Exosomes are a kind of extracellular vesicle, has a particle size of 50-150 nm. Exosomes derived from different cell types are thought to participate in the regulation of cellular communication. On account of the ability of exosomes to deliver various cargos to a corresponding target site, they are often used to deliver therapeutic cargos for treatment. This review summarizes the origins and composition

Traditional methods of tumor therapy have many limitations. Thus, cancer nanomedicine is developing rapidly as a new treatment for tumors. In the past decade, the literature in this field has almost doubled every two years. However, the therapeutic nanoparticle (NP) platforms that have been approved for cancer treatment have not achieved the expected results in clinical application. Cancer nanomedicine

In this study, we report a new ultrashort peptide (LOC), which forms a redox-sensitive hydrogel after cross-linking with the mild oxidant H₂ O₂ and used it for tumor-targeted delivery of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). LOC gelled within a few minutes in low-concentration H₂ O₂ solution. The concentration of H₂ O₂ significantly altered the gelation time and mechanical properties of the hydrogel. The

Human cervical cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy. The continuous development of nanotechnology has allowed the wide use of nanomaterials in cancer treatment. Nanoparticles can be used as gene carriers because of their surface effect and small-size effect. MicroRNA-let-7c-5p (miR-let-7c-5p) belongs to the let-7 family. Although it has been reported to exert a tumor suppressive effect

Human ovarian cancer stem cells (HuOCSCs) are the main source of ovarian cancer recurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are well-known nucleic acid or drug carriers owing to their controllable properties, superior stability, and easy modification. However, whether SPIONs can inhibit the activity of HuOCSCs by inducing ferroptosis remains unclear

This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of a novel in vitro technique in clot capturing and dissolving them by applying magnetic force on magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) carrying thrombolytic agents. It is a quick and simple method to protect patients from a life-threatening pulmonary embolism in an emergency to provide time for the medical team. To analyze the in vitro efficiency of nano-magnetic

As a non-invasive therapeutic, radiotherapy (RT) has been extensively used for solid tumor treatment. However, intratumoral hypoxia leads to severe RT resistance or failure. Moreover, damage from RT to normal tissues limits the application of high doses of radiation to eliminate cancer cells. Therefore, simultaneously improving the curative efficacy while minimizing the side effects of RT is in pressing

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniaesecretes the hemolytic cytotoxins ApxI, ApxII, ApxIII, and ApxIV, which cause pleurop- neumonia in swine. Of these, ApxI is the most toxic. ApxIA, a repeats-in-toxin toxin-like protein, has strong hemolytic and cytotoxic activities. This study aimed to develop an immune modulator ApxIA toxoid, with a Spytag/Spycatcher pair (SC::ST pair), in yeast ghost shells (YGSs).

A number of bone repair materials are demanded due to bone injury in clinical treatment. Magnetic hydrogels combined with the magnetic field have showed great promoting potential in the field of bone regeneration. Considering the superiority of magnetic microspheres in magnetic localization and drug release, magnetic poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres, obtained by electrospraying, were combined

Systemic administration of anticancer therapeutic agents remains a crucial strategy for clinical cancer therapy. However, poor drug accumulation at tumor sites and severe side effects to normal tissues induced by off-target effects lower their therapeutic efficiency and limit their deep application in clinical settings. How to overcome these issues has continuously raised concerns. Reportedly, injectable

To investigate the impact of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAMs) in the embryo, we explored the outcome of different generations (G₄ and G6) on the early stages of embryogenesis using the chicken embryo as a model. We also monitored their effect on angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Our data revealed that cationic PAMAMs provoke substantial embryotoxicity, as they significantly induce

Rhein is a potential anti-inflammatory agent, but its poor water solubility significantly restricts its clinical application. In this study, rhein micelles (RMs) with improved water solubility were fabricated on Pluronic F127 (F-127). Transmission electron microscopy showed that the as-prepared RMs displayed a mean diameter of approximately 20 nm and a spherical morphology. The encapsulation efficiency

Retinoblastoma (RB) makes up about 3% of all childhood malignancies. Chemotherapy is commonly applied for RB treatment, while the clinical effectiveness varies significantly due to the cancer therapeutic resistances. Hypoxic tumor microenvironment, a hallmark of all tumors, is strongly associated with malignant progress and therapeutic resistances. The hypoxia mainly promotes the angiogenesis by upregulating

The combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is a common and useful treatment mode for tumours. But traditional methods inevitably lead to a variety of side effects. A drug delivery system (DDS), which has good biocompatibility and strong anti-tumour ability, is expected to solve this problem. Studies have shown that Ce-based nanoparticles (NPs) have good radiosensitization effect through the photoelectric

The fast-growing use of supramolecular hydrogelators as biomaterials for a variety of applications, ranging from wound healing to drug delivery to tissue engineering, has highlighted the importance of synthetic design over recent years. Here, we report a new class of nanosheet stereocomplexes in aqueous solution and at physiological conditions (i. e., pH7.4), which are formed by physically mixing right-

Tenofovir (TFV), an acyclic nucleoside analog, exhibits potent anti-HBV activity. However, poor bioavailability, nephrotoxicity and bone toxicity limit its further clinical application. In this work, a novel tenofovir-loaded glycyrrhetinic acidmodified cationic liposome (TGCL) was prepared for targeted therapy of HBV. The TGCL had an average particle size of 107.39 ± 1.21 nm and an entrapment efficiency

Gene therapy has been widely studied in colon cancer treatment. However, effective delivery of genes is a limitation for clinical applications. In the research, DOATP/mPEG-PLA-mPEG (DPLP) nanoparticles carrying the vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein plasmid (pVSVMP) was used for colon cancer therapy, resulting in high transfection efficiency and expression efficiency in CT26 cells. Moreover

Marine structures often suffer from biofouling, which may lead to macrofouling by marine animals like marine worms and barnacles, weighing down the structures and increasing the drag. This paper analyses the effect of the newly fabricated biological anti-adhesion Titania-Polyurea spray coating, which can effectively reduce biofouling from enriching on the surface. Through the surface characterization

In recent years, considerable achievements have been made to motivate the construction of tumor microenvironment (TME)-specific functional nanomaterials, which can effectively respond to the inherent pathological and physicochemical conditions in diseased regions to improve the specificity of imaging and drug delivery. Until now, various nanoarchitectures have been designed to combat cancer effectively

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising new nanocarriers with potential use in anticancer drug delivery. However, there is a scarcity of studies on the uptake and release of guest molecules associated with MOF nanovehicles, and their mechanism is poorly understood. In this work, newly developed iron-based MOFs, namely Fe-NDC nanorods, were investigated as potential nanocarriers for calcein (as

Andrographis paniculata is traditionally used for many diseases and scientifically proven for anti-cancer property. Andrographolide which is the marker compound is believed to be the main contributor to the pharmacological activities. The poor solubility and bioavailability of this diterpenoid lactone could be overcome by nanoencapsulation. Reflux extraction, and followed by successive Soxhlet fractionation

Chemotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is facing drug resistance, which leads to unsatisfactory therapeutic effect. Thus, a combination therapy using multiple drugs may overcome this challenge. The current study aims to realize a synergistic chemotherapy of HCC by using a near-infrared light (NIR) responsive nanocarrier to co-deliver the chemotherapeutic drug Doxorubicin (DOX) and molecular

Colorectal cancer frustrates with high relapse after the traditional treatment including surgery and chemotherapy. Neoantigen-based therapeutic vaccine has achieved high response rate in the clinical trials rising the immunotherapy as a promising alternative for colorectal cancer. Herein, colon cancer cells derived neoantigen peptide Adpgk were employed to be co-encapsulated with black phosphorus quantum

Periplogenin is a compound extracted from cortex periplocae. In the monomers' screening for inhibiting nasopharyngeal carcinoma, we found that periplogenin can inhibit nasopharyngeal carcinoma; however, its mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the chemical structure of periplogenin was uploaded to the PubChem database in order to obtain the target of periplogenin. The NPC's differential genes

Current research on the antibacterial properties of implant surfaces has focused on using titanium nanotubes (TNTs) with diameters of 100 and 200 nm, which simultaneously show the best antibacterial properties, poor osseointegration, and ability to immobilize proteins. Therefore, the research aimed to develop an implantable material based on titanium dioxide nanotubes with a diameter of 50 nm doped

Colorectal carcinoma is a complex disease accounting for adenoma tumors and an aggressive phenotype, and the third leading cause of cancer death. In the past decades, miRNAs have been associated with molecular pathways of cancer and other diseases. The dysregulated miRNAs play an inhibitory or promoting role in tumorigenesis. Therefore, restoration of tumor-suppressed microRNAs (miRNA) may offer novel

Cancer vaccine is well recognized as a novel but effective way for cancer immunotherapy. Especially, the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in antigen presentation properties is critical for the final performance of cancer vaccine. Herein, a lipid (Li) coated calcium carbonate (CC) vehicle (Li/CC) was employed to load chlorin e6 (Ce6) to serve as a potential in situ vaccine (Li/CC-Ce6) for effective immunotherapy

Recent studies have found that chromosome 3 is frequently mutated in metastatic uveal melanoma (UVM), which leads to the loss of BAP1 expression or the weakening of BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) function and promotes metastasis of uveal melanoma cells. However, the specific signaling pathways that are affected by BAP1 depletion in uveal melanoma remain unclear. Our aim in this study was to verify

The emerging of cancer immunotherapy is a great progress in cancer therapy. However, accumulating evidences have shown that tumor microenvironment (TME) exerted strong inhibition effects on cancer immunotherapy. In order to solve this issue, a cell membrane vehicle (CMV) was developed and employed to encapsulate both chlorins e6 (Ce6) and sorafenib (Sfn). The obtained drug delivery system (DDS, CMV/C-S

Impaired wound healing that occurs in diabetics can result in many life-threatening complications associated with excessive expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which mediate the proteolysis of major matrix constituents. In this study, the dendrimer polyamidoamine (PAMAM) and the polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (HA) were connected through the substrate polypeptide (Gly-PLGLAG-Cys) of MMP-2

The cornerstone of this study was to formulate and optimize fumaryl diketopiperazine (FDKP) microspheres of insulin-load (INS@FDKP-MPs) with the aid of Box-Behnken design (BBD) to enhance insulin bioavailability. The property characterization of INS@FDKP-MPs was studied and the stability study was confirmed by evaluating the effect on sample appearance, insulin and related protein content, hygroscopicity

Rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic disease, affects from 0.5% to 1% of the world population. The main consequences include loss of joint functionality and severe pain, with lost in life quality and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The main strategy for RA treatment relies in early diagnosis as targeted therapy. In this regard, the development and application of designed/engineered nanoparticles

Dental implantation is an important method in treating missing teeth, widely used in oral treatment. As regards to physical and mechanical properties, pure titanium (Ti) material has become the most common dental implant material for its high stability and biocompatibility, clinically. Cell-substrate interactions have vital contribution in regulating pertinent cell functions like adhesion, proliferation

Nanoparticles, on exposure to the biological milieu, tend to interact with macromolecules to form a biomolecular corona. The biomolecular corona confers a unique biological identity to nanoparticles, and its protein composition plays a deterministic role in the biological fate of nanoparticles. The physiological behavior of proteins stems from their physicochemical properties, including surface charge

Ochratoxin is teratogenic, carcinogenic and immunotoxic to humans. It contains ochratoxin in many foods, so the detection of ochratoxin in food is particularly important. In this paper, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs)@g-C₃N₄ composite was synthesized by loading Au NPs on carbon nitride material, and it was immobilized on the surface of glassy carbon electrode by chitosan (Chit) as the substrate of electrochemical

Background: Combination chemotherapy of chemo-drugs and natural herbal drugs has been shown to be more advantageous than individual treatment with respect to enhancing cytotoxicity, alleviating toxicity and controlling the development of multidrug resistance (MDR). Purpose: The goal of this study is to construct a combined drug delivery system of curcumin liposomes (CUR-LPs) and paclitaxel liposomes

Hemoglobin-polydopamine particles (Hb-PDA) have shown high stability, with polydopamine (PDA) serving as a protective layer and antioxidant. However, the effects of the PDA coating on the properties and in vivo biosafety of Hb-PDA remain unclear. This work was conducted to characterize Hb-PDA and evaluate its biosafety. Hb-PDA exhibited negative surface charge and their infusion did not cause blood

Nanotechnology has been widely applied in tumor imaging, diagnostic and therapy. Beside the prefabricated nanomaterials, constructing nanostructures in living cells through self-assemble provides an alternative strategy to treat cancer. In vivo self-assembly renders the conversion of compatible small molecules into assembled nanostructures with toxicity, and is expected to outperform the prefabricated

Based on its rapid expression, simple sequence composition, low immunogenicity, and flexible modification possibilities, in vitro synthesized mRNA has demonstrated strong potential as a candidate for gene therapy. Many efforts have been made to enhance its therapeutic efficacy and safety. Profiting from the development in pathogenesis and materials science, much progress has been achieved in mRNA-based

Black phosphorus (BP) is a new two-dimensional material with many unique properties, such as great biocompatibility, excellent surface activity, high carrier mobility, and tunable bandgap. Black phosphorus has been particularly attractive in sensor. However, black phosphorus isolated by traditional methods is easily oxidized and degraded by air, with poor stability, which limits its application as

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most serious health disorders with increasing prevalence and high morbidity and mortality. Although diagnosis and treatment of CVD have achieved huge breakthrough in recent years, it still needs additional enhancements, which result in the demand for new techniques. Artificial intelligence (AI) is an emerging science field that has been widely used to guide

The drug octreotide, a somatostatin analog, stimulates the cellular free radical scavenging system and inhibits the release of superoxide anions from monocytes. We hypothesized that octreotide also protects islet β cell function and improves the survival of transplanted islets by ameliorating the adverse effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on these cells, thus inhibiting apoptosis. To test this hypothesis

Colon cancer is a prevalent clinical malignant tumor of the digestive system. The current study aims to explore the miR-144 expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines and CRC stem cells (CSCs) and to explore its effect on the stemness of CSCs and the targeted regulation of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). Use qRT-PCR to detect the expression level of miR-144 in CRC cells SW480, HCT116, and H129

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease with no current effective therapeutics. One of the main reasons for the low efficacy of PDAC immunotherapy is the limited CD8+ T cell infiltration, without neo antigen present in PDAC. Aptamers represent single-stranded oligonucleotides which bind to specific targets with high specificity. We developed DNA conjugates and prepared diacyl phospholipid-aptamer

In this research, we studied the therapeutic efficacy of a newly designed fusion protein containing Endoglin single-chain variable fragment and IP10 (Endoglin-scFv/IP10), together with our recently generated TRP2-specific CD8+ CD28+ CTLs (CD8+ CD28+ CTLs) in controlling melanoma growth in mice. The recombinant Endoglin-scFv/IP10 was expressed in E. coli, purified by affinity chromatography, and characterized

Different secondary structures of the pep-1 protein were blamed for transmembrane internalization process of drugs and drug deliveries. But which structure will be important for transmembrane delivery was still not clear. In this study, interactions between pep-1 and cell membranes were studied. Pep-1 in the buffer (Pep-1) and pep-1 on graphene (PDS/G) or they on graphene oxide (PDS/GO) were composed

Oxidative stress is one of the principal causes of hypoxia-induced kidney injury. The ceria nanoparticle (CNP) is known to exhibit free radical scavenger and catalytic activities. When zirconia is attached to CNPs (CZNPs), the ceria atom tends to remain in a Ce3+ form and its efficacy as a free radical scavenger thus increases. We determined the effectiveness of CNP and CZNP antioxidant activities

The oral administration of paclitaxel suffering obstacles like poorly solubility and low permeability, causing extremely low oral bioavailability. In this study, we aim to study the role of transmembrane pathway on the absorption mechanisms of PTX-Micelles. In addition, we will further study the permeability of PTX-Micelles by employing in situ perfusion model. The results showed the PTX-Micelles could

Developing a delivery vehicle to protect siRNA from degradation is a significant challenge. To solve this challenge, researchers attempted to use protein-based nanoparticles to deliver siRNA with limited to moderate success. However, a systematic investigation of comparing the ability of different protein-based nanoparticles as vehicles to deliver siRNA stably within cells is still unavailable. Therefore

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a minimally invasive tumor treatment method in which photothermal conversion agents (PTAs) can be enriched in tumor tissue by external light stimulation to convert photon energy into thermal energy to induce the temperature of tumor tissue higher than normal physiological, and can effectively kill tumor cells and tissues while avoiding damage to healthy tissue. As a well-known

Chemotherapy is the most commonly used treatment for cancer. However, due to their short circulation time and lack of specific biological distribution, chemotherapeutic drugs cause severe systemic toxicity. Using the agents specifically binding to the targeted molecules might resolve this dilemma. Aptamers can directly connect with the drugs or couple with the nano-carrier to reduce systemic toxicity

Biomaterial implants and medical devices have been utilized extensively in medical treatment with the development of modern medicine, especially in orthopaedics and stomatology. Along with their applications, biomaterial-associated infections (BAIs) have grown to be one of the main postoperative complications. Antimicrobial coating strategies have been reported to effectively inhibit bacterial adhesion

Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the leading causes of vascular disease, producing high morbidity and mortality in many countries. Autophagy plays an important role when cells are facing serious circumstances, such as oxidative stress induced by Ox-LDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein). Recent studies have revealed that DEX (dexamethasone acetate) and RAPA (rapamycin) exhibit efficient AS therapeutic

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a worldwide zoonotic disease. At present, the treatment options of CE are limited. The main drugs used in clinical chemotherapy of echinococcosis are albendazole and mebendazole, but they mainly exert longterm antiparasitic effects based on high doses. Therefore, there is an urgent need for effective and safe anti-CE drugs. Previous studies have identified harmine (HM)

Self-assembling peptide hydrogels have a high water content, good biocompatibility and have become a competitive research object in the fields of tissue engineering, cancer treatment and drug delivery. In our research, a hexapeptide with high pH sensitivity was designed and synthesized by utilizing a solid-phase synthesis method. Under physiological conditions, the peptide could self-assemble into

The mitochondria have recently become a novel target in the treatment of cancer. Targeted delivery by nanoparticles (NPs) has shown potential in enhancing existing therapeutic principles. With toxicity remaining a recurring issue, the green synthesis of inorganic NPs and modification with polymers may help to improve stability and biocompatibility. We synthesized epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-capped

Liposome is a traditional drug-delivery system and most novel studies have focused on its drug release function. In this paper, a new drug-delivery system based on liposomes was prepared, which contains hydrophobic FeAg alloy nanoparticles (FeAgNPs) in their lipid bilayer and berberine as test drug in their middle water phase. The size of AgFe-Ls was about 200 nm, the encapsulation efficiency of drugs

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. Cases of colon cancer have experienced dramatic growth for the past few decades in China, while the rate of rectal cancer descends 3% every year in the West. The purpose of this study is to reveal the potential impact of miR-21-5p on the occurrence process of CRC and its connection with a close homolog of L1 (CHL1). In

The surface modification of titanium is effective in promoting osseointegration and is widely used in the treatment of bone diseases. Epimedii Folium (EF) plays an important role in the treatment of metabolic bone diseases. However, few studies have so far been reported on their combined use in such treatments. In the present study, EF water extract was coated onto the surface of TiO₂ nanotubes (TNT)

A well-studied subject of epigenetics, the histone methylation located at lysine and arginine is overseen via methyltransferases and demethylases. Lysine-specific demethylase 4A (KDM4A) comprises a lysine demethylase and possesses specificity for H3K9me3 and H3K36me3, which is capable of being used in order to activate histone transcription. Our team examined the expression of KDM4A within Sprague