulting in lower overpressure of a gas explosion. When the opening was opened under a high air speed environment, the amount of entrained air was greater
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Polylactic acid flame-retarded by nano-compound of form II ammonium polyphosphate with montmorillonite J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-08-13 Yinglin Liu, Yina Liu, Rongjie Yang
It is reported a convenient method to obtain flame-retardant polylactic acid composite by adding low amount of crystal form II ammonium polyphosphate (APP-II) or nano-compound of crystal form II ammonium polyphosphate with calcium-based montmorillonite. The structures and thermal properties of the crystal form II ammonium polyphosphate and crystal form II ammonium polyphosphate with calcium-based montmorillonite
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Development of a pyrolysis model for oriented strand board: Part II—Thermal transport parameterization and bench-scale validation J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-08-06 Junhui Gong, Hongen Zhou, Hong Zhu, Conor G McCoy, Stanislav I Stoliarov
Oriented strand board is a widely used construction material responsible for a substantial portion of the fire load of many buildings. To accurately model oriented strand board fire response, kinetics and thermodynamics of its thermal decomposition and combustion were carefully characterized using milligram-scale testing in part I of this study. In the current work, Controlled Atmosphere Pyrolysis
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Nitrogen as an environmentally friendly suppression agent for aircraft cargo fire safety J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-08-03 Michail Diakostefanis, Suresh Sampath, Akhil Dinesh, Rainer Beuermann, Areti Malkogianni
Fire suppression systems in cargo compartments are a certification requirement for commercial aircraft safety. Halon production was banned and usage ends in 2040 according to Montreal Protocol for environmental reasons. This necessitates an alternative environmentally friendly agent. Quantitative analysis of nitrogen as agent established suitability of the suppression system. The Minimum Performance
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Review of large-scale fire tests on cross-laminated timber J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-08-03 Gerard Ronquillo, Danny Hopkin, Michael Spearpoint
Concerns about the environmental impact of building construction is leading to timber being more commonly used. However, it often faces scepticism regarding its safety in the event of fire. This article provides a point of reference on the fire performance of cross-laminated timber through a review of large-scale tests. Although adequately protecting CLT can make its contribution to fire insignificant
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A review on fire suppression by fire sprinklers J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-07-24 Shehu A Abdulrahman, Khaled Chetehouna, Axel Cablé, Øyvind Skreiberg, Maurice Kadoche
Water spray remains the most effective, environment-friendly and economical way of fighting accidental or unwanted fires, and this is largely due to its thermal characteristics. The mechanism of fire suppression by sprinkler water sprays is influenced by numerous factors, which have been the focus of years’-long and on-going research studies to improve its extinguishing performances. A comprehensive
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Comparison of fire extinguishing performance of four halon substitutes and Halon 1301 J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-07-18 Yawei Wang, Gaowan Zou, Conglin Liu, Y Gao
The Halon 1301 fixed gas fire extinguishing system used in ship engine rooms has been banned from production all over the world, because halon destroys the ozone layer. Therefore, it is necessary to find an environmentally friendly, compatible and efficient alternative firefighting system. In this study, we performed fire extinguishing tests in an ISO9705 standard room for four alternative fire extinguishing
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Experimental study on the flame extension and risk analysis of a diffusion impinging flame in confined compartment J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-06-17 Aijuan Wang, Brady Manescau, Khaled Chetehouna, Steve Rudz, Ludovic Lamoot
In this work, an experimental investigation on a diffusion impinging flame in a confined compartment was performed. The objective was to study the influence of confinement on the behavior of a flame impinging the ceiling and to deduce the auto-ignition risk of the smoke produced in the confined compartment. For this, configurations with five confinement levels were constructed by the condition of windows
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The evolving temperature field in a 1-m methanol pool fire J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-06-04 Jian Chen, Kunhyuk Sung, Zhigang Wang, Wai Cheong Tam, Ki Yong Lee, Anthony Hamins
Thin filament pyrometry is used to measure the time-varying temperature field in a 1-m methanol pool fire. A digital camera with optical filters and zoom lens recorded the emission intensity of an array of 12-µm silicon–carbide filaments oriented horizontally at various heights across the steadily burning pool fire. A 50-µm-diameter thermocouple measured the temperature at locations corresponding to
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Household cooking oil use and its bearing on fire safety J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-05-10 Michael Spearpoint, Charlie Hopkin
Cooking oil fires present a reasonable worst-case hazard when considering thermal radiation to occupants close to a kitchen hob/cooktop. Shallow or deep frying, the activity frequency and the oil volume may contribute to the risk. A review of cooking oil use is presented via consumer purchasing habits, studies on the health effects of cooking with oil and statistics related to the disposal of cooking
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Numerical assessment for aircraft cargo compartment fire suppression system safety J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-04-27 Yifang Xiong, Michail Diakostefanis, Akhil Dinesh, Suresh Sampath, Theoklis Nikolaidis
Fire on board an aircraft cargo compartment can lead to catastrophic consequences. Therefore, fire safety is one of the most important considerations during aircraft design and certification. Conventionally, Halon-based agents were used for fire suppression in such cases. However, an international agreement under the Montreal Protocol of 1994 banned further production of Halon and several other halocarbons
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Towards real-time fire data synthesis using numerical simulations J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-04-16 Wolfram Jahn, Frane Sazunic, Carlos Sing-Long
Synthesising data from fire scenarios using fire simulations requires iterative running of these simulations. For real-time synthesising, faster-than-real-time simulations are thus necessary. In this article, different model types are assessed according to their complexity to determine the trade-off between the accuracy of the output and the required computing time. A threshold grid size for real-time
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Brominated flame-retardant composition in firefighter bunker gear and its thermal performance analysis J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-04-15 Vincent Mokoana, Joseph Asante, Jonathan Okonkwo
Firefighting bunker gear is manufactured from flame-retardant materials, which resist ignition and delay flame spread. However, concerns have been emerging on the potential harmful effects of some flame retardants (FRs) commonly used in flame-retarding materials, particularly the brominated flame retardants. This study investigated the presence of flame retardants in bunker gear, particularly polybrominated
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Development of a pyrolysis model for oriented strand board. Part I: Kinetics and thermodynamics of the thermal decomposition J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-03-03 Junhui Gong, Hong Zhu, Hongen Zhou, Stanislav I Stoliarov
Oriented strand board is a widely used construction material responsible for a substantial portion of the fire load of many buildings. To accurately model the response of oriented strand board to fire, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and microscale combustion calorimetry tests were carried out to construct a thermal decomposition model using a numerical solver, ThermaKin
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An analysis of the WTC fires using CIB correlations and simple modeling J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-02-20 JG Quintiere
CIB correlations for compartment burning rates and average gas temperatures are examined for accuracy, utility, and generality. The results are applied to modeling the fire on 9/11 in WTC 1. Specific information is used from the NIST investigation. It is demonstrated that simple heat transfer modeling can predict the truss steel rod temperatures for the E119 tests of WTC done by NIST. The CIB temperature
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The character of residential cooktop fires J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2021-02-18 Yue Hu, Jian Chen, Matthew Bundy, Anthony Hamins
A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the global preignition and combustion characteristics of corn oil heated in 9.7 to 26 cm diameter pans by a residential electric-coil element cooktop. For comparison, torch-ignited gasoline, heptane, and corn oil experiments were conducted in the same configuration except without the heating element energized. Heating oil on a typical electric cooktop
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Experimental determination of the evolution of the incident heat flux received by a combustible during a cone calorimeter test: Influence of the flame irradiance J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2020-12-14 Fabien Hermouet, Éric Guillaume, Thomas Rogaume, Franck Richard, Mohamad El Houssami
The decomposition kinetic of polymeric materials in a cone calorimeter strongly depends on the irradiance level imposed at the sample’s surface. Indeed, even if the irradiance level is supposed to ...
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Book review: A Gallery of Combustion and Fire J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2020-12-10 Alexander B Morgan
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A chain is no stronger than its weakest link: Weathering resistance of water-based intumescent coatings for steel applications J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2020-11-25 Lars-Hendrik Daus, Bernhard Schartel, Volker Wachtendorf, Rolf Mangelsdorf, Manfred Korzen
A systematic approach was used to investigate the weathering-induced degradation of a common water–based intumescent coating. In this study, the coatings are intended for humid indoor applications on steel substrates. The coating contains ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, melamine, and polyvinyl acetate. By replacing each ingredient with a less water-soluble substance, the most vulnerable substances
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Anisotropy of expandable graphite to explain its behavior as a flame-retardant J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2020-11-25 Tsilla Bensabath, Johan Sarazin, Serge Bourbigot
Expandable graphite is used as a flame-retardant in polymers. Its expansion on heating leads to a network of graphite worms which acts as a thermal barrier. However, mechanisms of action of worms a...
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Facile preparation of uniform polydopamine particles and its application as an environmentally friendly flame retardant for biodegradable polylactic acid J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2020-11-01 Benjamin Tawiah, Bin Yu, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Bin Fei
The demand for environmentally benign flame retardants for biodegradable polymers has become particularly necessary due to their inherently “green” nature. This work reports intrinsically non-toxic polydopamine (PDA) particles as an efficient and environmentally friendly flame retardant for polylactic acid (PLA). 5 wt% PDA loading resulted in a 22% reduction in the peak heat release rate, 34.7% increase
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Flammability testing of wool/cellulosic and wool/synthetic fiber blends: Vertical flame spread and heat release results J. Fire Sci. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2020-11-01 Alexander B Morgan, Mary L Galaska
Wool is a natural fiber with lower heat release/flammability than some synthetic fabrics, but it has not been well studied for its heat release when other fibers such as cotton, linen, and nylon are present in the woven fabric. In this article, the heat release and vertical flame spread of six commercially available natural color fabrics is reported. This includes 100% wool, 80% wool/20% nylon, 70%