To improve the accuracy and practicality of the intelligent color-matching application of wood dyeing technology, Fraxinus mandshurica veneer was selected as the dyeing material. First, based on the Friele model and Stearns–Noechel model, the model parameters were cyclically assigned to calculate the optimal fixed parameter values and predictions. Then, particle swarm algorithm was used to optimize

The permanent fixation is essential for the full industrialization of sandwich-compressed wood. In this study, sandwich-compressed wood was modified with superheated steam for compression fixation. Effects of superheated steam pressure on set-recovery were investigated. Changes in microstructure, chemical structure and cellulose crystalline structure of the compressed wood were analyzed, to clarify

The main goal of the study was to examine and compare the inhibition effect of knotwood extractives of Scots (Pinus sylvestris) and black pine (Pinus nigra) against the two white-rot fungi and two brown-rot fungi. Knotwood was extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus. Extracts were chemically analyzed, and the inhibitory effect of purified pinosylvins and crude hydrophilic extracts was tested against growth

In this research, two types of lignin-based macroinitiators were prepared using α-bromoisobutyrylation reaction. Hydroxyl groups (OH) of lignin were completely or partially α-bromoisobutyrylated to produce two types of macroinitiators. Lignin-g-polyacrylamide graft copolymers soluble in water over the full range of pH were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylamide initiated

The shear moduli of solid wood in longitudinal–tangential and longitudinal–radial planes were obtained by conducting a torsional vibration test and subsequent numerical analyses on western hemlock specimens by fixing the thickness as 10 mm and varying the width and length in the ranges of 20–80 mm and 100–400 mm, respectively. In the numerical analyses, the shear modulus in the tangential–radial planes

The full-field swelling strains (in-plane) and displacements (out-of-plane) of a tropical hardwood [huayruro (Ormosia coccinea (Aubl.) Jacks.] were measured at a tissue level by three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) technique. Swelling strains in tangential (Ɛxx) and radial (Ɛyy) directions and displacements in longitudinal direction (Z-axis) were measured on the cross section of wood

Today, a strong expansion in the construction of timber bridges is being promoted by the use of glulam. However, durability issues related to wetting/drying cycles limit their development. Timber bridge supervisors have therefore expressed their needs concerning continuous moisture content (MC) monitoring in timber structures. Checks on the MC of timber bridges are commonly based on the resistive method

The aim of this study was to assess the potential of bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and yeast Pichia membranifaciens ZIM 2417 to adhere to wooden surfaces such as poplar (Populus sp.), Norway spruce (Picea abies), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), beech coated with the commercial Belinka oil food contact and disinfectant P3-oxonia

Lumber and wood-based products are versatile construction materials that are susceptible to weakening as a result of applied stresses. To assess the effects of load duration and rate, experiments have been carried out by applying preset load profiles to sample specimens. This paper studies these effects via a damage modeling approach, by considering three models in the literature: the Gerhards and

This study evaluates alto saxophone reed stiffness characterization techniques using several approaches, including a unique point-stiffness methodology and anatomical image analyses. Point-stiffness is experimentally characterized at multiple locations along the tip of the reed to capture spatial variability in stiffness. Forty-eight reeds of varying manufacturer-rated stiffness (but identical cut)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nanocellulose addition on the physical–mechanical properties of the paper produced from different fiber blends, besides comparing two nanocellulose addition methods. Three different fibers were used for fiber blending (eucalyptus, sisal, and pine). Handsheets were formed based on the mixing of all possible combinations at a 45/55 ratio in 2% consistency and

The sorption curve is an essential feature for the modelling of heat and mass transfer in porous building materials. Several models have been proposed in the literature to represent the amount of moisture content in the material according to the water activity (or capillary pressure) level. These models are based on analytical expressions and few parameters that need to be estimated by inverse analysis

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), aspen (Populus tremula L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) hardwood samples were irradiated by a strong ultraviolet (UV) emitter mercury lamp at 50 °C. Other series of specimens were exposed to a combined treatment of UV irradiation and water leaching. Ratio of UV radiation and water leaching time was 2:1. While the total

The application of cellulose fibers with varieties of allomorphs is of much interest. However, the crystal structural changes of certain allomorphs during the wet chemistry process are often ignored. In this work, the recrystallization behavior of softwood pulp cellulose IIII back to cellulose Iβ with tg conformation by hydrothermal treatment at different temperatures is carefully evaluated and calculated

Co-production of sugars and lignin from short rotation white poplar and black locust crops is evaluated. Acid-catalyzed ethanol/water organosolv and dilute acid pretreatments are analyzed. Resulting pretreated materials are hydrolyzed enzymatically for sugar production, whereas solubilized lignins from pretreatment liquors are precipitated, analyzed by analytical standard, and characterized by FTIR

The potential for simultaneously incorporating nano-copper oxide (CuO) while synthesizing phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin using different concentrations of cupric chloride (CuCl2) was studied. Curing kinetics, resin morphology, as well as physical and mechanical properties of oriented strand boards produced using the modified PF resin were evaluated. Nano-CuO showed a positive effect on the PF resin

To achieve efficient utilization of compression wood (CW), a deeper insight into the creep behavior of CW is necessary. In particular, the involvement of lignin for the creep behavior of CW needs to be better understood. In the present paper, wood fibers and slices from CW and normal wood were studied at both high constant humidity and cyclic 30–80% RH conditions. The micromechanical deformation explored

Wood has been an important raw material for centuries, and humans encounter it in the form of furniture and building materials or in products of daily use. The odors emanating from such wood-based materials can add another facet to their functionality by influencing human well-being and mood. Moreover, wood odors can be used in odor-enhanced environments to foster relaxation and stress recovery. The

Poplar alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp (APMP) was used as plant fiber raw material, and it was graded according to the lignin content. The graded raw materials were used to prepare lignin-containing microfibers (LCMFs) by micro-grinding, and then, the lignin-containing microfiber cryogels (LCMF-cryogels) were prepared by vacuum freeze-drying. The particle size distribution, micromorphology and dispersion

Grenadilla wood (Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.) is a hardwood species found in Tanzania, Mozambique, and other countries in the tropical part of Africa, especially in the Eastern-Central region. Thanks to its high density and good hygroscopic stability, it is used in the making of various musical instruments and fine furniture. Due to the scarcity of published data on this wood species, more

To improve the hydrophobicity of wood, utilizing a silica/wax composite emulsion (PPW@SiO2), which was prepared by maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene wax (PPW) and nanosilica, served as a hydrophobic agent. The hydrophobicity modifying process of fast-growing poplar was carried out by heating permeation and hot pressing to prepare in-depth hydrophobic wood. The results show that the hydrophobic

Wood polymer composites (WPCs) with core–shell structure reinforced with barite (BA)-filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) shell layer were successfully fabricated, and their thermal expansion and mechanical properties were thoroughly analyzed. The incorporation of BA improved the flexural properties and reduced the impact strength and linear coefficients of thermal expansion (LCTEs) of the resulting

This paper introduces, with the development of user-subroutines in the finite-element software Abaqus FEA®, a new practical analysis tool to simulate transient nonlinear moisture transport in wood. The tool is used to revisit the calibration of moisture simulations prior to the simulation of mechanical behaviour in bending subjected to climate change. Often, this calibration does not receive sufficient

Response surface methodology based on the central composite design was used to investigate modeling and optimizing the individual and interactive effects of independent process variables (temperature, pulping time, ethanol concentration and alkali concentration) on the yield, kappa number and brightness of the pulp produced from the bamboo species Yushania alpina. Based on the central composite design

Electrical conductivity (EC) of the unseasoned timber of three softwood species (Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Sequoia sempervirens) and one hardwood species (Eucalyptus globoidea) was studied over the temperature range of \(20-90^\circ \hbox {C}\). EC was measured in sapwood, transitional wood, and heartwood in the three principle grain directions. All species exhibited similar behaviour:

To study the physical and mechanical properties of nano-pulverized cellulose nanofiber (CNF) sheets, CNF sheets were prepared by vacuum filtration and solvent exchange—hot press technique with different concentrations of CNF, respectively. The microstructures as well as the mechanical properties of the corresponding CNF sheets were investigated, and low density and high porosity of the solvent-treated

The change in the pore size of cell walls affects many physical properties of wood. In this paper, the dynamic changes in the pore size of wood cell walls during drying and moisture adsorption were studied at four relative humidities. The results showed that the average pore size of cell walls of Qingpi poplar (Populus- platyphylla var. glauca) was larger than that of pine wood (Pinus sylvestris var

In this study, activated carbon was prepared from lignocellulosic biomass and its electrochemical properties were analyzed and compared. The highest total specific net energy efficiency was 1.12 kW/kg when the mixed softwood (MSW) was ground, while the value was as low as 0.54 kW/kg for logging residue (LOR). The lignin content ranged from 27.38 to 33.43% depending on the biomass type, and the value

Wood density is one of the most important physical properties of the wood, used in improvement programs for wood quality of major timber species. Traditional core sampling of standing trees has been widely used to assess wood density profiles at high spatial resolution by X-ray microdensitometry methods, but alternative methods to predict wood properties quality are also needed. Near-infrared (NIR)

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is an important engineered wood product. Internal structural changes have a substantial influence on the mechanical performance of LVL. To investigate the relationship between the internal structural changes and the compressive strength, poplar LVL layering is manufactured by taking into account the veneer lathe checks, namely lathe checks both facing inwards (TLLT), lathe

Wood-polymer composites technologies are gaining more and more attention in the scientific community, positively affecting the increase in their industrial applications, for example, automotive, building, 3D printing, etc. Many research works are focused on the improvement in matrix–lignocellulosic filler interactions to produce highly filled composites with satisfying performance properties. In this

The present paper studied the chemical composition of recent and historical oak wood comparing the extractive, holocellulose, α-cellulose, lignin, and ash contents. Comprehensive knowledge of the chemical components in recent and historical oak wood will facilitate the use of conservation agent in the restoration and conservation process of the investigated artifacts. The cyclohexane–ethanol extract

A wealth of forensic wood identification technologies has been developed or improved in recent years, with many attempts to compare results between technologies. The utility of such comparisons is greatly reduced when the species tested with each technology are different and when performance metrics are not calculated or presented in the same way. Here, a species-level XyloTron computer vision model

Predicting kiln-drying schedules for a given wood species is not yet possible, despite many research efforts. This is mainly due to insufficiently considering important spatio-temporal variables such as moisture and temperature gradients, and wood anatomical features during drying in the predictive modelling framework. To understand the influence of aforementioned variables, an experimental measurement

Because of the wide adaptability to samples in various states, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has attracted increasing attention. In the present work, it was firstly used to analyze lignocellulosic biomass material and develop the possible use for rapid detection. Through the analysis of the spectra, it was observed that the extremely pure microcrystalline cellulose, filter paper and purchased

Advances in species recognition technologies can contribute to the conservation and protection of flora species, especially those threatened with extinction. The aim of this research was to compare the early fusion approaches of operators known as Local Binary Patterns (LBP) and late fusion, carried out at the level of the decision classifiers, in the construction of an automatic recognition system

The effects of temperature (T) and moisture content (MC) on bark/wood shear strength (BWSS) were studied. Fifteen stems of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) logs were selected and cross-cut into three 1.25 m log sections, corresponding to bottom (1.3 m), middle (3.8 m), and top (6.3 m) positions. BWSS was measured at five temperatures, ranging from

For in situ timber structure applications, heat and mass transfer are strongly dependent on temperature. This work focuses on a parametrical modeling to evaluate and quantify temperature effect at each stage. The model is classically based on a coupling between Fourier's law, which establishes the temporal and spatial distribution of temperature, and Fick's law dealing specifically with the water field

Water vapor sorption is a fundamental physical property of wood and has numerous implications for the behavior of wood as a building material. As a result, water vapor sorption isotherms have been studied for over a century and are the topic of countless publications. Despite their importance and depth of study, there has not yet been a thorough review of these studies that can be used to guide readers

Furfurylation is a modification technique that improves many wood properties. The wood is first impregnated with furfuryl alcohol (FA) diluted in a solvent, and afterward the impregnated wood is cured, during which time a FA derived polymer is formed within the wood cell wall and to some extent also within the cell lumina. In this study, the effect of the solvent used during the impregnation step of

Synthetic and heavy metal antifungals are frequently used as wood preservatives. However, they exhibit relatively inert biodegradation and toxic properties when leached; this makes their replacement with environmentally degradable yet functional alternatives a key target in the wood protection industry. In this context, distilled fractions of raw thermomechanical pulp turpentine (TMP-T) from Picea

The effect of thermal modification (TM) on the chemistry, anatomy and mechanical properties of wood is often investigated using small clear samples. Little is known on the effect of growth-related and processing defects, such as knots and checks, on the bending strength and stiffness of thermally modified timber (TMT). Nine boards of Norway spruce with different combinations of knot types were used

Air-coupled ultrasound was used for assessing natural defects in wood boards by through-transmission scanning measurements. Gas matrix piezoelectric (GMP) and ferroelectret (FE) transducers were studied. The study also included tests with additional bias voltage with the ferroelectret receivers. Signal analyses, analyses of the measurement dynamics and statistical analyses of the signal parameters

Aucoumea klaineana Pierre (Okoume) tannins were extracted by an artisanal maceration method in the presence of acetone/water used as solvent. The tannins obtained from the sapwood and heartwood and characterized by Maldi-ToF and FTIR did not present any differences regarding their type of oligomers. Tannins were more abundant in sapwood than in heartwood, but in both of them, fisetinidin and gallocatechin

In this paper, multi-scale modeling was used to resolve diffusion in steam-exploded wood at tracheid scales including sub-micrometer features of bordered pits. Simulations were performed using the lattice Boltzmann method with high-resolution X-ray tomography image data as the input for the microstructure. The results show an effective method for utilizing a variable diffusion coefficient to implement

The resistance of wood against fungal decay, in short the natural durability, is one of the main criteria for defining the potential use of a wood species. Wood collections, or xylaria, offer the unique opportunity to screen many specimens and species for the latter purpose yet sample size is often limited and standardized tests are often not possible neither desired given the historical and cultural

Lignin valorization is strongly dependent on a right strategy for converting lignin into value-added products. Conversion of lignin into monomeric degradation products is one of the important avenues. In this study, chemical mechanisms and monomeric product compositions in hydrolysis (acidic and alkaline), hydrogenolysis, catalytic oxidation, electrochemical oxidation and reduction, photochemical and

The main objective of this research is to develop a technique to obtain magnetic cork particles. The magnetization is achieved by applying a coating of iron oxides, obtained directly on the surface of cork particles from an acid solution of Fe cations added to a basic solution containing the particles. Previous surface treatment of cork particles was required; hence, plasma pretreatment was applied

The wood structure anisotropy and moisture content variation within the volume create different patterns of light scattering inside the wood. The objective of this study was to assess the suitability of a laser method for online measurement of green veneer moisture content based on the so-called tracheid effect. Beech and poplar veneers with thicknesses of 1, 2 and 3 mm were subsequently laser scanned

This study was constructed in 1953 with the aim of clarifying the effects of differences in structural installation conditions, such as the downstream slope and the installation of concrete dams directly above, on the degree of wear of wooden check dam elements. A wear survey was conducted on the wooden check dam, and wear was compared with that of the wooden check dam located downstream. As a result

In this case study, machine and process variables were extracted from the process control system (Prod-IQ) and combined with tested mechanical properties of wood fiber insulation boards according to product type and time of manufacture. The boards were taken from the production line (dry process), and the internal bond strength (σmt) and the compressive strength at 10% deformation (σ10) were determined

In the bio-based economy concept, any biomass should not be used directly for energy purposes without considering the possibility of using it for bioproducts with higher added value. Extractable phytochemicals found in lignocellulosic biomass of perennial industrial crops (PIC) are used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, chemical, food and feed industries. Therefore, these compounds should be obtained

Maps developed using Akima’s interpolation method, and representing average data for trees aged 13 and 22 years, were used to compare patterns of within-tree variation for Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) tracheid properties: coarseness (C), specific surface (S), radial (R) and tangential (T) diameter and wall thickness (w). SilviScan-calibrated near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provided data for the

This work proposes an experimental approach to study the scratch resistance of green wood under the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) impregnation. To this end, small-scale green spruce samples are stabilized against water by using the technique of PEG impregnation to prevent water to seep out of the wood during experimental tests. Scratches are performed in the radial-longitudinal and tangential-longitudinal

Water exists in lignocellulosic materials throughout the whole process from the plant growth to raw materials processing and utilization. The fiber saturation point (FSP) is the inflection point of the physical and mechanical properties of lignocellulosic materials and has an important influence on their physical and mechanical properties. This paper investigates the FSP of Calamus simplicifolius by

The direct use of lignin results in the synthesis and production of low-value materials. Therefore, the chemical modification of lignin increases not only its reactivity, but also improves its compatibility and better dispersion in the lignin-based polymeric materials where lignin acts as a good substitute for oil-based polyols. Systematic studies were conducted in the present work. Hydroxymethylated

This study focused on plasma treatment of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and heat-treated European beech surfaces with varying distance from the planar electrode of the diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge. In addition to the treatment in the air, plasma treatment was also carried out in O2, CO2, N2 and Ar atmospheres. Treatment was differentiated between treatment in the active plasma zone

To improve the mechanical and thermal properties of wood, a new functional composite was developed using an environmentally friendly low-melting-point alloy (LMA). Wood–metal functional composites (WMCs) were prepared by impregnating a puffed wood substrate with a LMA to form a LMA/wood network. The puffed wood was obtained by subjecting it to high-intensity microwave pretreatment. In-depth scanning

This study was aimed to determine and compare the effect of different percentages of extraction solvent ethanol 0% (E0), 20% (E20), and 40% (E40) with water (vol/vol) as well as extraction time 6, 9 and 15 h on the yield and antioxidant potential of Pinus densiflora needle (PDN) and bark (PDB) extracts. Extraction was performed at 60 ± 5 °C. A maximum yield of 10.99 ± 0.96 and 16.86 ± 1.96% from 20 g

Extrusion process using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]Ac) in co-solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), was conducted to improve the pretreatment effect on the enzymatic saccharification of pussy willow (Salix gracilistyla Miq.). The use of a twin screw extruder capable of continuous processing increased the solid loading to 50% in [EMIM]Ac and its co-solvent DMSO. The water-soluble fraction