The lumber manufacturing industry faces challenges due to the cutting of wood with a high variation in moisture content and temperature. In this study, the cutting power and waviness during the circular sawing process of kiln-dried, green, and frozen hem-fir wood were measured and compared under different feed and rotation speeds. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the impact

The effect of knot clusters on the bending properties of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) cross-laminated timber (CLT) was analyzed to increase the utilization of low-quality lumber. The laminae used to manufacture the CLT were classified into five groups, four major layer groups, and one minor layer group, by mechanical grade and knot area ratio (KAR) of the lamina. Out-of-plane bending tests were conducted

Changes in the extract composition and lignin structure are the main factors that affect color changes in wood during heat treatment. GC–MS analysis revealed that changes in the aromatic and ketone containing compounds in the extractives followed the same trend as changes in the ΔE* of the wood. 2D-HSQC NMR analysis showed that the lignin structure of heat-treated Chinese fir pretreated with aluminum

With the increase in heat-treated rubberwood used in interior decoration materials, the odorous constituents have attracted people’s attention. In this study, a headspace solid-phase microextraction method coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was employed to analyze the odorous constituents released from heat-treated rubberwood and the gaseous components from the heat treatment process

Wood fiber/polyethylene composite (WFPEC) is composed of a natural wood fiber and a recyclable polyethylene plastic, which is normally used as an environmental protection composite material. However, better knowledge of chip formation and surface damage mechanism of WFPEC is essential to improve its machinability for extending exterior and interior applications. In this article, machinability of WFPEC

At present, most of the existing studies on bamboo nodes focus on the raw bamboo. There is still a lack of researches on the nodes in side press-laminated bamboo lumber (LBL). However, after processing, bamboo nodes in the laminated bamboo lumber are different from the raw bamboo nodes in terms of performance. Therefore, this paper carried out tests to analyze the influence of bamboo node on the tensile

In this paper, a set of improvements made in drill wear recognition algorithm obtained during previous work is presented. Images of the drilled holes made on melamine faced particleboard were used as its input values. During the presented experiments, three classes were recognized: green, yellow and red, which directly correspond to a tool that is in good shape, shape that needs to be confirmed by

The reaction between hypochlorous acid and chlorite ions is the rate limiting step for in situ chlorine dioxide regeneration. The possibility of increasing the speed of this reaction was analyzed by the addition of tertiary amine catalysts in the system at pH 5. Two amines were tested, DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) and its derivative CEM-DABCO (1-carboethoxymethyl-1-azonia-4-aza-bicyclo[2.2

The development of a feasible and effective method to liquefy soybean protein with the potential to prepare particleboard for wood furniture remains challenging. In this work, different novel liquefaction technologies were proposed to prepare four different soybean protein liquefied products (noted as LSP-Ӏ, LSP-ӀӀ, LSP-ӀӀӀ, LSP-ӀV) that could be used as the matrix of the adhesives to satisfy spraying

The present study investigated the effect of maceration of different species of wood (oak, acacia, chestnut, apricot, mulberry, plum, cherry and grape vine) in three stages of toasting (110, 175, and 200 °C) on the antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol content, changes in color and sensory acceptability of the wine spirit. The addition of different kinds of wooden fragments to the wine spirit led

The mechanical behaviour of bamboo is greatly influenced by its transverse properties, which are not easily measured by experiment. This study develops a framework and the computational tools required to evaluate the material and mechanical properties of bamboo in its full-culm form. A numerical model of bamboo as a transversely isotropic material with functionally graded material properties in the

The understanding of pore characteristics is the basis for studying the macroscopic physical properties of wood. Herein, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) was analyzed in detail as a function of pressure to analyze wood samples. Additionally, fractal analysis was performed from the MIP derived data to establish the relationship between the fractal dimension and the structural parameters. The results

The heteroatom self-doped activated carbon hollow fibers from liquefied wood (ACHFs) were prepared by melt spinning, half-curing, carbonization and activation using steam. The results showed that the ACHFs with N and P doping exhibited high specific surface area (1896.6–2040.8 m2g−1) and total pore volume (1.02–1.058 cm3g−1). It was also found that the mechanisms of P from catalyst and N from curing

When a squared lumber such as a beam and/or a bearer is produced from a log, they often show warps. Warp of the sawn lumber is practically not serious when the pith is located at the center of the cross-section, as in the lumber-with-pith, but causes serious problems in the lumber-without-pith. In the present study, a mechanical model was introduced to explain lumber warping based on beam theory, and

Pyrolysis temperature can alter wood cell anatomical components. However, temperature effects applied to fibers during the pyrolysis process are not very clear. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of thermal treatment on the quality of fiber walls of wood in the pyrolysis process. For this, ten trees of Eucalyptus urophylla were cut, five of each hybrid’s clones, VM4 and MN463

In this paper, Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongholica Litv veneer was used as the research object, and nanoZnO-coated veneer was prepared by magnetron sputtering. Based on XRD and nanoindenter, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and fluorescence microscope, the structure and mechanical properties, surface elements and fluorescence effect of the materials were characterized, and the gradual process of the

A flame-retardant composition (FRC) composed of a surface-treated calcium carbonate-based mineral, having high porosity and loaded with deliquescent calcium chloride, was assessed for its potential as a flame retardant. Two FRCs with 16% and 26% calcium chloride (dry solid) stored in the pore structure, respectively, were studied with respect to their ability to absorb and release free water, and their

Extractives of tree barks have long been considered as a rich source of novel bioactive secondary metabolites, which are by far not well-explored. In the current work, bark extracts of Catalpa bungei were investigated for the first time and five extractives were isolated and purified, including a new triterpene saponin derivative, namely 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-6′-methyl-21-O-cis-caffeoyl machaerinic

There are many studies describing the physical and anatomical properties of eucalypt wood, but studies comparing the performance of diploid and polyploid clones in terms of wood anatomy and wood quality are scarce. In this context, this study aimed to compare the performances of Eucalyptus diploid and polyploid clones with the same genetic origin by analyzing the physical and anatomical properties

Hardness has been considered an important indicator of wood quality and presents a high correlation with density, and, as far as the authors know, there is no specific methodology to evaluate the hardness of charcoal. In this context, it is necessary to develop a reliable and efficient methodology to classify charcoal mechanical properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish multivariate

To improve the accuracy and practicality of the intelligent color-matching application of wood dyeing technology, Fraxinus mandshurica veneer was selected as the dyeing material. First, based on the Friele model and Stearns–Noechel model, the model parameters were cyclically assigned to calculate the optimal fixed parameter values and predictions. Then, particle swarm algorithm was used to optimize

The permanent fixation is essential for the full industrialization of sandwich-compressed wood. In this study, sandwich-compressed wood was modified with superheated steam for compression fixation. Effects of superheated steam pressure on set-recovery were investigated. Changes in microstructure, chemical structure and cellulose crystalline structure of the compressed wood were analyzed, to clarify

The main goal of the study was to examine and compare the inhibition effect of knotwood extractives of Scots (Pinus sylvestris) and black pine (Pinus nigra) against the two white-rot fungi and two brown-rot fungi. Knotwood was extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus. Extracts were chemically analyzed, and the inhibitory effect of purified pinosylvins and crude hydrophilic extracts was tested against growth

In this research, two types of lignin-based macroinitiators were prepared using α-bromoisobutyrylation reaction. Hydroxyl groups (OH) of lignin were completely or partially α-bromoisobutyrylated to produce two types of macroinitiators. Lignin-g-polyacrylamide graft copolymers soluble in water over the full range of pH were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylamide initiated

The shear moduli of solid wood in longitudinal–tangential and longitudinal–radial planes were obtained by conducting a torsional vibration test and subsequent numerical analyses on western hemlock specimens by fixing the thickness as 10 mm and varying the width and length in the ranges of 20–80 mm and 100–400 mm, respectively. In the numerical analyses, the shear modulus in the tangential–radial planes

The full-field swelling strains (in-plane) and displacements (out-of-plane) of a tropical hardwood [huayruro (Ormosia coccinea (Aubl.) Jacks.] were measured at a tissue level by three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) technique. Swelling strains in tangential (Ɛxx) and radial (Ɛyy) directions and displacements in longitudinal direction (Z-axis) were measured on the cross section of wood

Today, a strong expansion in the construction of timber bridges is being promoted by the use of glulam. However, durability issues related to wetting/drying cycles limit their development. Timber bridge supervisors have therefore expressed their needs concerning continuous moisture content (MC) monitoring in timber structures. Checks on the MC of timber bridges are commonly based on the resistive method

The aim of this study was to assess the potential of bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and yeast Pichia membranifaciens ZIM 2417 to adhere to wooden surfaces such as poplar (Populus sp.), Norway spruce (Picea abies), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), beech coated with the commercial Belinka oil food contact and disinfectant P3-oxonia

Lumber and wood-based products are versatile construction materials that are susceptible to weakening as a result of applied stresses. To assess the effects of load duration and rate, experiments have been carried out by applying preset load profiles to sample specimens. This paper studies these effects via a damage modeling approach, by considering three models in the literature: the Gerhards and

This study evaluates alto saxophone reed stiffness characterization techniques using several approaches, including a unique point-stiffness methodology and anatomical image analyses. Point-stiffness is experimentally characterized at multiple locations along the tip of the reed to capture spatial variability in stiffness. Forty-eight reeds of varying manufacturer-rated stiffness (but identical cut)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nanocellulose addition on the physical–mechanical properties of the paper produced from different fiber blends, besides comparing two nanocellulose addition methods. Three different fibers were used for fiber blending (eucalyptus, sisal, and pine). Handsheets were formed based on the mixing of all possible combinations at a 45/55 ratio in 2% consistency and

The sorption curve is an essential feature for the modelling of heat and mass transfer in porous building materials. Several models have been proposed in the literature to represent the amount of moisture content in the material according to the water activity (or capillary pressure) level. These models are based on analytical expressions and few parameters that need to be estimated by inverse analysis

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), aspen (Populus tremula L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) hardwood samples were irradiated by a strong ultraviolet (UV) emitter mercury lamp at 50 °C. Other series of specimens were exposed to a combined treatment of UV irradiation and water leaching. Ratio of UV radiation and water leaching time was 2:1. While the total

The application of cellulose fibers with varieties of allomorphs is of much interest. However, the crystal structural changes of certain allomorphs during the wet chemistry process are often ignored. In this work, the recrystallization behavior of softwood pulp cellulose IIII back to cellulose Iβ with tg conformation by hydrothermal treatment at different temperatures is carefully evaluated and calculated

Co-production of sugars and lignin from short rotation white poplar and black locust crops is evaluated. Acid-catalyzed ethanol/water organosolv and dilute acid pretreatments are analyzed. Resulting pretreated materials are hydrolyzed enzymatically for sugar production, whereas solubilized lignins from pretreatment liquors are precipitated, analyzed by analytical standard, and characterized by FTIR

The potential for simultaneously incorporating nano-copper oxide (CuO) while synthesizing phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin using different concentrations of cupric chloride (CuCl2) was studied. Curing kinetics, resin morphology, as well as physical and mechanical properties of oriented strand boards produced using the modified PF resin were evaluated. Nano-CuO showed a positive effect on the PF resin

To achieve efficient utilization of compression wood (CW), a deeper insight into the creep behavior of CW is necessary. In particular, the involvement of lignin for the creep behavior of CW needs to be better understood. In the present paper, wood fibers and slices from CW and normal wood were studied at both high constant humidity and cyclic 30–80% RH conditions. The micromechanical deformation explored

Wood has been an important raw material for centuries, and humans encounter it in the form of furniture and building materials or in products of daily use. The odors emanating from such wood-based materials can add another facet to their functionality by influencing human well-being and mood. Moreover, wood odors can be used in odor-enhanced environments to foster relaxation and stress recovery. The

Poplar alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp (APMP) was used as plant fiber raw material, and it was graded according to the lignin content. The graded raw materials were used to prepare lignin-containing microfibers (LCMFs) by micro-grinding, and then, the lignin-containing microfiber cryogels (LCMF-cryogels) were prepared by vacuum freeze-drying. The particle size distribution, micromorphology and dispersion

Grenadilla wood (Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.) is a hardwood species found in Tanzania, Mozambique, and other countries in the tropical part of Africa, especially in the Eastern-Central region. Thanks to its high density and good hygroscopic stability, it is used in the making of various musical instruments and fine furniture. Due to the scarcity of published data on this wood species, more

To improve the hydrophobicity of wood, utilizing a silica/wax composite emulsion (PPW@SiO2), which was prepared by maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene wax (PPW) and nanosilica, served as a hydrophobic agent. The hydrophobicity modifying process of fast-growing poplar was carried out by heating permeation and hot pressing to prepare in-depth hydrophobic wood. The results show that the hydrophobic

Wood polymer composites (WPCs) with core–shell structure reinforced with barite (BA)-filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) shell layer were successfully fabricated, and their thermal expansion and mechanical properties were thoroughly analyzed. The incorporation of BA improved the flexural properties and reduced the impact strength and linear coefficients of thermal expansion (LCTEs) of the resulting

This paper introduces, with the development of user-subroutines in the finite-element software Abaqus FEA®, a new practical analysis tool to simulate transient nonlinear moisture transport in wood. The tool is used to revisit the calibration of moisture simulations prior to the simulation of mechanical behaviour in bending subjected to climate change. Often, this calibration does not receive sufficient

Response surface methodology based on the central composite design was used to investigate modeling and optimizing the individual and interactive effects of independent process variables (temperature, pulping time, ethanol concentration and alkali concentration) on the yield, kappa number and brightness of the pulp produced from the bamboo species Yushania alpina. Based on the central composite design

Electrical conductivity (EC) of the unseasoned timber of three softwood species (Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Sequoia sempervirens) and one hardwood species (Eucalyptus globoidea) was studied over the temperature range of \(20-90^\circ \hbox {C}\). EC was measured in sapwood, transitional wood, and heartwood in the three principle grain directions. All species exhibited similar behaviour:

To study the physical and mechanical properties of nano-pulverized cellulose nanofiber (CNF) sheets, CNF sheets were prepared by vacuum filtration and solvent exchange—hot press technique with different concentrations of CNF, respectively. The microstructures as well as the mechanical properties of the corresponding CNF sheets were investigated, and low density and high porosity of the solvent-treated

The change in the pore size of cell walls affects many physical properties of wood. In this paper, the dynamic changes in the pore size of wood cell walls during drying and moisture adsorption were studied at four relative humidities. The results showed that the average pore size of cell walls of Qingpi poplar (Populus- platyphylla var. glauca) was larger than that of pine wood (Pinus sylvestris var

In this study, activated carbon was prepared from lignocellulosic biomass and its electrochemical properties were analyzed and compared. The highest total specific net energy efficiency was 1.12 kW/kg when the mixed softwood (MSW) was ground, while the value was as low as 0.54 kW/kg for logging residue (LOR). The lignin content ranged from 27.38 to 33.43% depending on the biomass type, and the value

Wood density is one of the most important physical properties of the wood, used in improvement programs for wood quality of major timber species. Traditional core sampling of standing trees has been widely used to assess wood density profiles at high spatial resolution by X-ray microdensitometry methods, but alternative methods to predict wood properties quality are also needed. Near-infrared (NIR)

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is an important engineered wood product. Internal structural changes have a substantial influence on the mechanical performance of LVL. To investigate the relationship between the internal structural changes and the compressive strength, poplar LVL layering is manufactured by taking into account the veneer lathe checks, namely lathe checks both facing inwards (TLLT), lathe

Wood-polymer composites technologies are gaining more and more attention in the scientific community, positively affecting the increase in their industrial applications, for example, automotive, building, 3D printing, etc. Many research works are focused on the improvement in matrix–lignocellulosic filler interactions to produce highly filled composites with satisfying performance properties. In this

The present paper studied the chemical composition of recent and historical oak wood comparing the extractive, holocellulose, α-cellulose, lignin, and ash contents. Comprehensive knowledge of the chemical components in recent and historical oak wood will facilitate the use of conservation agent in the restoration and conservation process of the investigated artifacts. The cyclohexane–ethanol extract

A wealth of forensic wood identification technologies has been developed or improved in recent years, with many attempts to compare results between technologies. The utility of such comparisons is greatly reduced when the species tested with each technology are different and when performance metrics are not calculated or presented in the same way. Here, a species-level XyloTron computer vision model

Predicting kiln-drying schedules for a given wood species is not yet possible, despite many research efforts. This is mainly due to insufficiently considering important spatio-temporal variables such as moisture and temperature gradients, and wood anatomical features during drying in the predictive modelling framework. To understand the influence of aforementioned variables, an experimental measurement

Because of the wide adaptability to samples in various states, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has attracted increasing attention. In the present work, it was firstly used to analyze lignocellulosic biomass material and develop the possible use for rapid detection. Through the analysis of the spectra, it was observed that the extremely pure microcrystalline cellulose, filter paper and purchased

Advances in species recognition technologies can contribute to the conservation and protection of flora species, especially those threatened with extinction. The aim of this research was to compare the early fusion approaches of operators known as Local Binary Patterns (LBP) and late fusion, carried out at the level of the decision classifiers, in the construction of an automatic recognition system

The effects of temperature (T) and moisture content (MC) on bark/wood shear strength (BWSS) were studied. Fifteen stems of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) logs were selected and cross-cut into three 1.25 m log sections, corresponding to bottom (1.3 m), middle (3.8 m), and top (6.3 m) positions. BWSS was measured at five temperatures, ranging from

For in situ timber structure applications, heat and mass transfer are strongly dependent on temperature. This work focuses on a parametrical modeling to evaluate and quantify temperature effect at each stage. The model is classically based on a coupling between Fourier's law, which establishes the temporal and spatial distribution of temperature, and Fick's law dealing specifically with the water field

Water vapor sorption is a fundamental physical property of wood and has numerous implications for the behavior of wood as a building material. As a result, water vapor sorption isotherms have been studied for over a century and are the topic of countless publications. Despite their importance and depth of study, there has not yet been a thorough review of these studies that can be used to guide readers

Furfurylation is a modification technique that improves many wood properties. The wood is first impregnated with furfuryl alcohol (FA) diluted in a solvent, and afterward the impregnated wood is cured, during which time a FA derived polymer is formed within the wood cell wall and to some extent also within the cell lumina. In this study, the effect of the solvent used during the impregnation step of