This paper presents the results of the lower flammability limit (LFL) of C3H8/O2/CO2 at normal temperature and pressure. The LFL of the C3H8/O2/CO2 mixture was measured with an explosion vessel. The measured LFL of propane increased approximately linearly from 2.5% to 4.3% with the CO2 concentration rising from 5% to 70%. CO2 participates in element reactions, which decreases the combustion heat at

Understanding the adsorption/desorption behavior, as the primary phenomenon in shale reservoirs, is crucial for shale resource production, which is necessary in approximating the gas-in-place estimation. CH4 and C2H6 in shale gas are two common dominating gas components. We first measure the adsorption/desorption isotherms of CH4 and C2H6 at temperatures of 313.15–333.15 K. The maximum operating pressures

Comprehensive knowledge concerning the behavior of phosphorus (P) during combustion is necessary to enable more efficient recovery of P from combustion ashes for agricultural purposes. To this end, parameters that influence the distribution and speciation of P in combustion ashes are important because they may influence which ash fractions are suitable for P recovery. This study aims to determine the

ABSTRACT: It is imperative to have an in-depth understanding of chemical inhibition mechanism for spontaneous combustion of coal not only for controlling and preventing coal spontaneous combustion in coal mining industry but also for reducing emissions of hazardous gases. N,N-dibenzylhydroxylamine (DBHA) as a hydroxylamine free radical scavenger can be chosen as a feasible stabilizer for spontaneous

In this work, studies of the transesterification of mixtures of SO:CNO (soybean oil:coconut ), and SO:CO (soybean oil:castor oil), before and after interesterification are presented. To the best of our knowledge, studies comparing raw materials from different sources with the same fatty acid composition have not been carried out. The results point out that the SO:CNO transesterification of mixtures

Gasoline produced from Fischer–Tropsch technology has low detonation characteristics and does not have any aromatic hydrocarbons; thus, it should be maximized by blending with oxygenated compounds, which give good prospects for enhancing the physicochemical characteristics of them. This research investigates the production of an environmental gasoline with high quality depending upon gasoline produced

We report highly fine-grid numerical simulations of solvent-aided bitumen leaching using propane as a solvent. These simulations allowed us to observe the detailed physics of the drainage process, which is otherwise impossible in coarse-grid simulations. Our results revealed significant fingering of solvent into bitumen as a result of viscosity and density contrasts, which is in line with the previous

One of the most efficient among the methods of managing waste tire rubber is the pyrolysis process which allows for obtaining pyrolysis oil. The as-received, raw tire pyrolysis oil (rTPO) is a complex mixture whose components exhibit a wide boiling temperature range, reflected in the physicochemical properties influencing injection, combustion, performance, and emission. The present contribution is

Fossil fuels, which represent an important villain for the terrestrial ecosystem, are non-renewable sources of energy, which prompts many discussions about how long petroleum will remain available for use. As an alternative, new energy sources have been explored, including biofuels such as biodiesel and ethanol. However, their use can raise some problems such as lower storage stability associated with

To better understand and evaluate the corrosion performance of candidate structural steels and ferritic stainless steels for production, transport, and storage of biomass pyrolysis oils, corrosion studies were conducted in selected organic constituents of bio-oils, including catechol, formic acid and their mixtures as well as lactobionic acid, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. R2, the resistance

Arsenic, a toxic component in coal-fired flue gas, is poisonous to the commercial selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification catalysts. To unveil the arsenic poisoning mechanism on commercial SCR catalysts, fresh and 1 year used arsenic-poisoned plate-type V2O5–MoO3/TiO2 catalysts from a coal-fired power plant in the Inner Mongolia Province of China were systematically analyzed with SCR activity

Gel particle profile modification and flooding is one of the main technical methods for stabilizing oil, water control, and production cycle prolonging in the oil field. Quantitative evaluation of the plugging effect of the displacement agent on pores of different sizes under various conditions may provide useful guidance for field development. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance technology and

In a recent work, we proposed correlations relating the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) parameters for nonpolar substances to simple measurements of molecular weight and density at ambient conditions (Abutaqiya et al., I&EC Research2020,59(2), 930–941). These parameter relations were shown to accurately reproduce volumetric and phase equilibrium properties for systems

The presence of unconverted water drops in bulk hydrocarbon is likely to bridge hydrate particles and cause hydrate agglomeration, leading to hydrate accumulation or bedding in oil and gas pipelines. The knowledge of the interaction forces between hydrate particles and water drops can provide critical insights into hydrate agglomeration as well as potential prevention strategies. At high subcooling

Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is considered as a substantial path for cleaner production of fatty acids and triglycerides into diesel range hydrocarbons (DRHs) (C15–C18) generally identified as green diesel fuel. Heterogeneous catalysis suggests a supplementary approach for the conversion of biomass into significant biochemicals possibly selective hydrocarbons by an inventive method. The present study reveals

Char and soot characterization was performed on samples obtained from pilot-scale entrained flow gasification of coal bio-oil slurry (CBS) and coal/water slurry (CWS) at different operating conditions. The compositions and gasification reactivity of char and soot have been investigated to reveal the difference of CBS and CWS slurries. The results show that both char and soot obtained from CBS gasification

Biodegradation preference of single, identified bacterium is the basis of bioremediation and microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). However, the impacts of different bacterial species on the biodegradation of polar compounds are unclear. Accordingly, in this study, we performed a 90-day biodegradation simulation of crude oil using Pseudomonas aeruginosa XJ16 and Acinetobacter lwoffii XJ19. Biodegraded

The heterogeneous NO reduction characteristics with biomass char and coal char blends in a micro fluidized bed reaction analyzer (MFBRA) and its kinetics analysis were investigated. Sawdust char had better and longer NO reduction activity compared with the other two samples. The order of total reduction ability was: sawdust char > rice husk char > coal char. Kinetic analysis on NO-char reaction showed

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) technique was used to study the behavior of the Asphaltenes from the Merey Crude Oil (ASCM), its Vacuum Residue (ARVM), its fractions and Trapped Compounds (A1-ASCM, A2-ASCM, TC-ASCM, A1-ARVM, A2-ARVM, and TC-ARVM). Asphaltenes were precipitated from Merey heavy crude oil and its vacuum residue. The fractionation of our petroleum asphaltenes was carried out using

The concentration of nitrogen compounds in crude oils is relatively low, less than 2 wt%, but these compounds are detrimental to refining processes and the environment. In particular, they can form deposits, spoil fuels, and contribute to air pollution. They are potentially carcinogenic as well. Nitrogen compounds identified in refining processes come from the oil matrix, and it is desirable to know

This study focuses on the organic-rich rocks in the Central Uplift of the South Yellow Sea Basin using the CSDP-2 borehole, which was drilled through the integrated Lower Triassic–Silurian sediments and yielded approximately 2736 m of cores. Geochemical analyses of core samples, including Rock-Eval pyrolysis, elemental analysis, maceral analysis, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, revealed multiple

In subterranean Coal Seam Gas (CSG) reservoirs, massive amounts of small-sized coal fines are released during production and development stages, especially during hydraulic fracturing stimulation. These coal fines inevitably cause mechanical pump failure and permeability damage due to aggregation and subsequent pore-throat blockage. This aggregation behavior is thus of key importance in CSG production

The wellbore stability in shale gas reservoir is the key factor for safety drilling and effective development of shale gas. However, the instability mechanism remains unclear in shale gas wells. In this work, the wellbore instability mechanism was studied via conducting experimental and field case studies in Longmaxi shale. To conclude, high pH condition strengthened the clay minerals hydration by

Petrophysical properties are important parameters for quantitatively evaluating the production of oil and gas reservoirs. Shale reservoirs have complicated pore structures and solid compositions, which makes reservoir evaluations more difficult than the conventional reservoirs. As a nondestructive technique, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been widely applied in both laboratory and field explorations

SAGD (steam assisted gravity drainage) has been proven as an effective technology to enhance heavy oil/bitumen recovery. The main shortcoming of this method is its inefficiency, a result of high water and energy consumption. As a solution to SAGD efficiency improvement, we propose the addition of chemicals resulting in higher recovery and reduced steam consumption. The objective of this paper is to

This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the effect of the high pressure on the oxidation kinetics of n-heptane asphaltenes in presence and absence of AuPd/Ce0.62Zr0.38O2 catalysts. Bimetallic Au-Pd catalysts with Au:Pd molar ratios from 3.5 to 9.6 were synthesized by deposition precipitation of Au and followed by incipient wetness impregnation of Pd (3:1AuPd and 10:1AuPd). Adsorption

Hydrogen transfer reaction is one of the key chemical processes of coal conversion. The elucidation of hydrogen transfer mechanism is essential for rational control of the properties and distribution of products. This paper is focused on the hydrogen transfer mechanism of lignite modification in subcritical D2O-CO system. By using Soxhlet extraction, IRMS, 1H-NMR and Py-GCMS, the deuterium transfer

Performances of two deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were comparatively inspected in upgrading of heavy residual fuel oil (Mazut) as chemical additive at different processing temperatures and time of 300-350℃ and 105-420 min, respectively. DESs consisted of ethylene glycol possessing hydrogen donating groups and tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) or choline chloride (ChCl) possessing alkyl tails with

This work attempts to investigate the effects of aluminum dosage on the immobilization of heavy metals in alkali-activated municipal solid waste incineration fly ash-based pastes to manage hazardous threats in it. A variable proportion of metakaolin is used to achieve different aluminum dosages in the synthesized pastes. Structure, composition, morphology, and mechanical property of the prepared pastes

Nickel cobaltite composite electrodes were fabricated by a fast, scalable, and cost-effective electrophoretic deposition for supercapacitor applications. NiCo2O4/PANI/rGO composite electrode went through heat treatment under nitrogen to carbonize PANI after electrophoretic deposition. NiCo2O4 platelets, distributed on carbonized polyaniline-rGO network, were active in charge storage with high capacitance

Alkyl-adamantane fuels have drawn tremendous attention for aerospace vehicles due to their high density and high oxidation stability. Here we reported a regioselective route to synthesize methyl-substituted adamantanes including 1,3,5-trimethyl-adamantane and 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-adamantane with single configuration via alkylation of 1,3-dimethyl-adamantane, with yield of ~ 60% and ~ 80%, respectively

The reactions involved in methanol-to-hydrocarbon (MTH) conversion are complex and simultaneous. In this study, the influence of temperature and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) investigated on MTH kinetic model which in built on the hydrocarbon pool mechanism using a catalyst of Ca-ZSM-5 (Ca-ZS-5). The existing kinetic model to describe the MTH process is seven-lump model. The application of any

We evaluated the Ni-based catalyst surface properties during possible transformation pathways between its metallic, oxide, and carbide phases, causing catalytic deactivation. The study uses density functional theory (DFT) calculations to determine thermodynamics and reaction mechanisms of elementary reactions, and the ratings concept is introduced previously as an evaluation tool for the dry reforming

The mixed dialkyl oxalate (mDAO) system can be industrially synthesized inexpensively from CO with methanol, ethanol, and mixed alcohols, which are widely available from CO-rich industrial waste gases and syngas. In this work, a series of mDAOs were synthesized through solvent-free partial transesterification of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) or diethyl oxalate (DEO) with higher alcohols. The physical and

Environmental and socioeconomic concerns impact the dependence on coal resulting in increased thermochemical co-conversion of coal and biomass. The efficiency of the thermochemical conversion process is controlled by the conversion of char. In this paper, the properties of co-pyrolysis char from coal blended with biomass are focused on, through a review of the literature. The properties of co-pyrolysis

Sodium-ion batteries are a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries. In particular, organic sodium-ion batteries employing environmentally-friendly organic materials as electrodes are gaining increasing research interest for developing secondary batteries due to ease of processing, low cost and flexibility of the organic electrode materials. Triquinoxalinylene (TQA) is a very promising organic

This paper examines experimentally the burning behaviors of transformer oil pool fires. A series of transformer oil pool fire tests with different pool diameters (0.2–1 m) were conducted. The mass burning rate, flame height, liquid layer temperature, flame temperature, and radiative heat flux were measured and analyzed. A new correlation for the mass burning rate as a function of pool diameter is deduced

Three-dimensional porous carbon materials have great importance as electrode materials for vanadium redox flow batteries due to electrochemical stability over a wide potential window and low cost. However, sluggish electrode kinetics toward vanadium redox reactions makes electrode treatment vital before its use in a vanadium redox flow battery. Researchers have used different routes to modify the graphite

A better understanding of the nature of crude oil compounds that preferentially interact with certain types of solids is essential to visualize solutions to challenges in oil fields, such as enhancing the oil recovery factor, via wettability alteration, and remediating emulsions stabilized by fines, among others. The simplistic assumption that the organic matter linked to hydrophilic solids corresponds

The negatively charged phase change latex (PCL) was obtained by simultaneously emulsifying paraffin and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) into water. Graphene (GE) was positively modified using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and was then introduced into the PCL. Because of electrostatic attraction, the positively charged graphene was tightly bonded with the negatively charged PCL particles.

Organic matter (OM) is the material basis of shale gas accumulation, so understanding the mechanisms of OM accumulation plays a critical role in shale gas exploration. The marine shale from the Ordovician Wufeng–Silurian Longmaxi formations is thought to be a good shale gas source in China’s northwestern Hunan Province in the Upper Yangtze platform. A total of 37 samples were collected from a well

Primary oil recovery from fractured unconventional formations, such as shale or tight sands, is typically less than 10%. The development of an economically viable enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique applicable to unconventional liquid reservoirs (ULRs) would lead to tremendous increases in domestic oil production. Although injection techniques such as waterflooding and CO2 EOR have proven profitable

Some of the impurities (Br, Cl, Fuel-N, and S) in fuels can capture the radicals (O, H, and OH) formed in the flames on combustion, thus lowering the radical mole fraction. The variation in the radical mole fraction affects the NOx emissions. In this study, the radical capture effects caused by these impurities were modeled based on measurements of the radical mole fractions. Linear relationships were

In order to understand the risk factors of spontaneous combustion fire during the storage process of a biomass pile, the effects of various factors on its self-ignition process under adiabatic oxidation conditions were investigated. The TG, DSC and FTIR were used to analyze the behavior of a series of biomass samples before and after the inhibition. Twelve typical inorganic salts and antioxidants were

We report a facile method of nitrogen-doping process using the same precursor material for the graphite felt electrodes, polyacrylonitrile (PAN). To utilize the nitrogen content in PAN, two steps of thermal treatment of PAN coated graphite felts are performed; A PAN solution is coated on a graphite felt, and the sample is oxidized at 280 °C under the ambient atmosphere, and carbonized at 900 °C under

A biochar (BC)-supported non-noble metal catalyst CoMoSxOy@BC was prepared by in-situ co-pyrolysis and ex-situ sulfurization, and a two-step conversion (TSC) strategy, including H2-controlled catalytic hydroconversion (CHC) and catalytic ethanolysis without H2 participation, was proposed and used for catalyzing degradation of Dahuangshan lignite (DL) into soluble species (SSs) in high yields. CoMoSxOy@BC

Atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) is an advanced technology derived from two existing technologies. Recently, AFM-IR has been applied to perform the unambiguous chemical analysis of the material with the spatial resolution of the AFM. This study aimed to collect topography images, AFM-IR chemical images at 966 cm–1, and AFM-IR infrared spectra of one-plant-manufactured linear