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Risk Management and Optimization in Real-Time Noncondensable Gas Co-injection under Economic Uncertainty SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Najmudeen Sibaweihi,Japan Trivedi
Summary When the oil price is volatile, maximizing steam allocation and noncondensable gas (NCG) is essential to ensuring a profit but reducing risk. Minimizing risk entails moving the distribution of lower tail returns closer to the expected return. Thus, there is a risk-reward tradeoff during optimization. Real-time risk-return optimization with first-principle models is computationally demanding
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Oil Recovery Dynamics of Natural Gas Huff ‘n’ Puff in Unconventional Oil Reservoirs Considering the Effects of Nanopore Confinement and Its Proportion: A Mechanistic Study SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Bing Wei,Mengying Zhong,Lele Wang,Jinyu Tang,Dianlin Wang,Junyu You,Jun Lu
Summary When reservoir fluids are confined by nanoscale pores, pronounced changes in fluid properties and phase behavior will occur. This is particularly significant for the natural gas huff ‘n’ puff (HNP) process as a means of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology in unconventional reservoirs. There have been considerable scientific contributions toward exploring the EOR mechanisms, yet almost none
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Estimation of Formation Porosity in Carbonates Using Mechanical Specific Energy Calculated from Drilling Parameters SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Peter Kirkham
Summary A novel technique to predict porosity from mechanical specific energy (MSE), as measured using a downhole drilling dynamics tool, is proposed. The method is based on the fundamental conservation of energy principle and uses rock physics to establish a relationship between the drillability of a rock, its lithological properties, and its porosity. This new technique is particularly useful for
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Polymer Transport in Low-Permeability Carbonate Rocks SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Haofeng Song,Pinaki Ghosh,Miguel Mejia,Kishore Mohanty
Summary The efficiency of a polymer flood depends on polymer transport and retention. Most studies on polymer transport in the literature have been focused on high-permeability sandstones. A limited number of investigations have been conducted in carbonates with permeability less than 100 md and very few in the presence of residual oil. In this work, transport of four polymers with different molecular
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Using Bayesian Leave-One-Out and Leave-Future-Out Cross-Validation to Evaluate the Performance of Rate-Time Models to Forecast Production of Tight-Oil Wells SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Leopoldo M. Ruiz Maraggi,Larry W. Lake,Mark P. Walsh
Summary Production forecasting is usually performed by applying a single model from a classical statistical standpoint (point estimation). This approach neglects: (a) model uncertainty and (b) quantification of uncertainty of the model’s estimates. This work evaluates the predictive accuracy of rate-time models to forecast production from tight-oil wells using Bayesian methods. We apply Bayesian leave-one-out
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Comparison of Intercept Methods for Correction of Steady-State Relative Permeability Experiments for Capillary End Effects SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Pål Ø. Andersen
Summary Steady-state relative permeability experiments are performed by coinjection of two fluids through core plug samples. The relative permeabilities can be calculated using Darcy’s law from the stabilized pressure drop and saturation of the core if capillary end effects and transient effects are negligible. In most cases, such conditions are difficult to obtain. Recent works have presented ways
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Bayesian Deep Decline Curve Analysis: A New Approach for Well Oil Production Modeling and Forecasting SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Amine Tadjer,Aojie Hong,Reidar Bratvold
Summary Following the rapid growth of unconventional resources, many models and methods have been proposed for forecasting the performances of unconventional wells. Several studies have attempted to use machine learning (ML) for improving the forecasting. However, owing to limitations of ML in regard to long-term forecasts (e.g., the occurrence of unphysical results), most of these ML forecasts are
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A Bayesian Framework for Addressing the Uncertainty in Production Forecasts of Tight-Oil Reservoirs Using a Physics-Based Two-Phase Flow Model SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 L. M. Ruiz Maraggi,L. W. Lake,M. P. Walsh
Summary Extrapolation of history matched single-phase flow solutions is a common practice to forecast production from tight-oil reservoirs. Nonetheless, this approach (a) omits multiphase flow effects that exist below bubblepoint conditions and (b) has not included the quantification of the uncertainty of the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR). This work combines a new two-phase (oil and gas) flow solution
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Message Passing Interface (MPI) Parallelization of Iteratively Coupled Fluid Flow and Geomechanics Codes for the Simulation of System Behavior in Hydrate-Bearing Geologic Media. Part 1: Methodology and Validation SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Jiecheng Zhang,George Moridis,Thomas Blasingame
Summary The Reservoir GeoMechanics Simulator (RGMS or RGM simulator), a geomechanics simulator based on the finite element method (FEM) and parallelized using the Message Passing Interface (MPI), is developed in this work to model the stresses and deformations in subsurface systems. RGMS can be used standalone or coupled with flow and transport models. pTOUGH+ HYDRATE (pT+H) V1.5, a parallel MPI-based
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Well Interference and Fracture Geometry Investigation Using Production and Low-Frequency Distributed Acoustic Sensing Data in an Unconventional Reservoir SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Yanrui Ning,Ge Jin,Xiaoyu Zhu,Ali Tura
Summary Well interference directly impacts well spacing optimization and well economics, thus it has received significant attention. Observed in many unconventional reservoirs, well interference is mainly attributed to connection of hydraulic fractures. Few studies have compared the hydraulic fracture connection during stimulation with that during the production period. This study connects these two
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Simulating Oil and Water Production in Reservoirs with Generative Deep Learning SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Abdullah Alakeely,Roland Horne
Summary This study investigated the ability to produce accurate multiphase flow profiles simulating the response of producing reservoirs, using generative deep learning (GDL) methods. Historical production data from numerical simulators were used to train a variational autoencoder (VAE) algorithm that was then used to predict the output of new wells in unseen locations. This work describes a procedure
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Novel Proppant Logging Technique for Infill Drilling of Unconventional Shale Wells SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Debotyam Maity,Jordan Ciezobka
Summary During the development of an unconventional play, wells are drilled and completed in batches, and depending on the development plans, current and expected energy market trends, as well as other developmental considerations, new wells are drilled and hydraulically fractured later near existing producing laterals. This creates challenges in terms of optimizing resource recovery and reducing interwell
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Electromagnetic Heating for Heavy-Oil and Bitumen Recovery: Experimental, Numerical, and Pilot Studies SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Benyamin Yadali Jamaloei
Summary This study provides an extensive critical review of electromagnetic heating (EMH) methods [inductive heating (IH), low-frequency heating (LFH), and high-frequency heating (HFH)] to highlight their existing challenges in enhanced heavy-oil and oil sands recovery. In general, IH is considered to be less practicable than LFH and HFH. The resistance (ohmic or conduction) heating prevails in LFH
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Fault Rock Property Prediction on Jurassic Clastics of the Barents Sea, Norway SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Volker Schuller,Andras Zamolyi,Eirik Stueland,István Dunkl,Michael Kettermann,Zsolt Schleder
Summary We analyzed the fault rocks of a compartmentalized field in the Barents Sea, in an area with several tectonic elements, which formed at different tectonic events. Standard fault seal analysis (FSA) was conducted to predict the shale content of the fault rock (shale gouge ratio, SGR). A static cellular model based on well data, seismic data, and geological concepts served as input. The fault
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Message Passing Interface (MPI) Parallelization of Iteratively Coupled Fluid Flow and Geomechanics Codes for the Simulation of System Behavior in Hydrate-Bearing Geologic Media. Part 2: Parallel Performance and Application SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Jiecheng Zhang,George Moridis,Thomas Blasingame
Summary The reservoir geomechanics simulator (RGMS or RGM simulator), a geomechanics simulator based on the finite element method and parallelized using the Message Passing Interface (MPI), is developed in this work to model the stresses and deformations in subsurface systems. RGMS can be used standalone or coupled with flow and transport models. pTOUGH+HYDRATE (pT+H) V1.5, a parallel MPI-based version
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Perturbative-Integro-Differential Solution for the Nonlinear Hydraulic Diffusivity Equation for Infinite-Acting-Oil Flow in a Permeability-Pressure-Sensitive Reservoir SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Fernando Bastos Fernandes
Summary The nonlinear hydraulic diffusivity equation (NHDE) models the isothermal single-phase Darcian flow through porous media considering the variation in the properties of the rock and the fluid present inside its pores. Typically, the dimensionless solution of the linear hydraulic diffusivity equation (LHDE) pD(rD,tD) for constant permeability oil flow in porous media is computed through Laplace
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Robust Value Quantification of Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods Using Ensemble-Based Optimization SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Micheal Oguntola,Rolf Lorentzen
Summary Over the last decades, the development of different oil reservoirs with gas or chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods have been studied, and the EOR effects of the recovery methods are found to be sensitive to fluid and rock properties in the reservoirs. The use of a single reservoir model with the assumption of known reservoir parameters is not enough to guarantee an accurate prediction
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Analysis of Vertical Permeability and Its Influence on CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery and Storage in a Carbonate Reservoir SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Bo Ren,Jerry L. Jensen,Larry W. Lake,Ian J. Duncan,Frank Male
Summary The objective of this study is to improve understanding of the geostatistics of vertical (bed-normal) permeability (kz) and its influence on reservoir performance during CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and storage. kz is scrutinized far less often than horizontal permeability (kx, ky) in most geological and reservoir modeling. However, our work indicates that it is equally important to understand
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Hydrocarbon Field (Re-)Development as Markov Decision Process SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-02-17 Martin Sieberer,Torsten Clemens
Summary Hydrocarbon field (re-)development requires that a multitude of decisions are made under uncertainty. These decisions include the type and size of surface facilities, location, configuration, and number of wells but also which data to acquire. Both types of decisions, which development to choose and which data to acquire, are strongly coupled. The aim of appraisal is to maximize value while
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Improved Enhanced Oil Recovery Polymer Selection Using Field-Flow Fractionation SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-02-17 Johannes Steindl,Rafael E. Hincapie,Ante Borovina,Christoph Puls,Johann Badstoeber,Gerhard Heinzmann,Torsten Clemens
Summary Various polyacrylamide polymers have been successfully applied in chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects. These polymers are characterized by high molecular weights (MWs) to achieve high viscosifying power. The selection of polymers for chemical EOR is a crucial step in the field testing and implementation of such EOR projects. The reason is that per-pattern operating expenditures (OPEX)
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Multifrequency Inversion of Complex Electrical Conductivity Measurements for Simultaneous Assessment of Wettability, Porosity, and Water Saturation SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-02-11 Artur Posenato Garcia,Zoya Heidari,Carlos Torres-Verdin
Summary Multifrequency complex electric measurements are influenced by the joint effects of mineralogy, spatial distribution of fluids and solids, properties of fluids and minerals, and interfacial polarization mechanisms. The interpretation of multifrequency electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity dispersion can yield information about the dominant dielectric polarization mechanisms. The
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Investigation of Strain Fields Generated by Hydraulic Fracturing with Analytical and Numerical Modeling of Fiber Optic Response SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-02-11 Kildare George Ramos Gurjao,Eduardo Gildin,Richard Gibson,Mark Everett
Summary The use of fiber optics in reservoir surveillance is bringing valuable insights into fracture geometry and fracture-hit identification, stage communication, and perforation cluster fluid distribution in many hydraulic fracturing processes. However, given the complexity associated with field data, its interpretation is a major challenge faced by engineers and geoscientists. In this work, we
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Static Adsorption Evaluation for Anionic-Nonionic Surfactant Mixture on Sandstone in the Presence of Crude Oil at High Reservoir Temperature Condition SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-02-04 Ahmed Fatih Belhaj,Khaled Abdalla Elraies,Juhairi Aris Shuhili,Syed Mohammad Mahmood,Raj Deo Tewari,Mohamad Sahban Alnarabiji
Summary The application of surfactants in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has revealed over the years various challenges that impose limitations on the successful implementation of surfactant flooding. Surfactant adsorption is one of the most important aspects that strongly dictates the feasibility of surfactant-based EOR. The effect of the presence of crude oil on surfactant adsorption and the influence
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Quality Control of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurements Using Pseudo-T2 Distributions SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Pierre Aérens,David Medellin,Carlos Torres-Verdín
Summary Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements are extremely valuable in the assessment of fluid-flow properties of rocks. However, inverted NMR transverse-relaxation time (T2) distributions are often biased by positivity constraints and the implementation of regularization (stabilization) methods. In some cases, it is difficult to determine whether the estimated pore-size distributions are
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Rheology and Injectivity Studies on Scleroglucan Biopolymer for Carbonates under Harsh Conditions SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Deena Elhossary,Waleed AlAmeri,Emad Al-Shalabi
Summary Polymer flooding is a mature chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology with more than 40 years of laboratory- and field-scale applications. Nevertheless, polymers exhibit poor performance in carbonates owing to their complex nature of mixed-to-oil wettability, high temperature, high salinity, and heterogeneity with low permeability. The main objective of this study is to experimentally
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Containment of Water-Injection-Induced Fractures: The Role of Heat Conduction and Thermal Stresses SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Jongsoo Hwang,Shuang Zheng,Mukul Sharma,Maria-Magdalena Chiotoroiu,Torsten Clemens
Summary Reservoir cooling by water or wastewater injection can significantly change the stress in the target injection zones and the bounding layers. Out-of-zone fracture growth is substantially affected by these poro-thermo-elastic stress changes occurring in heterogeneous rock layers. No previous study has systematically investigated the influence of both heat conduction and convection and the associated
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Laboratory Studies for Design of a Foam Pilot for Reducing Gas Channeling from Gas Cap in Production Well in Messoyakhskoye Field SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Emil Saifullin,Shinar Zhanbossynova,Dmitrii Zharkov,Chengdong Yuan,Mikhail Varfolomeev,Maiia Zvada
Summary This paper highlights the difference between foam injection for gas blocking in production well and injection well and emphasizes the use of polymer enhanced foam. Moreover, this paper shows systematic experimental methods for choosing suitable foam systems for gas blocking in production well considering different factors, which provides a guide regarding what kinds of foaming agents and polymer
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New Insights into Surfactant Adsorption Estimation in Carbonates under Harsh Conditions Using Surface Complexation Modeling SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Ilyas Khurshid,Emad W. Al-Shalabi,Imran Afgan
Summary Several laboratory experiments demonstrated that the use of sodium hydroxide could increase the solution pH and reduce the adsorption of anionic surfactants. However, a better understanding of rock-oil-brine interactions and their effect on surfactant adsorption during alkaline-surfactantpolymer (ASP) flooding is needed for realistic and representative estimations of surfactant adsorption levels
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An Electrokinetic Study of Amino Acid and Potential-Determining Ions for Enhanced Waterflooding in Carbonate Reservoirs SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-17 Ricardo A. Lara Orozco,Gayan Aruna Abeykoon,Ryosuke Okuno,Larry W. Lake
Summary Reservoir rock wettability plays an important role in waterflooding especially in fractured carbonate reservoirs because oil recovery tends to be inefficient from the mixed-wet or oil-wet rock matrix. Improved oil recovery has been observed by adjusting the concentrations of potential-determining ions (PDIs) to alter the wettability of carbonate rocks. Our previous study showed that the oil
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Optimization of Water-Alternating-CO2 Injection Field Operations Using a Machine-Learning-Assisted Workflow SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-17 Junyu You,William Ampomah,Jiawei Tu,Anthony Morgan,Qian Sun,Bing Wei,Dianlin Wang
Summary This paper will present a robust workflow to address multiobjective optimization (MOO) of carbon dioxide (CO2)-enhanced oil recovery (EOR)-sequestration projects with a large number of operational control parameters. Farnsworth unit (FWU) field, a mature oil reservoir undergoing CO2 alternating water injection (CO2-WAG) EOR, will be used as a field case to validate the proposed optimization
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An Investigation on the Process of Reimbibition of Oil and Its Impact on Oil Recovery in the Yates Field SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-12-23 Xiao Jin,Alhad Phatak,Aaron Sanders,Dawn Friesen,Ed Lewis,Raul Valdez
Summary In mixed- to oil-wet reservoirs characterized by intense natural fracturing where the dominant displacement mechanism is gravity drainage, surfactant injection can lead to a shift in wettability and incremental oil production. In some cases, oil can also reimbibe back into the rock matrix after the oil saturation has been reduced upon initial exposure to surfactant, suggesting limited permanence
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An Empirical Analog Benchmarking Workflow to Improve Hydrocarbon Recovery SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-12-23 Shaoqing Sun,David A. Pollitt
Summary Benchmarking the recovery factor and production performance of a given reservoir against applicable analogs is a key step in field development optimization and a prerequisite in understanding the necessary actions required to improve hydrocarbon recovery. Existing benchmarking methods are principally structured to solve specific problems in individual situations and, consequently, are difficult
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The Effect of Relative Permeability Hysteresis on the Design of an Optimal Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) Process SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-12-23 M. Kowsari,L. A. James,R. D. Haynes
Summary Water-alternating gas (WAG) as a tertiary recovery method is applied to oil reservoirs at a later stage of reservoir life to more or less success depending on field and operation. Uncertainty in WAG optimization has been shown to be dependent on several factors including reservoir characterization, WAG timing, and its operation. In this paper, we comprehensively explore WAG optimization in
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The Application of Computed Tomography Scanning and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for Rock Typing of Polymineral Clastic Reservoirs SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-12-21 Elizaveta Shvalyuk,Alexei Tchistiakov,Alexandr Kalugin
Summary The main objective of this study was to provide rock typing of the producing formation based on high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scanning and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data in combination with routine core analyses results. The target formation is composed of a shallowing up sequence of clastic rocks. Siltstones in its base are gradually replaced by sandstones toward its top
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Effect of Total Acid Number and Recovery Mode on Low-Salinity Enhanced Oil Recovery in Carbonates SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-12-15 Takaaki Uetani,Hiromi Kaido,Hideharu Yonebayashi
Summary Low-salinity water (LSW) flooding is an attractive enhanced oil recovery (EOR) option, but its mechanism leading to EOR is poorly understood, especially in carbonate rock. In this paper, we investigate the main reason behind two tertiary LSW coreflood tests that failed to demonstrate promising EOR response in reservoir carbonate rock; additional oil recovery factors by the LSW injection were
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Production Forecasting with the Interwell Interference by Integrating Graph Convolutional and Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-12-15 Enda Du,Yuetian Liu,Ziyan Cheng,Liang Xue,Jing Ma,Xuan He
Summary Accurate production forecasting is an essential task and accompanies the entire process of reservoir development. With the limitation of prediction principles and processes, the traditional approaches are difficult to make rapid predictions. With the development of artificial intelligence, the data-driven model provides an alternative approach for production forecasting. To fully take the impact
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New Insights on Characteristics of the Near-Wellbore Fractured Zone from Simulated High-Resolution Distributed Strain Sensing Data SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-12-10 Yongzan Liu,Ge Jin,Kan Wu
Summary Rayleigh frequency-shift-based distributed strain sensing (RFS-based DSS) is a fiber-optic-based diagnostic technique, which can measure the strain change along the fiber. The spatial resolution of RFS-based DSS can be as low as 0.2 m, and the measuring sensitivity is less than 1 με. Jin et al. (2021) presented a set of DSS data from the Hydraulic Fracture Test Site 2 project to demonstrate
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Integration of 3D Volumetric Computed Tomography Scan Image Data with Conventional Well Logs for Detection of Petrophysical Rock Classes SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-12-07 Andres Gonzalez,Zoya Heidari,Olivier Lopez
Summary Core measurements are used for rock classification and improved formation evaluation in both cored and noncored wells. However, the acquisition of such measurements is time-consuming, delaying rock classification efforts for weeks or months after core retrieval. On the other hand, well-log-based rock classification fails to account for rapid spatial variation of rock fabric encountered in heterogeneous
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Temperature Dependence of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Time in Carbonate Reservoirs SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Wei Shao,Songhua Chen,Gabor Hursan,Shouxiang Ma
Summary Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based interpretation models are commonly calibrated using laboratory ambient core NMR measurements. For applying the core calibrated models to downhole NMR logging interpretation, the difference between the NMR responses measured at ambient and reservoir temperature needs to be evaluated. The temperature dependence of NMR relaxation time in high-quality (HQ)
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A Two-Phase Flow Model for Reserves Estimation in Tight-Oil and Gas-Condensate Reservoirs Using Scaling Principles SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-11-30 L. M. Ruiz Maraggi,L. W. Lake,M. P. Walsh
Summary A common approach to forecast production from unconventional reservoirs is to extrapolate single-phase flow solutions. This approach ignores the effects of multiphase flow, which exist once the reservoir pressure falls below the bubble/dewpoint. This work introduces a new two-phase (oil and gas) flow solution suitable to extrapolating oil and gas production using scaling principles. In addition
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Joint Optimization of Well Completions and Controls for CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery and Storage SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-11-16 Bailian Chen,Rajesh Pawar
Summary Carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is considered one of the technologies to help promote larger scale deployment of geologic CO2 storage because of associated economic benefits through CO2 storage, associated benefits of oil recovery, and the 45Q tax credit (a tax incentive that would reduce CO2 emission in the United States) as well as potential for utilization of existing infrastructure
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Analyzing the Impacts of Meshing and Grid Alignment in Dual-Porosity Dual-Permeability Upscaling SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-11-10 Ziming Xu,Juliana Y. Leung
Summary The discrete fracture network (DFN) model is widely used to simulate and represent the complex fractures occurring over multiple length scales. However, computational constraints often necessitate that these DFN models be upscaled into a dual-porosity dual-permeability (DPDK) model and discretized over a corner-point grid system, which is still commonly implemented in many commercial simulation
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Machine Learning for Capillary Pressure Estimation SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-11-09 A. A. Kasha,A. Sakhaee-Pour,I. A. Hussein
Summary Capillary pressure plays an essential role in controlling multiphase flow in porous media and is often difficult to be estimated at subsurface conditions. The Leverett capillary pressure function J provides a convenient tool to address this shortcoming; however, its performance remains poor where there is a large scatter in the scaled data. Our aim, therefore, was to reduce the gaps between
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Effects of Overpressure on Mechanical Properties of Unconventional Shale Reservoirs through Novel Use of a Sonic Overpressure Indicator SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-11-09 R. L. Eastwood,K. M. Smye
Summary Overpressure is a common feature among productive unconventional shale reservoirs, such as the Bone Spring (BSPG) and Wolfcamp (WFMP) Formations of the Delaware Basin (DB) of west Texas and southeastern New Mexico, and is thought to be a strong driver of well productivity. Compared with conventional reservoirs and shales in normal pressured conditions, the effects of overpressure on the mechanical
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Water Saturation Modeling Challenges in Oil-Down-to Wells: An Example from a Multidarcy North Sea Reservoir SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-10-25 A. Larsen,F. Ahmadhadi,E. Øian
Summary The initial water saturation in a reservoir is important for both hydrocarbon volume estimation and distribution of multiphase flow properties such as relative permeability. Often, a practical reservoir engineering approach is to relate relative permeability to flow property regions by binning of the initial water saturation. The rationale behind this approach is that initial water saturation
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3D Printing for Experiments in Petrophysics, Rock Physics, and Rock Mechanics: A Review SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-09-22 Lingyun Kong,Sergey Ishutov,Franciszek Hasiuk,Chicheng Xu
Summary Geoscientific and engineering experiments in petrophysics, rock physics, and rock mechanics depend on multiple, costly, and sometimes rare samples used to characterize the properties of natural rocks. Testing these samples helps in modeling various hydrocarbon recovery and stimulation scenarios, as well as understanding the fluid-rock interactions in the subsurface under various pressure and
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Integrated Fracture Characterization of Thamama Reservoirs in Abu Dhabi Oil Field, United Arab Emirates SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-09-17 Mohammed Y. Ali,Fateh Bouchaala,Youcef Bouzidi,Eric M. Takam Takougang,Aala A. I. Mohamed,Akmal Sultan
Summary Volumetric maximum curvature attribute computed from 3D ocean bottom cable (OBC) seismic data, production logging tool (PLT), inorganic chemical tracer data, and fractures observed from core and full-bore formation microimager (FMI) logs were integrated to characterize fractured carbonate reservoirs of an offshore oil field in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The extracted maximum curvature
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Conditioning Model Ensembles to Various Observed Data (Field and Regional Level) by Applying Machine-Learning-Augmented Workflows to a Mature Field with 70 Years of Production History SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-09-14 Gisela Vanegas,John Nejedlik,Pascale Neff,Torsten Clemens
Summary Forecasting production from hydrocarbon fields is challenging because of the large number of uncertain model parameters and the multitude of observed data that are measured. The large number of model parameters leads to uncertainty in the production forecast from hydrocarbon fields. Changing operating conditions [e.g., implementation of improved oil recovery or enhanced oil recovery (EOR)]
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Application of Multilateral Wells for Production and Enhanced Oil Recovery: Case Studies from Canada SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-09-14 Eric Delamaide
Summary The use of multilateral wells started in the mid-1990s in particular in Canada, and they have since been used in many countries. However, few papers on multilateral wells focus on their production performance. Thus, what can be expected from such wells in terms of production is not clear, and this paper will attempt to address that gap. Taking advantage of public data, the production performance
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Instow: A Full-Field, Multipatterned Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flood—Analyses and Comparison of Phases 1 and 2 SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-08-17 M. J. Pitts,E. Dean,K. Wyatt,E. Skeans,D. Deo,A. Galipeault,D. Mohagen,C. Humphry
Summary An alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) project in the Instow field, Upper Shaunavon Formation in Saskatchewan, Canada, was planned in three phases. The first two multiwell pattern phases are nearing completion. Beginning in 2007, an ASP solution was injected into Phase 1. Phase 1 polymer drive injection began in 2011 after injection of 37% pore volume (PV) ASP solution. Coincident with the polymer
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Effects of Imbibition and Compaction during Well Shut-In on Ultimate Shale Oil Recovery: A Numerical Study SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-08-17 Nur Wijaya,James Sheng
Summary Shale wells are often shut in after hydraulic fracturing is completed. Shut-in often lasts for an extended period in the perceived hope of improving the ultimate oil recovery. However, current literature does not show a strong consensus on whether shut-in will improve ultimate oil recovery. Because of the delayed production, evaluating the benefits of shut-in in improving the ultimate oil recovery
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Geomechanical and Fracture Network Interpretation of a Devonian Outcrop SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-08-17 S. McKean,S. Poirier,H. Galvis-Portilla,M. Venieri,J. A. Priest,J. Dettmer,P. Pedersen,D. Eaton
Summary The Duvernay Formation is an unconventional reservoir characterized by induced seismicity and fluid migration, with natural fractures likely contributing to both cases. An alpine outcrop of the Perdrix and Flume formations, correlative with the subsurface Duvernay and Waterways formations, was investigated to characterize natural fracture networks. A semiautomated image-segmentation and fracture
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Improved Well-Control Progressive Optimization with Generalized Barycentric Coordinates and Manifold Mapping SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-08-03 D. Echeverría Ciaurri,G. A. Moreno Beltrán,J. Camacho Navarro,J. A. Prada Mejía
Summary Well-control management is nowadays frequently approached by means of mathematical optimization. However, in many practical situations the optimization algorithms used are still computationally expensive. In this paper, we present progressive optimization (PO), a simulator-nonintrusive four-stage methodology to accelerate optimal search substantially in well-control applications. The first
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CO2 Flow Regimes Comparison between North Sea and US Classes of Reservoirs SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-08-01 Saeed Ghanbari,Eric J. Mackay,Gillian E. Pickup
Summary Carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has long been practiced in the US as an efficient mean for enhancing oil production. Many of the US CO2-EOR developments have been designed horizontally. This is because of a viscous-dominated CO2 flow regime that is prevalent in these developments driven by thin and low-permeability reservoirs. Reservoirs and fluid properties are different in
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Pilot Test of Surfactant/Polymer Flood with Mixtures of Anionic/Cationic Surfactants for High-Temperature Low-Permeability Sandstone Reservoir SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-07-20 Y. Li,W. Zhang,Z. Shen,J. Jin,Z. Su,F. Yao,B. Wang,X. Yu,X. Bao,X. He,X. Wu,H. Zhang,L. Cui,O. Sha
Summary The first pilot test of a surfactant/polymer (SP) flood in the world with mixtures of anionic/cationic surfactants (Sa/c) was performed in a high-temperature and low-permeability sandstone reservoir with a high content of clay to demonstrate the potential of this novel technique to improve oil recovery. Low critical micelle concentration of 2.78×10−6 mol/L, ultralow interfacial tension (IFT)
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Using Rate Transient Analysis and Bayesian Algorithms for Reservoir Characterization in Unconventional Gas Wells during Linear Flow SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-07-13 P. Yuhun,O. O. Awoleke,S. D. Goddard
Summary The main objective of this work is to improve robust, repeatable interpretation of reservoir characteristics using rate transient analysis (RTA). This is to generate probabilistic credible intervals for key reservoir and completion variables. This resulting data-driven algorithm was applied to production data from both synthetic and actual case histories. Synthetic production data from a multistage
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Artificial Intelligence Coreflooding Simulator for Special Core Data Analysis SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-07-13 Eric Sonny Mathew,Moussa Tembely,Waleed AlAmeri,Emad W. Al-Shalabi,Abdul Ravoof Shaik
Summary Two of the most critical properties for multiphase flow in a reservoir are relative permeability (Kr) and capillary pressure (Pc). To determine these parameters, careful interpretation of coreflooding and centrifuge experiments is necessary. In this work, a machine learning (ML) technique was incorporated to assist in the determination of these parameters quickly and synchronously for steady-state
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Incorporation of Physics into Machine Learning for Production Prediction from Unconventional Reservoirs: A Brief Review of the Gray-Box Approach SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-06-14 Hui-Hai Liu,Jilin Zhang,Feng Liang,Cenk Temizel,Mustafa A. Basri,Rabah Mesdour
Summary Prediction of well production from unconventional reservoirs is often a complex problem with an incomplete understanding of physics and a considerable amount of data. The most effective way for dealing with it is to use the gray-box approach that combines the strengths of physics-based models and machine learning (ML) used for dealing with certain components of the prediction where physical
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Combined Machine-Learning and Finite-Element Approach for Multiscale 3D Stress Modeling SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-05-19 Xavier Garcia-Teijeiro,Adrian Rodriguez-Herrera
Summary In this paper, we propose a methodology that combines finite-element modeling with neural networks in the numerical modeling of systems with behavior that involves a wide span of spatial scales. The method starts by constructing a high-resolution model of the subsurface, including its elastic mechanical properties and pore pressures. A second model is also constructed by scaling up mechanical
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Alternating Conditional Expectation (ACE) Algorithm for Permeability Estimation in Bahariya Formation SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2021-05-14 Hesham Mokhtar Ali,Mahmoud Abu El Ela,Ahmed El-Banbi
Summary The nonparametric transformation is a data-driven technique, which can be used to estimate optimal correlations between a dependent variable (response) and a set of independent parameters (predictors). This study introduces a systematic methodology using the nonparametric transformation concept and the alternating conditional expectation (ACE) algorithm to estimate the effective gas permeability