During the converter steelmaking process, with an increase in the furnace life, the bottom blowing components will have different degrees of blockage. In this study, water model and numerical simulation experiments were performed to study the influence of the non-uniform bottom blowing gas supply mode on the dynamic properties of molten bath in a 300t converter. The results show that under the non-uniform

Mathematical models appear as very attractive alternatives in blast furnace studies. Therefore, a three-dimensional model is described and validated to simulate the flow and combustion of binary coal blends under simplified blast furnace conditions. The present article aims to analyse the performance of different coals and their blends for conventional and coaxial oxygen enrichment methods. Among the

The effect of Ce on the hot-working ability of lean duplex stainless steel (LDSS) was investigated in this paper. A hot tensile test was performed by GLEEBLE 3500 to compare the high-temperature deformation behaviour of materials containing 0.01% Ce and no rare earth added. The results show that Ce significantly promoted LDSS recrystallization at a strain rate of ε˙ = 1 × 10−3 s−1, softening austenite

A CDF model for simulating gas dynamics, heat and mass transfer in the freeboard of a pilot-scale Rotary Hearth Furnace (RHF) is developed in conjunction with an independent solid reduction model at the bottom of the hearth. The effect of air-inlet configuration and inlet fuel composition on the fuel requirement, exit gas composition, fluid flow, temperature, and gaseous composition distribution have

Industrial trials and thermodynamic analysis were performed to investigate the transient influence of cerium on inclusions in an Al-killed non-oriented electrical steel. Inclusions were statistically analyzed using an automatic scanning electron microscope. Without cerium addition, inclusions in the molten steel were predominately MgO·Al2O3 ones as well as a small number of Al2O3–MgO–CaO ones, and

Increase in global electrification is driving the development of new electrical steels with improved performance, such as Fe–6Si suitable for high-frequency e-machines. Fe–6Si steel is difficult to cast and roll such that currently, the only commercial production is via downstream siliconisation to increase Si content. This paper explores the feasibility of casting ultra-high silicon electrical steels

Energy optimizing furnace (EOF) is a primary steel making reactor, where the autogenous exothermic reaction heat, associated with the solute oxidation is utilized for making the steel. The thermo-kinetic reactions of the steel making process have been evaluated in the world’s largest, 65 ton EOF, at JSW Steel Ltd., Salem. The solute oxidation as a function of blow time and Si content was evaluated

The mechanical properties of steel depend strongly on chemical composition and the parameters used during thermomechanical processing. Understanding how each variable affects such properties is indispensable for obtaining high-quality steel products at a lower cost. However, the large number of variables involved in the manufacturing process makes this a difficult task. It is possible to use statistical

Cuspidine is an important crystallization product in CaO–SiO2–CaF2 based mould flux. A deeper understanding of cuspidine crystallization behaviour is significant to obtain superior heat transfer and lubricative properties. Cuspidine crystallization was observed in situ using a confocal scanning laser microscopy. The results shown that cuspidine typically shows different dendritic morphologies in molten

The ever-increasing pressure on the steelmaking industry to reduce its environmental footprint and achieve higher performance ispushing the sector to continuous improvement of its processes, This new paradigm places steel scrap recycling-based manufacturingprocesses as one of the main alternatives for the steelmaking industry. Using heterogeneous recycled scrap mixtures for producing new andhigher

To lower the iron losses of the hot metal desulphurisation (HMD) process, slag modifiers can be added to the slag. Slag modifiers decrease the apparent viscosity of the HMD slag. Most common slag modifiers in industry contain fluoride as a fluidiser. However, fluoride leads to a higher magnesium consumption and has health, safety and environment issues. Fluoride-free alternatives like nepheline syenite

In this paper, the industrial experiment of bottom-blowing O2–CaO was carried out by using a mixed injection of multi-gas medium to reduce the erosion of bottom-blown components and improve the life of the converter. The mechanism of slagging and dephosphorization during the process of bottom-blowing O2–CaO was deeply studied, a better way of slag making by blowing CaO powder from the bottom of the

In this work, the influence of original microstructure on wear property of ER9 wheel steel is studied by GPM-40 rolling wear tester. The pearlite + proeutectoid ferrite (P+F) sample exhibits the lower wear loss than the tempered sorbite (TS) sample at different cycles. However, the TS sample has better fatigue wear resistance than the P+F sample. High wear loss and more uniform plastic deformation

To obtain solid inclusions in LF refining process, the influence of silicon content in steel on compositions of inclusions during LF refining were investigated in Al-killed steel. Influence of silicon on compositions of inclusions was found to be great. The [Ca] content of steel was supplied from the reaction of [Al] and CaO. The [Si] content affected the [Ca] content by the reaction (SiO2) + 2[Ca]→[Si]+2(CaO)

The effect of Nb on the dissolution and precipitation behaviours of the network carbide in bearing steel, including the precipitation and dissolution temperature and the thickness of network carbide has been investigated in this paper. The precipitation and dissolution processes were carefully compared and analysed in bearing steels with different contents of Nb. The results showed that the presence

Fluid flow is of great importance to the quality of near-net-shape beam blanks. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to measure the fluid flow inside a full-scale water model for a beam blank continuous casting mould from five sections under the different submerged entry nozzles (SENs) in the present work. The results show that the jet flow under the single-port SEN leads to a too significant

The present work was carried out to study the evaporation of fluoride from CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO–Li2O–(TiO2) slag with different TiO2 contents. The evaporation ratio is determined by monitoring the weight change of the slag by isothermal thermogravimetric analysis in the temperature range of 1470–1530°C. The results show that the evaporation ratio of fluoride is promoted by increasing temperature and

Aiming at the high-efficiency utilization of vanadium–titanium magnetite with high chromium content, a slag formation path in the converter smelting process of semi-steel containing chromium was proposed. The influences of MnO and Cr2O3 on the melting characteristics of converter slag were calculated through FactSage. The effects of components and temperature on the equilibrium distribution ratio of

This paper presents optimum operating parameters for the production of thin strips of 40 mm in width and ∼4 mm in thickness of Fe–17%Mn–4%Al–3%Si–0.45%C wt-% TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) steel using the present version of the Horizontal Single Belt Casting (HSBC) process. A two-dimensional model was developed to examine the flow of molten metal in the HSBC process, primarily focusing on investigating

Ferrite/martensite dual-phase steel is indispensable for manufacturing different automobile parts. In the present study, uniaxial tension tests and metallographic analyses are performed to reveal the fracture evolution in ferrite/martensite dual-phase flange steel with a high hole-expansion ratio. The results indicate that in the ferrite/martensite dual-phase steel, cracks originate at the interface

Experiments on flow field and heat transfer were carried out to quantitatively analyse the performance of an air-atomized cooling nozzle. A heat transfer platform and a particle image velocimetry system were applied to study the spray characteristics of the nozzle. The effects of water pressure and air pressure on flow rate, spray angle, water flow density and droplets velocity were investigated. The

Mullite brick is one of the most extensively utilized blast furnace hearth lining materials that feature several advantageous properties. In this study, the microstructure and physical properties of a mullite brick under different thermal treatment temperatures were investigated. The results showed that the temperature could not influence the micro-morphology of the mullite aggregate, but it directly

Mass balances provide a fundamental approach for analysing the oxygen steelmaking process. Steelmaking plants commonly have in-house mass balance models for controlling process parameters. However, there exist only a few details in the literature pertaining to the formulation of such models. Recent research published by Urban et al. [1] surveyed more than 30 BOF around the world and found that the

This research aims to investigate the influence of the slag basicity from 1.40 to 1.83 on dephosphorization of the hot metal with a CaO–FeO–SiO2–MgO–Al2O3 molten slag at the low temperature of 1653 K. The results indicated that the dephosphorization ratio was increased with the increase of basicity. Even at the low basicities of 1.73 and 1.83, the dephosphorization ratios can be as high as 77.3 and

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the features of forming the side surface and the crystallization structure of steel ingots, produced by the method of electroslag remelting with a layer-by-layer formation. The ingots with diameters of 160 and 220 mm were produced by remelting consumable electrodes in a pulsed mode, providing the periodicity of the processes of electrode melting

In this study, the possible reason for conveying problems sometimes observed in the pneumatic transport of casting powders from the storage containers to the mould was studied. Since some correlation in the occurrence of the said conveying problems to days with high humidity has been observed, the influence of the relative humidity of the air on the flowability of casting powders was investigated.

In order to overcome the environmental pollution caused by traditional water-quenching slag treatment and recover a large number of waste heat from blast furnace slag (BFS), the dry granulation process had attracted more and more attention, in which the granulation process was the key. The slag granulation and the crystallization mechanism of the BFS were studied, and the hot experimental results were

In oxygen steelmaking, one important aspect is to depict the splashing induced by the impingement of multiple jets quantitatively. In this paper, experiments were conducted to investigate the splash sheets. The results demonstrated that with the decrease of lance height, the sheet area increased, while the sheet height decreased. The sheet diameter was much less affected by the gas flow rate compared

This study presents an effective and cleaner process with hydrogen-rich gases that uses oxidation roasting followed by gas-based direct reduction and melting separation to recovery iron, titanium, vanadium, and chromium from Hongge vanadium titanomagnetite (HVTM). The process parameters were systematically investigated and determined to be roasting temperature at 1200°C, roasting time of 15 min, reduction

Industrial experiments and thermodynamic calculations were performed to investigate the evolution of non-metallic inclusions during cooling and solidification of GCr15 bearing steels with different steel compositions. Non-metallic inclusions in bloom and rolled rod were characterized using the improved non-aqueous electrolysis method firstly. Inclusions in molten steel were mainly irregular MgO·Al2O3

The influence of anthracite unburned pulverized coal (AUPC) on the properties of coke at high temperature was studied using the thermogravimetric equipment. The micro morphology and mineral transformation were analyzed by scanning electron microscope with energy spectrum (SEM-EDS) and X-Ray diffracton (XRD) in present research. The results show that CO2 preferentially reacts with AUPC, making SiC easier

Prototype parts can be produced rapidly and at low cost using the incremental forming method. The most important problem with this method is that it causes undesirable variations in wall thickness. Various methods have been developed to improve the wall thickness distribution of the part resulting from forming. One of these techniques, the rolling blank holder (TPIF-RL) method, was used in this study

Alkali metal circulation enrichment occurs in blast furnaces, which is harmful to the blast furnace. The amount of enrichment helps to quantify the effect of alkali metals on blast furnace production, but it is not possible to directly measure the actual alkali metal enrichment in blast furnaces for technical reasons. On the basis of a thermodynamic model, FactSage was used to calculate the effects

The stability of the blast furnace (BF) process depends on the quality of raw materials charged into the BF. Apart from various process variables, slag viscosity and slag fluidity are key parameters that require due attention for the stable BF operation. The varying Al2O3 content in slag increases the viscosity of slag and thus hinders the separation of slag from hot metal during the casting process

The continuous steel casting process is characterised by physico-chemical phenomena that are considered in the macro- and microscale. This paper attempts to assess the impact of local changes in the hydrodynamics of liquid steel flow in a one-strand slab tundish on the behaviour of the alloy addition, and consequently, the chemical homogenisation of the liquid steel entering the mould. Four variants

An artificial neural network model is used to predict high-temperature ductility of steels from their composition and thermal history. The model used literature data on reduction of area (RA). In most types of steel, RA has a U-shaped or V-shaped function of temperature; this shape was represented using a Gaussian fit. The predictive model considers conditions, including alloy composition and thermal

The Si content in pig iron is one of the important indicators for evaluating the technical level of ironmaking in the blast furnace. From the late twentieth century, the production of low-Si pig iron has attracted more and more attention in steel industries of the world. For ironmaking process, the decrease of Si content is beneficial for increasing the coefficient of utilization of the capacity of

The determination of hot metal and slag composition is of utmost importance for the smooth operation of the blast furnace. In the present work, an attempt is made to bridge the gap between theoretical slag composition and actual slag chemistry by encapsulating the theoretical burden calculation with the flux optimization technique. The burden calculation model optimizes the amount of raw material wherein

The influence of temperature on the microstructure and physical properties of corundum refractory for blast furnace are investigated by a high-temperature test. The results show mullite and glass phases are generated by the in situ reaction in the matrix of corundum brick under high temperature. With the increase in temperature, the net structure is gradually formed in the matrix, and the multi-porous

This study revealed the relationship between the emission profile of PM10 & PM2.5 and absorption property of porous sintering bed, and elucidated the potential mechanism. Results show that both PM10 and PM2.5 characterized regionally high emission property, and tended to be higher from stage-4 to stage-6 for PM10 and from stage-4 to stage-5 for PM2.5. Increasing the wet mixture layer thickness and

The heat transfer in funnel mold during thin slab continuous casting is rather complex and sensitive that the flow and temperature of cooling water as well as the roughness of channel walls may have significant influences on it. Herein, a 3-D heat transfer model of funnel copper plates coupling with the flow of cooling water in the channels was developed with the consideration of the fluid-solid interaction

Here, hardenability was enhanced by choosing two different chemical compositions, i.e. the addition of boron (0.12 wt-%) and chromium (2.5 wt-%) to the ordinary composition of the medium Mn advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs). Carbo-boride precipitates were formed in the samples having both boron and carbon in their compositions. Martensite was tempered after intercritical annealing at 700°C. In

The excellent properties of titanium pellet Z in the blast furnace hearth protection were determined by studying the composition, metallurgical properties and a over four years period of application practice of titanium-containing pellets(C&Z) and ores (J, G&D) in a domestic blast furnace. The reduction and softening-melting properties of titanium pellet Z were better than those of titanium lump ore

This study focuses on understanding the dephosphorization behaviors in converter steelmaking process under different situations. When controlling the basicity of slag, FetO content and bath temperature by single slag and double slag-slag remaining operation to blow ordinary P-containing hot metal, the equilibrium value of phosphorus ([P]e) between hot metal and slag in the early stage of steelmaking

A CAFE model and SDAS model are established in order to study evolutionary behaviour of macrostructure and secondary dendrites on 220 × 260 mm2 bloom cross-section of GCr15 bearing steel, respectively. Based on numerical simulation and experiments, the effects of process parameters on centre ECR and SDAS are investigated. It is found that increase of centre ECR and decrease of SDAS occur with the decrease

The transient three-phase flow and steel mixing during the grade change of a five-strand bloom tundish under different emptying times (ETs) were numerically investigated. Water model experiments were conducted to verify the models. The results showed that the area of steel exposure first decreases with the increase of ET within 2.4 s of refilling time, and then deteriorates with the further increase

The potassium removal capacity of BaO-bearing blast furnace slags was investigated. The influence of basicity (CaO/SiO2), Al2O3 and BaO content on potassium removal capacity was analysed by combining with the activity of K2O in slag. The relationship between optical basicity and potassium removal capacity of slag was also studied. The results showed the temperature and basicity had a great influence

The deflection of columnar grains grown under melt flow is characteristic of the alloy solidification structure and strongly influences the performance of products. Here, a model of grain growth in melt flow was established with the cellular automaton (CA) method. After validation by comparison to an analytical model, the model was used to investigate the deflection of columnar grains in high-carbon

The effects of cooling modes (air, furnace and water) on the variation of microstructure and mechanical properties of medium carbon steel were investigated. SEM, TEM and EBSD techniques were used to observe the microstructure. The observed results show that the effect of cooling mode on the grain size is insignificant. The average sizes of ferrite grain obtained under different cooling modes were little

The wear resistance of carbon-free bainitic steel obtained by isothermal transformation is studied and compared with untempered martensite in this paper. The experimental steel obtained carbide-free bainite after austempered for 3 h at 310oC. The wear surface of carbon-free bainitic steel and martensite steel is mainly composed of grooves, and micro-ploughing is the main wear mechanism. The wear resistance

The microwave reduction of a biomass-bearing mill scale composite briquette followed by magnetic separation was investigated in this work to explore the feasibility of using microwave heating technology on steel plant mill scale. The activation energy obtained for pyrolysis of biomass by Freeman-Carroll method was 189.3, 103.26 and 89.82 kJ mol−1 at the temperature ranges of 260–300°C, 330–370°C and

To study the decarburization behavior of cast iron sheets, a series of gas-solid experiments were carried out. The treatment was carried out under Ar-H2-H2O mixed gas atmosphere. Results show that PH2O/PH2 in the gas mixture determines the oxidation of iron at a given temperature and the critical value of PH2O/PH2 to produce ferric oxide rises with temperature. The oxidation of iron take place when

The effects of natural and forced convection on mass transfer were investigated, especially the composition-dependent material properties were used. Under natural convection, the stationary specimen became a cone. The mass transfer coefficient increased from 3.14 × 10−5 to 5.31 × 10−5 m s−1 at the temperatures of 1300–1450°C. The empirical formulas Sh = 0.144(GrSc)0.325 and k = M(Δρ)0.325(L)−0.025

The influence of the addition amount of conditioning agent, gas quenching pressure, nozzle type and slag temperature on gas quenching effect of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking slag were studied through the gas quenching system. The results show that the gas quenching rate basically increased with the increase in the amount of the conditioning agent by using BF slag as a conditioning agent. High

This paper aims to study the possibility of using charcoal, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, coffee husk, eucalyptus bark and elephant grass and their blends as materials for blast furnace fuel injection. However, any blast furnace fuel must satisfy all the stringent quality requirements such as combustibility, calorific value and ash content. Elaborate processing is also necessary for flowability of

Cold agglomeration experiments were made in order to investigate the effect of three binders with different chemical composition (sodium polyacrylamide, cellulose derivate and a specific Brazilian mineral coal) and the addition of pellet feed in the sintering mixture, on the efficiency of granulation, evaluated by the mean particle size of the agglomerate and microstructure of the micro pellets. The

Make use of the positive thixotropic characteristic which decrease wall viscous force and increasing fluidity of molten steel in mushy zone by sustained shear force acting on mushy zone. In the test, the billet surface is continuously struck by 20 Hz frequency external force at the position of 20–30% linear proportion of liquid core. The results show that with vibration strike, the central porosity

Iron ore fines was isothermally and non-isothermally reduced with CO and the total mass loss was continuously recorded. The different phases developed during the reduction process were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The structural changes accompanying the reduction reactions were microscopically examined. During the isothermal reduction tests, temperature has a significant effect on the

The effectiveness of blast furnace (BF) operation is closely linked with the coke quality. Coke is the only solid material in the furnace that supports the iron-bearing burden and provides a permeable bed necessary for slag and metal to pass down into the hearth and for hot gases to pass upwards in BF. Therefore hot strength of coke i.e. coke strength after reaction (CSR) is one of the key parameters

The gas–liquid multiphase flow behaviours in hot metal ladle are simulated by using Eulerian–Eulerian approach. The effects of wall lubrication force and virtual mass force on bubble behaviours are investigated, and the influences of bubble diameter and gas flow rate on bubble behaviours and liquid flow characteristics are also analysed. The results show that the established model eliminates the gas-adhering