ABSTRACT Ammonium perchlorate (AP)/HMX co-crystal with dual catalytic effect was developed. Proper integration of AP particles into the HMX matrix was verified with the evolution of novel crystalline structure. AP/HMX co-crystal demonstrated an increase in HMX decomposition enthalpy by + 57.5%. HMX demonstrated activation energy of 343.2 and 354.4 kJ/mol using Kissinger and KAS models, respectively

ABSTRACT An effective method is proposed for preparing energetic microspheres by fluid-focusing microchannels. This method combines the advantages of low reagent consumption, instrument miniaturization, accurate control, and efficient heat mass transfer. The effects of the two-phase liquid flow rate ratio of water to oil on droplet formation was fully studied. To verify the applicability of the method

ABSTRACT Compositions based on 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) with several cyclic nitramines, namely 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and β-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (β-HMX), cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitrooctahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole (BCHMX), and ε-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (ε-CL20) were prepared and studied in comparison with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) compositions

ABSTRACT Thermal decomposition is not only related to the explosive’s ignition and detonation performances but also to their sensitivity to the surrounding environment. Based on the molecular dynamics method, the interaction and the thermal decomposition mechanism of plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs) composed by 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxidated (LLM-105) and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene

ABSTRACT Composite solid propellants (CSPs) have been used as propellants in rocket propellant applications. The major ingredients of these CSPs are metallic fuel, a polymeric binder, a curing agent, and an oxidizer. The oxidizer provides an internal source of oxygen and therefore, propellants can burn even when there is no availability of external oxygen. The oxidizer constitutes a major portion (70–80%)

ABSTRACT Recently, there has been increased interest in developing new inert surrogate materials, or “mocks,” for plastic-bonded explosives (PBX). Idoxuridine (IDOX) has similar density and mechanical behavior to the explosive HMX, and formulated plastic-bonded IDOX showed promise for emulating the HMX-based PBX 9501 in preliminary mechanical experiments. Several improvements to the manufacture of

ABSTRACT To determine the formation possibility of 2,6‐diamino‐3,5‐dinitropyrazine‐1‐oxide (LLM-105) /ammonium perchlorate (AP) mixed crystal, the dimer configuration of LLM-105/AP was screened. Three possible configurations (LLM-105/AP1, LLM-105/AP2, and LLM-105/AP3) were obtained, and the mixed crystal of LLM-105/AP and AP’/AP crystal were examined. The binding energy (Ebind), electrostatic potential

ABSTRACT In this paper, 1,2,4-triazolium 2,4,5-trinitroimidazolate (2), 3-amino-1,2,4-triazolium 2,4,5-trinitroimidazolate (3) and 4-amino-1,2,4-triazolium 2,4,5-trinitroimidazolate (4) were synthesized based on the method of acid-base neutralization and precipitation, which is a simple method compared with the method in Gao’s literature. These compounds were characterized by FT-IR, NMR, elemental

ABSTRACT For aluminized explosives, it is important to investigate the effect of the active aluminum content on their detonation performance. Ten formulations of plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) containing aluminum/ammonium perchlorate/1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (Al/AP/RDX) are prepared where their active aluminum contents are in the range 59–99%. Measurements of detonation velocity for these formulations

ABSTRACT Errors are noted in the construction of the binary phase diagram in the paper “Physical characterization of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal and Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal” by Alexander Edgar, Justine Yang, Manuel Chavez, Michelle Yang & Dali Yang. The authors of that paper misinterpret differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal features. All of the DSC data show features consistent with

ABSTRACT This contribution describes the determination of the internal ballistic properties of tubular into the use of homobimetallic iron compound derived from p-phenylene ([{Cp*Fe}2-p-Ph’]) as a burning rate modifier in solid heterogeneous rocket propellant. The solid heterogeneous rocket propellants based on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and ammonium perchlorate (AP) with 0.3%wt Fe2O3

ABSTRACT Metal hydrides are used as additives to improve the reaction energy and destructive effect of PTFE/Al system. PTFE/Al/TiH2, PTFE/Al/MgH2 and PTFE/Al/ZrH2 are fabricated to compare the effect of multi-metal-hydrides on the material properties. The mechanical response of the materials at wide range of strain rates are investigated through conducting the quasi-static compression tests and split-Hopkinson

ABSTRACT Polyester-based polyurethane elastomers have been established to be effective binders for composites with improved performance. Chemical compatibility testing is a significant part of the procedure for developing novel high-energy composites. Indeed, the chemical compatibility of binders is investigated to assess inherent dangers when associated with other energetic constituents during production

ABSTRACT This work is devoted to reducing the electrostatic discharge sensitivity of lead styphnate (LS) particles by using the microencapsulation technique involving the solvent/non-solvent method in which viton A and nitrocellulose are used as coating agents. Improvement in quality and sensitivity of LS particles were studied by using friction, impact, electrostatic discharge and flash point tests

ABSTRACT Manufacture and use of explosives in the past have led to environmental contamination by energetic materials. Today, there is an emphasis to better understand the environmental fate and transport of new and improved energetic materials before they can cause expensive or irreparable damage to an ecosystem. In order to conduct these environmental studies with the new insensitive energetic materials

ABSTRACT A new cyclo-pentazolate anion-based energetic cocrystal NH4N5 · 1/6NH4Cl was synthesized. The structure, thermal behavior, sensitivity, and detonation properties of NH4N5 · 1/6NH4Cl were studied. Cube-shaped NH4N5 · 1/6NH4Cl crystallizes in the Fd-3 m space group, and is formed by hydrogen bonding interactions. DSC-TG-MS combined techniques show that NH4N5 · 1/6NH4Cl has better thermal stability

ABSTRACT The morphology/microstructure and ignition/combustion properties of ball-milled Al composite powders containing Ti, Zr, and Mg were studied and compared. The particles contained 50 at% Al or Al-8Mg alloy and 50 at% Ti or Zr, yielding four different chemistries: Al:Zr, Al-8Mg:Zr, Al:Ti, and Al-8Mg:Ti. Ignition temperatures were measured by resistively heating the powders on a nichrome wire

ABSTRACT The outer layer of a double-layer shaped charge (DLSC) adopts high-detonation-velocity explosive (HE) and the inner layer adopts low-detonation-velocity explosive (LE). Compared with ordinary shaped charge (OSC), it changes the incidence angle of detonation wave on liner and improves the detonation pressure. According to different battlefield targets, the multi-mode warhead selects corresponding

ABSTRACT In order to promote the development of molecular perovskite energetic materials, studying thermal decomposition performances of AP-based molecular perovskite energetic materials ((H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3], DAP-4) catalyzed by metal hydrogen storage fuel is significant. In this study, the morphology, structure and thermal decomposition characteristics of TiH2, DAP-4 and DAP-4/TiH2 composite materials

ABSTRACT The solubility of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) in four binary mixed solvents (Dimethyl sulfoxide + Acetonitrile, Cyclohexanone, 1,2-Dichloroethane, 2-Propanol) was determined by using a laser dynamic method at temperatures from 293.15 to 333.15 K under 0.1 MPa. The measured results showed that the experimental solubility of FOX-7 increased with increasing temperature and Dimethyl

ABSTRACT HMX is one of the most powerful energetic materials; however, HMX experience low sensitivity and high activation energy. Whereas ferric oxide particles can act as catalyst for HMX decomposition with change in its decomposition kinetics from C-N bond cleavage to hydrogen atom abstraction; ferric oxide can induce vigorous thermite reaction with aluminum particles. Consequently, thermite particles

ABSTRACT In this paper, we commented on the article titled “1-methyl-2,4,5-trinitroimidazole (MTNI), a meltcast explosive: synthesis and studies on thermal behavior in presence of explosive ingredients” by Anniyappan et al. The process conditions for the synthesis of MTNI reported in Anniyappan’s article, which expected to realize industrial production of MTNI. However, there are many improper explanations

ABSTRACT Fuel formulation is one of the chief strategies investigated in hybrid propulsion studies. In this context, polyethylenes-paraffins compositions have been suggested as a trade-off solution to attain both mechanical quality and ballistic performance. In parallel, mixed hybrids have already proven their capacity to enhance regression rates of thermoset polymers in mixture-modelled experiments

ABSTRACT The influence on HMX impact sensitivity resulting from damage due to phase transition versus that of the polymorphic conformer and crystal lattice change in δ-HMX are quantified in this work. Microstructural imaging techniques are used to characterize 30 crystals from three groups of distinctly large and small HMX crystals which have undergone a thermally induced phase transition, as well

ABSTRACT Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is the most abundant ingredient in many solid rocket motors and presents a thermal runaway hazard. The addition of metal oxides (MOs) can alter motor performance but may affect decomposition behavior. In this work, a total of 14 MOs, mostly transition metal oxides, were mixed with AP and subjected to isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). MOs commonly incorporated

ABSTRACT As a high-energy insensitive explosive which is expected to replace 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), it is necessary to evaluate the thermal risk of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). In this article, the thermal performance of DNAN was tested using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC). According to the test results, the decomposition activation energy (E), the

ABSTRACT (5Z, 7Z)-6, 8-dimethyl-9 H-tetrazolo [1,5-b] [1,2,4] triazepine (DMTT) is a fused ring nitrogen-rich compound, whose nitrogen content is 51.2%. In this study, the synthesis was carried out and the single crystal was cultivated for the first time. Gas generator based on DMTT with common oxidant was designed into formulation DMTT-KNO3. The combustion temperature, gas production rate, and mechanical

ABSTRACT In this study, a novel type of composite explosive was prepared by adding titanium fiber into the RDX explosive. The effects of the content of titanium fiber on the performance of the RDX explosive were systematically studied, and the optimal concentration was obtained by comparing its performances with the RDX explosive. Underwater explosion experiments showed the optimal concentration was

ABSTRACT Ignition prediction of polymer-bonded explosives is difficult due to complex multiphysics coupling processes with heterogeneous microstructure, such as microcrack, microvoid, crystal size, and the interface property. Traditional simulation completely depends on the materials model and it is quite time-consuming. In this paper, considering heterogeneous microcracks, the data-driven ignition

ABSTRACT In this work, FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene)-based polymeric microspheres were successfully prepared by the spray-drying method, in which recrystallized FOX-7 grains were integrated with Viton (dipolymers of hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride). FOX-7/Viton granules were prepared by water slurry method for comparison. FOX-7/Viton microspheres possessed a hollow structure with

ABSTRACT Density is one of the important parameters of energetic materials. A class of high-density energetic materials was synthesized by a simple method, and all compounds were characterized by NMR, IR, and DSC, and the structures of some compounds were analyzed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. (5-nitroimino-4-hydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl nitrate (3) (NOMN) showed an outstanding density

ABSTRACT Aiming at energetic materials (EMs) consisting of H, C, N, and O, we revised the local atomic potential (LAP) method used in density functional theory (DFT) calculations for describing van der Waals (vdW) interaction. The revised LAPs ensure the 1/r6 asymptotic behavior of the vdW interaction and smoothly decrease to zero in the core region. The new LAPs are based on the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof

ABSTRACT The application of series dual burning rate grain can improve specific impulse of nozzleless solid rocket motor (NSRM). In this paper, burning-rate ratio is the ratio of main propellant burning rate and nozzle propellant burning rate in dual burning rate grain, which has significant influence on NSRM performance. Focusing on relationship between burning-rate ratio and motor performance, internal

ABSTRACT Finding new melt-cast explosives with desired properties to replace 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) has been intensely-pursued in recent decades. However, the contradiction among high energy, low mechanical sensitivity and low-melting makes the innovation of insensitive high-energy-density melt-cast explosives an enormous challenge, so the melt-cast explosives of comprehensive properties better

ABSTRACT Encapsulation is proposed as a safer way of handling energetic materials. Different encapsulation methods for explosives, such as solvent evaporation, spray coating and supercritical carbon dioxide assisted encapsulation, were explored. Explosive training aids, where energetic materials, such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP), erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) and trinitrotoluene (TNT), are encapsulated

ABSTRACT This research evaluates the feasibility of replacing diphenylamine (DPA) with the natural product curcumin as a stabilizer in samples of nitrocellulose-based (NC-based) propellants. The stability analysis was performed using heat flow calorimetry, as described in STANAG-4582, as well as the most traditional stability testing protocols: the German test, Bergmann–Junk test, and the Storage test

ABSTRACT The difficulty synthesizing new co-crystals has made the development of efficient methods for screening co-formers a high priority. Co-crystals have been realized as a new generation of materials with tuneable solubility, stability, and performance. Energetic co-formers have exceptionally weak intermolecular interactions making selection of co-crystallization method and parameters critical

ABSTRACT Aluminum powders are well known for excellent release of energy during oxidation upon heating. However, this release of energy becomes limited due to formation of dense oxide (Al2O3) layer on powder surface. In this study, reactivity of aluminum particles was improved by replacing oxide layer with metallic shell of iron using electroless plating technique. Three different bath compositions

ABSTRACT This work developed a method for calculating the Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) equation of state (EOS) for the detonation products of aluminized explosives based on hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). On the basis of previous studies, chemical reaction equations, Hess’ law and Avogadro’s law were all incorporated in this process because of the non-ideal detonations of aluminized explosives. The

This research program seeks to understand how the proportions of the fuel ingredients affect the ignition and decomposition characteristics of a novel solid ramjet fuel. The approach involves an in...

Azidodeoxycellulose (AC) is evaluated in a closed vessel as part of a propellant formulation containing nitrocellulose (NC) and nitroglycerin (NG) as binders. It is found that the AC systematically...

Energetic plasticizers are used in propellants to increase the energy content and improve the glass transition temperature and mechanical properties. The compatibility between polymer and plasticiz...

In this work, DSC tests were performed on 1-methyl-3,4,5-trinitropyrazole (MTNP) and 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) binary eutectic systems with different molar ratios, and we drawn the T-X and H-X...

The simplicity and versatility of the Gurney model has led to its widespread adoption for the calculation of peak fragment velocity of explosively-driven munitions such as fragmentation warheads an...

Seven energetic salts of 3,6-dinitramino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (DNAT), named as (NH4)2(DNAT) (1), (NH2NH3)2(DNAT) (2), (NH3OH)2(DNAT) (3), G2(DNAT) (4) (G = guanidine), (AG)2(DNAT) (5) (AG = aminoguani...

We have performed quantum-based molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the initial chemical processes of the TATB under different temperatures. A self-consistent charge density-function...

In this work, a novel Al2O3-free core-shell structured nAl@aluminum-perfluorooctanoate (F-x) nanocomposite has been prepared via a self-assembly approach. The Al2O3 shell was first removed by hydro...

In this paper, 1-methyl-2,4,5-triiodoimidazole (1) was nitrified with various nitrating reagents. 1-Methyl-2,4,5-triiodoimidazole mononitrate (2), 2,4-diiodo-1-methyl-5-nitroimidzole (3), 2,5-diiod...

Exploding bridgewire (EBW) detonators work by electrically exploding a thin conducting wire as a result of a high voltage discharge from a capacitor. The process creates a strong UV (ultraviolet) e...

On 15 high nitrogen and three polynitrated polyazaarenes (including six azido-derivatives), the paper demonstrates the relations between their impact sensitivities (Edr ) on the one hand and the vo...

We have completed a series of vented and sealed cookoff experiments of the e-polymorph of CL-20 in our Sandia Instrumented Thermal Ignition (SITI) apparatus using both powder and pressed pellets at...

Underwater explosion test has been proven to be a simple way to measure the equation of state of detonation products. In order to further develop this technology, a new method for determining Jones...

Recently Vandersall et al. [1] reported a series of shock initiation experiments using embedded manganin pressure gauges in the plastic bonded explosive (PBX) LX-14 (95.5% HMX and 4.5% Estane by we...

A novel cyclic-thermal method is proposed for accelerated thermo-chemical ageing of composite solid propellants including the diurnal and seasonal variations in temperature, the main environmental ...

In this paper, the optimal temperature in an HMX spray-drying process was determined by molecular dynamics simulations and verified using experiments. Using the optimal spray-drying temperature determined by simulations, spherical β-HMX with a uniform particle size distribution was obtained by spray-drying. Performance characterization and thermal analysis of β-HMX were investigated by scanning electron

In this paper, the optimal temperature in an HMX spray-drying process was determined by molecular dynamics simulations and verified using experiments. Using the optimal spray-drying temperature det...

While exploring the synthesis pathway of HMTD, an unexpected new route for preparing HMTD was found through the reaction of formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonium hydroxide. The recovered HM...

Here we develop a mathematical model for evaporation of an explosive thin film. Such an objective stems from the problem of trace explosive detection by techniques based on explosive vapor recordin...

One challenge in the application of traditional metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) material is that MIC particles are not compatible with micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) based pyrotec...

The consequences of choosing one distribution form in the analysis of drop-weight impact results were explored, and the importance of reporting both the L50 and the distribution spread-parameter fo...