To distinguish and mitigate the reversible and irreversible performance degradation of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), the evaluation and investigation of recovery procedures are of great importance. In this work, a methodology for quantification of recovery of reversible voltage losses is presented taken a durability test containing well-defined operation periods interrupted by two

The validation of battery aging models in automotive applications requires reliable aging data to compare the accuracy of each proposed model. Using a sample of 704 vehicles aged up to eight years under diverse nominal conditions two aging estimation models are proposed. By analyzing relevant automobile battery data a more relevant fit of a semi-empirical holistic model is provided with an Arrhenius

The multi-stack fuel cell system based on proton exchange membrane fuel cell has gained increasing attraction in high-power transportation applications. However, the real-time coordinated optimization among multiple fuel cell systems still remains a promising problem. To achieve the online collaborative performance enhancement between fuel economy and durability for the parallel multi-stack architecture

Herein, we report a novel micro-flower lamellar structured α-MoO3 counter electrode for solid-state fiber-shaped dye–sensitized solar cells. The α-MoO3 sol-gel precursor, which is Tricarbonyltris (propionitrile) molybdenum, fabricates the α-MoO3 microstructures by applying Joule heating. Cyclic voltammetry and Tafel polarization results indicate that the α-MoO3 counter electrode with micro-flower lamellar

As a soft sensor, the state-of-power (SoP) estimator reveals critical information on battery-based energy storage systems. A set of reliable ‘referenced values’ is the key to evaluate the precision of such soft sensors at their designing stage and could influence the overall reliability of the battery systems. However, experimentally obtaining the ‘referenced SoP’ is non-trivial since high-current

This paper proposes a lithium plating detection method for lithium-ion batteries that can be applied in real time, during the charging procedure. It is based on the impedance analysis and it can be realized by utilizing the dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS) technique. Specifically, a sinusoidal current is superimposed on the charging current, and the battery impedance is analyzed

Development of future battery generations and quality control of current lithium-ion battery (LIB) systems require reliable techniques for the characterization of the complex dynamic processes in batteries. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an established tool for the electrochemical characterization of LIBs and the related ageing processes. Nevertheless, ensuring a reliable interpretation

In response to the ever-increasing energy crisis, hydrogen, as an ideal substitute for energy field, is gradually rolling into the public. Developing high-efficiency and earth-abundant non-noble metal electrocatalysts is considered as the key to electrolytic water technology. In this work, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal oxides (Co3O4 or NiO)/CeO2 heterostructures with rich oxygen vacancies (v-TMOs/CeO2

The performance of quasi two-dimensional (Q-2D) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) prepared by hot-casting method is far from satisfactory owing to the inefficient charge transfer inside the film caused by undesirable underlying surface, in which hole transporting material (HTM) plays a critical role in achieving a stable and high performance p-i-n structured Q-2D PSCs. Herein, pristine nickel oxide (NiOx)

Chloride ion battery (CIB) is considered as one of the potential objects to replace lithium ion battery because of its high discharge platform and high theoretical capacity. However, traditional CIB still has many problems because it can not solve the problem of matching the positive and negative active materials with the electrolyte. The main performance is poor cycle life, and low battery capacity

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles are very valuable tools in a great variety of marine related sectors that demand new capacities and improvements. These improvements go through increasing their endurance and, in this sense, the use of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells can be very interesting with an adequate CO2 Treatment Method. This work investigates four CO2 Treatment Methods for their application onboard

The development of efficient and cost-effective bi-functional electrocatalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is promising for high-performance rechargeable metal-air batteries. In this article, a bi-functional catalyst (Co-NC@CoFeS2) towards ORR and OER is synthesized via the simple in-situ growing of cobalt-iron sulfide on cobalt and nitrogen co-doped polyhedral

Safety against thermal failures is crucial in battery systems. Real-time thermal diagnostics can be a key enabler of such safer batteries. Thermal fault diagnostics in large format pouch or prismatic cells pose additional challenges compared to cylindrical cells. These challenges arise from the fact that the temperature distribution in large format cells is at least two-dimensional in nature (along

Microstructure changes in the catalyst layer (CL) of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) cause the performance degradation, especially under dynamic operating conditions. In this study, the effect of relative humidity (RH) cycling on the CL microstructure changes, the associated mechanisms, and fuel cell performance degradation are investigated. It is found that the Pt/C agglomerates size

The effect of electrolyte surface patterning on the cell performance is investigated. The patterning process is accomplished by isostatically pressing the electrolyte together with a metal mesh placed on one surface of the electrolyte. In this respect, various electrolyte supports with different surface patterns are fabricated by altering the lamination conditions. Surface analyzes reveal that it is

All-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) attract attention due to their excellent optical properties and high thermal stability, but energy loss is a challenge due to the trap-assisted recombination loss at the imperfect film morphology. We herein demonstrate the optimization of α-CsPbI2Br morphology including low defect density and large grain size by employing cesium chloride (CsCl) as an additive

Artificially-tilted multilayer transverse thermoelectric devices (ATMTTDs) have a large degree of design freedom, which is convenient for designing devices for different working conditions. However, evaluation and preparation of ATMTTDs has generally been based on trial and error, and coherent performance optimization strategies for different ATMTTDs applications is still lacking. Here, the relationship

Recent developments in fuel cell (FC) and battery energy storage technologies bring a promising perspective for improving the economy and endurance of electric aircraft. However, aircraft power system configuration and power distribution strategies should be reasonably designed to enable this benefit. This paper is the first attempt to investigate the optimal energy storage system sizing and power

Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) is among the most significant and effective technologies to improve the durability of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell system. This paper deals with the prediction issues of the degradation trend for PEM fuel cells equipped in a city bus. First, three aging parameters are extracted from a multi-parameter voltage model, and two of them are selected to

Free-standing thin film electrodes hold huge promise for solid-state and micro batteries required by a range of portable electronic devices. However, for lithium-sulfur (Li–S) and lithium-metal polysulfide (Li-MSx; M = Mo, V, Ti, etc.) batteries, the promising thin film electrodes are not possible yet because of low melting point of sulfur. Here, for the first time, we have developed amorphous molybdenum

Models that consistently couple particle, electrode, and battery level mechanics and electrochemistry are rare in literature. Within a battery, there are hundreds of layers of electrodes and the inherent multiscale structure of electrodes makes battery level simulations computationally very expensive. This paper presents a multiscale homogenization method that couples mechanics and electrochemistry

Battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) are expected to keep the battery temperature at a moderate level (∼30 °C) to minimize the thermally exacerbated degradation. However, during fast charging, a strong cooling system is required to restrict the temperature rise of Li-ion batteries (LiBs), which significantly increases the cost and weight of battery packs, and induces a large temperature variation

This study presents a theoretical framework to model spatio-temporal heat generation rates and temperature evolution in electrochemical double layer capacitors composed of porous electrodes during constant-current cycling. Expressions for reversible and irreversible heat generation rates are derived based on porous electrode theory. Temperature predictions obtained from the model are found to match

As the most investigated cathode of thermal batteries, the electrochemical performance of CoS2 is limited by a big polarization at high current density and low working temperature, which is ascribed to the poor wettability of molten salt on CoS2 surface and low exchange current density. In this contribution, Al2O3 is selected as a modifier to improve the wettability of molten salt on CoS2 surface and

Radiation-induced grafted ion exchange membranes based on functionalized polystyrene were tested for the first time in reverse electrodialysis (RED). Сation and anion exchange membranes based on sulfonated and quaternized/chloromethylated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) grafted on UV-oxidized polymethylpentene films with different conductivity and selectivity relationships were compared with each other

Internal short circuits and the resulting catastrophic battery failure is difficult to detect and can occur under normal working conditions. To enable future high-energy density batteries, particularly lithium metal, an inexpensive internal short protection scheme is required. Here, we selectively remove conductive carbon from the cathode surface, creating a gradient-conductivity electrode. The process

All-solid-state batteries using sodium are promising candidates for next-generation rechargeable batteries due to the limited lithium resources. A practical sodium battery requires an electrolyte with high conductivity. Cubic Na3PS4 exhibiting high conductivity of over 10−4 S cm−1 is obtained by crystallizing amorphous Na3PS4 synthesized by ball milling. Amorphous Na3PS4 crystallizes in a cubic structure