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Sibling aggression is surprisingly common and sexually egalitarian Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-12 Amanda P. Kirsch, Douglas T. Kenrick, Ahra Ko, Cari M. Pick, Michael E.W. Varnum
Two well-supported generalizations from aggression research are that: a) people are less likely to commit homicide against close kin compared to non-kin, and b) females are less likely to engage in direct aggression than are males. Aggression between siblings, however, is somewhat more complicated than one might surmise from those two generalizations. Data from 3 studies collected using undergraduate
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Scars for survival: high cost male initiation rites are strongly associated with desert habitat in Pama-Nyungan Australia Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-10 Duncan Learmouth, Robert H. Layton, Jamshid J. Tehrani
Costly ritual behaviours have frequently been of interest to evolutionary researchers seeking to understand whether they have an adaptive benefit. Here we examine the costliness of initiation rituals across a large group of hunter-gather societies in Pama-Nyungan Australia and compare these with a range of possible adaptive benefits, including warfare, food sharing, demography, and mate competition
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Choosing to help others at a cost to oneself elevates preschoolers' body posture Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-10 Sveinung Sundfør Sivertsen, Daniel Haun, Robert Hepach
Young children sometimes help others at a cost to themselves, but little is known about the emotional mechanisms underlying this behaviour. Here, 5-year-old children ( = 96, 45 girls, mean age = 5.57 years, SD = 1.79 months, range = 5.19 years to 5.9 years, families recruited from a local database based in a medium-sized German city) were engaged in one task and then asked either to help (child-helps)
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Dyads in networks: We (dis)like our partners' partners based on their anticipated indirect effects on us Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-07 Laureon A. Merrie, Jaimie Arona Krems, Daniel Sznycer
Research on close relationships often focuses on the dyad (e.g., dyads of romantic partners) and on how dyad members affect each other's welfare. But dyads exist embedded in broader, densely-interconnected social networks, and less research attention has been paid to the myriad ways in which people outside the dyad impact one's welfare through their interactions with, or even their attitudes about
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Why do people make noises in bed? Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-24 Andrey Anikin
Many primates produce copulation calls, but we have surprisingly little data on what human sex sounds like. I present 34 h of audio recordings from 2239 authentic sexual episodes shared online. These include partnered sex or masturbation, but each recording has only one main vocalizer (1950 female, 289 male). Both acoustic features and arousal ratings from an online perceptual experiment with 109 listeners
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Comparing disgust sensitivity in women in early pregnancy and non-pregnant women in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-08 Daniela Dlouhá, Jana Ullmann, Lea Takács, Kamila Nouzová, Hana Hrbáčková, Jan Šeda, Šárka Kaňková
Considered a part of the behavioral immune system, disgust functions as a protective mechanism against potential pathogen threat. There is evidence that disgust sensitivity varies depending on immunological and hormonal changes, including those occurring during the menstrual cycle or pregnancy. Although some studies indicate that disgust is elevated in early pregnancy, no study has yet compared disgust
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Victims of misfortune may not “deserve” help: A possible factor in victim-devaluation Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-02 Pascal Boyer, Eric Chantland, Lou Safra
Why do people blame, devalue or derogate the victims of misfortune? The literature suggests general factors like a belief in a just world or a desire to distance oneself from misfortune, but the empirical results are often unclear. Here we suggest another potential factor in victim-devaluation in particular. Attitudes to victims should be seen in the context of human cooperation, as victims can be
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Stereotypes versus preferences: Revisiting the role of alpha males in leadership Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Adi Wiezel, Michael Barlev, Christopher R. Martos, Douglas T. Kenrick
Why are women underrepresented in positions of leadership? According to the “think manager-think male” model, leaders are stereotyped as male—and, in turn, as dominant—and this stereotype translates into preferences. However, status and leadership can be attained not only by dominance but also by prestige—a less sex-typed pathway. Five studies explored the relationship between leader stereotypes and
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The role of costly commitment signals in assorting cooperators during intergroup conflict Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-26 Martin Lang, Radim Chvaja, Benjamin G. Purzycki
A reliable assortment of committed individuals is crucial for success in intergroup conflict due to the danger of shirking. Theory predicts that reliable communication of commitment is afforded by costly signals that track cooperative intent. Across four pre-registered studies (total N = 1440, general US population), we used the public goods game where groups competed for resources to investigate whether
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Sibling competition and dispersal drive sex differences in religious celibacy Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-25 Alberto J.C. Micheletti, Ruth Mace
Religious practices vary greatly worldwide. Lifelong celibacy is present in many world religions, but it remains unclear why the frequency of monks and nuns (male and female celibates) varies at different times and places. Here, we develop a two-sex inclusive fitness model of lifelong celibacy. We find that the sex that competes more over parental resources is favoured to have more celibates, that
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Letter from the Editor Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-13 Debra Lieberman
Abstract not available
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On causes and consequences; a reply to Durkee Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-12 Sean Prall, Brooke Scelza
Abstract not available
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Status in Himba pastoralists: are causal claims warranted? Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-11 Patrick Durkee
Abstract not available
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Systematic error measurement: Treating item errors as data Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-08 Michael J. Beatty, Faith K. Siem, Scott W. Atherton, Steven G. Shenouda
Abstract not available
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Maternal investment in arranged and self-choice marriages: A test of the reproductive compensation and differential allocation hypothesis in humans Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Annemarie M. Hasnain, Kristin Snopkowski
The Reproductive Compensation (RC) hypothesis and the Differential Allocation (DA) hypothesis predict that parents who mate under constraint will either increase or decrease, respectively, their reproductive effort and investment in offspring. One possible type of mate choice constraint in humans is arranged marriage in which parents or others choose mates. To test the RC and DA hypotheses in humans
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Epigenetic age acceleration and reproductive outcomes in women Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 Gabriel L. Schlomer
Life history theory applied to human development stipulates that humans have evolved to detect and encode information from the early developmental environment that entrain coordinated development pathways. One possible mechanism is epigenetic age acceleration but few studies have prospectively examined associations between epigenetic aging and life-history related phenotypes. The purpose of this study
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Editorial overview and dedication to John Patton: “Dispatches from the field: Insights from studies in ecologically diverse communities: Part 2” Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 Elizabeth G. Pillsworth, Aaron W. Lukaszewski
Abstract not available
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The role of parent-offspring conflict in Shuar partner choice and marital practices Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 Elizabeth G. Pillsworth, Rebecka K. Hahnel-Peeters, H. Clark Barrett
Previous research argues that female choice may not be as powerful an influence on the evolution of human mating preferences as once expected given the importance of parental choice in marital practices across cultures. Furthermore, much of the literature supporting this argument assumes that endorsed cultural norms reported in the ethnographic record accurately represent individuals' behaviors. Here
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Calibration and fitness-linked correlates of personality in Conambo, Ecuador Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Aaron W. Lukaszewski, John Q. Patton, Patrick K. Durkee, James G. Zerbe, Brenda J. Bowser
We present a study testing the existence and correlates of personality concepts in the village of Conambo, Ecuador, which is home to horticultural-foragers located in the Sápara Territory of the Ecuadorian Amazon. Lexical terms to describe the three focal personality concepts from the HEXACO taxonomy—Sociability, Immodesty, and Un-emotionality—were interpreted from Spanish into the Indigenous languages
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Interpersonal conflicts and third-party mediation in a pastoralist society Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Zachary H. Garfield, Luke Glowacki
Human societies depend on the ability of their members to coordinate and cooperate with others. Yet, within-group conflict can threaten group stability. This threat is severe among humans due to the scale of our societies and the frequent low levels of relatedness between members. Our ability to resolve inter-individual conflicts is a key aspect of our species' success. Despite the importance of conflict
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The causes and consequences of women's status in Himba pastoralists Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-10-28 Sean P. Prall, Brooke A. Scelza
Gender inequalities in status and prestige are common across many populations, but while considerable attention has been paid to understanding the drivers of men's status, the causes and consequences of women's status have received scant attention, particularly outside industrialized contexts. We combine demographic, health and dyadic rating data from an endogamous community to show that women of higher
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Non-kin alloparents and child outcomes: Older siblings, but not godparents, predict educational attainment in a rural context Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-10-27 Eric B. Hubbard, Ollie Shannon, Anne C. Pisor
Despite increasing evidence of non-kin contributions to cooperative childrearing, explicit investigation of non-kin allomaternal care remains rare, meaning we have little data to evaluate why non-kin provide care and whether non-kin investment translates into benefits for mothers or children. Here, we examine the role of godparents—kin and non-kin allomothers that often invest in both mothers and children—to
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Distinctiveness and femininity, rather than symmetry and masculinity, affect facial attractiveness across the world Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-10-21 Karel Kleisner, Petr Tureček, S. Adil Saribay, Ondřej Pavlovič, Juan David Leongómez, S. Craig Roberts, Jan Havlíček, Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Silviu Apostol, Robert Mbe Akoko, Marco A.C. Varella
Studies investigating facial attractiveness in humans have frequently been limited to studying the effect of individual morphological factors in isolation from other facial shape components in the same population. In this study, we go beyond this approach by focusing on multiple components and populations while combining geometric morphometrics of 72 standardized frontal facial landmarks and a Bayesian
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Are papers in Evolution & Human Behavior easy? A review of Scientific Papers Made Easy: How to Write with Clarity and Impact in the Life Sciences | Scientific Papers Made Easy: How to Write with Clarity and Impact in the Life Sciences, S. West, L. Turnbull, Oxford University Press (2023), Paperback £22.80, e-book £14.07, 200 pages Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-10-10 Pat Barclay
Abstract not available
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Modeling mate choice in a small-scale community: Applying couple simulation in the U.S. and Conambo, Ecuador Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-10-05 Daniel Conroy-Beam, John Q. Patton, Cari D. Goetz, Aaron W. Lukaszewski, Brenda Bowser
The near totality of human mate choice research occurs in large-scale, urban, industrial populations. It is unclear to what extent lessons learned from such populations reflect generalizable features of human mating psychology as opposed to localized responses to the demands of these historically unusual environments. Here, we use couple simulation, an agent-based modeling technique, to compare models
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Sex differences in birth weight depending on the mother's condition: testing the Trivers-Willard hypothesis in Indian twins Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-09-28 Ryoko Takikawa, Yasuyuki Fukukawa
According to the Trivers-Willard hypothesis, mothers who give birth to sons when their general condition is good and daughters when their condition is bad have an advantage in fitness. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis in humans by examining sex differences in birth weight according to maternal age based on a comparison of the birth weights of twins. A total of 2138 Indian twins
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Cultural and contextual variation in first mover norms of ownership: evidence from an Achuar community Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Ulises J. Espinoza, H. Clark Barrett
The proposal that humans possess an evolved psychology of ownership is a highly plausible one. But what, if any, features of human ownership psychology might be universal? Psychologists have proposed that human ownership psychology might contain rules or norms for determining ownership, some of which might be universal. Here we explore first mover norms, in which an individual who acts first or exerts
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Laughter and ratings of funniness in speed-dating do not support the fitness indicator hypothesis of humour Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-09-23 Henry M. Wainwright, Amy A.Z. Zhao, Morgan J. Sidari, Anthony J. Lee, Natalie Roberts, Tiah Makras, Brendan P. Zietsch
Individuals consistently report preferring humour in a romantic partner; but it is unclear why. The ‘fitness indictor hypothesis’ proposes that attraction to humour evolved because it is an indicator of genetic fitness. Studies testing predictions from this hypothesis, mostly based on stated preferences regarding a hypothetical ideal partner or on artificial tasks or scenarios, have so far yielded
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Costly inductions as a commitment-selection strategy: Assessing hazing's relationship with attrition in a college fraternity Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-09-20 Aldo Cimino, Joshua Pollock, Benjamin J. Thomas
Social scientists have often claimed or implied that hazing selects out uncommitted newcomers in voluntary associations. Because groups that engage in hazing are generally secretive about their practices, there has never been a real-world, in situ test of this claim. Using an American social fraternity, we report the first real-world, longitudinal test of hazing's relationship with selective newcomer
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Prestige, conformity and gender consistency support a broad-context mechanism underpinning mate-choice copying Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Melanie Foreman, Thomas J.H. Morgan
Mate choice is a fitness-relevant decision, that can be informed by the mate choices of others. Such mate-choice copying has been documented across multiple species, including humans. However, so has copying in many other contexts. As such, the exent to which mate-choice copying is underpinned by the same psychological mechanisms as copying in other contexts remains unclear. To test these hypotheses
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Editorial overview: “Dispatches from the field: insights from studies in ecologically diverse communities: Part 1” Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-09-10 Aaron W. Lukaszewski, Elizabeth G. Pillsworth
Abstract not available
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Mating fast and slow? Sociosexual orientations are not reflective of life history trajectories Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-09-09 Tran Dinh, Steven W. Gangestad
Within evolutionary psychology, a dominant assumption is that adaptive variation in fast versus slow life history strategies centrally includes variation in sociosexual orientations. Fast reproductive strategies—prioritizing current reproduction and high number of low-quality offspring—are purportedly facilitated by short-term, uncommitted sexual relationships with multiple partners and investing little
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Human infant cries communicate distress and elicit sex stereotypes: Cross cultural evidence Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Clément Cornec, Nicolas Mathevon, Katarzyna Pisanski, Don Entani, Claude Monghiemo, Blanchard Bola, Victor Planas-Bielsa, David Reby, Florence Levréro
The degree to which culture and context contribute to variability in human behaviour is a critical scientific question. While most research in the human behavioural sciences is based on WEIRD samples, the last decade has seen a rise in research on traditionally under-represented populations, including small-scall societies, to demonstrate reproducibility of results. Considering this framework as a
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Reference frames for spatial navigation and declarative memory: Individual differences in performance support the phylogenetic continuity hypothesis Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-08-26 A. Fragueiro, A. Tosoni, M. Boccia, R. Di Matteo, C. Sestieri, G. Committeri
Recent experimental evidence has led to the idea that the neural mechanisms supporting spatial navigation have been flexibly adapted to organize concepts and memories through spatial codes. The “phylogenetic continuity hypothesis” (Buszáki & Moser, 2013) further proposes that the mechanisms supporting episodic and semantic memory would have respectively evolved from self-based (i.e. egocentric) and
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Evidence from millions of births refutes the Trivers-Willard hypothesis in humans Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-07-28 Kaitlyn T. Harper, Brendan P. Zietsch
Abstract not available
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Decision-making under climate shocks and economic insecurity: Ranching in rural Baja California Sur, Mexico Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-07-20 Shane J. Macfarlan, Ryan Schacht, Weston C. McCool, Connor Davis, Anahi Yerman, Francisco Javier Higuera Landeros, Maximo Amador Amador
Climatic shocks and economic insecurity challenge the wellbeing of livestock managers, globally. Scholars argue that ranchers pursue different economic strategies (herd composition and uses) because of the effects of variation in wealth on risk preferences. However, intergenerational wealth transfers and experiences of loss could also explain these outcomes. There are no tests comparing which of these
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The influence of friendship on children's fairness concerns in three societies Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-07-14 John Corbit, Katherine McAuliffe, Peter R. Blake, Felix Warneken
Friendship is an important aspect of children's social lives. However, little is known about how it influences children's fairness behavior towards their peers. We tested (N = 183) pairs of children between 7 and 9 years of age from rural communities in India, Peru and Canada that are known to have divergent norms of fairness. Participants were paired with either a close friend or an acquaintance and
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Parochial altruism: What it is and why it varies Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-07-06 Anne C. Pisor, Cody T. Ross
Parochial altruism (PA), or ingroup favoritism paired with outgroup hostility, is sometimes treated as a synonym for human intergroup relations. However, empirical data suggest that PA is highly variable—across individuals, across situations, and across groups. Here, we review theory and data on PA to explore the candidate sources for this variability. Along the way, we unpack assumptions (e.g., what
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Mating-related stimuli induce rapid shifts in fathers' assessments of infants Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-07-05 James K. Rilling, Paige Gallagher, Minwoo Lee
A common life history theory trade-off is that which males face between mating effort and parental effort. This trade-off is observed across species, among individuals within a species, and within individuals across their lifespan. Recent studies suggest the possibility of more rapid trade-offs or motivational shifts in response to transient aspects of the social environment. We were interested in
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Social network accuracy among children and adolescents in a rural Dominican community Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 Davide Ponzi, David C. Geary, Mark V. Flinn
Acquiring knowledge and understanding of social relationships is a key task for the human child. Methods for studying social networks are constrained by pragmatic issues of time and informant accuracy. Here we report results from a study focused specifically on how measures of cognitive ability – fluid intelligence and working memory – are associated with children's perceptions of their social networks
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Objectively measured facial traits predict in-person evaluations of facial attractiveness and prosociality in speed-dating partners Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-17 Amy A.Z. Zhao, Keagan Harrison, Alexander Holland, Henry M. Wainwright, Jo-Maree Ceccato, Morgan J. Sidari, Anthony J. Lee, Brendan P. Zietsch
Many studies have investigated whether facial averageness, masculinity, and similarity are associated with facial attractiveness. These studies have relied on ratings of images of real or digitally morphed faces. It is important to establish whether past findings translate to real-life, face-to-face evaluations of potential partners; lack of effects in this context would cast doubt on the evolutionary
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Tit for tattling: Cooperation, communication, and how each could stabilize the other Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Victor Vikram Odouard, Michael Holton Price
Indirect reciprocity is a mechanism by which individuals cooperate with those who have cooperated with others. This creates a regime in which repeated interactions are not necessary to incent cooperation (as would be required for direct reciprocity). However, indirect reciprocity creates a new problem: how do agents know who has cooperated with others? To know this, agents would need to access some
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What is reciprocity? A review and expert-based classification of cooperative transfers Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-14 Diego Guevara Beltran, Jessica D. Ayers, Andres Munoz, Lee Cronk, Athena Aktipis
After decades of research on the topic of reciprocity, there is still no consensus about the meaning of the term. Instead, there has been a proliferation of reciprocity terms with varied definitions, some of which overlap in ways that lead to confusion for scholars studying cooperation. In this paper, we provide a summary of 34 reciprocity terms and their definitions from across a variety of disciplines
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Dynamic indirect reciprocity: When is indirect reciprocity bounded by group membership? Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-03 Hirotaka Imada, Angelo Romano, Nobuhiro Mifune
Indirect reciprocity is a strong driver of reputation-based cooperation and previous studies have offered ample evidence as to when and how it guides cooperation towards others. However, the current empirical literature suffers from mixed evidence about the realm of indirect reciprocity; some studies showed that people assume that in-group members, but not out-group members, belong to the same system
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The influence of language on the evolution of cooperation Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Megan E. Bishop, Brian A. Lerch
Humans' sophisticated language system and advanced ability to cooperate with non-relatives are unique amongst animals. Verbal arguments have asserted that language, in particular, facilitated the evolution of large-scale cooperation—but the specific mechanisms by which language influences cooperation have not been tested in formal models. Here we develop a mathematical model that explicitly considers
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In it together: evidence of a preference for the fair distribution of effort in joint action Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-04 Marcell Székely, John Michael
A growing body of theoretical and empirical work suggests that our sense of fairness implies a preference for divisions of rewards that are proportional to contributions. However, there has been no study testing whether people distribute effort costs according to the expected reward distribution. We hypothesized that when people expect to share the reward of the joint task equally, they will ensure
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Decades of Trivers-Willard research on humans: What conclusions can be drawn? Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-03 Valentin Thouzeau, Jeanne Bollée, Alejandrina Cristia, Coralie Chevallier
The Trivers-Willard hypothesis predicts that parents in good condition are positively biased towards sons, while parents in poor condition are positively biased towards daughters. An extensive literature testing this hypothesis has accumulated in the last five decades. We take stock of results concerning humans in a systematic review, which yielded 87 articles, reporting a total of 821 hypothesis tests
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The intersection of evolutionary science and law Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-03 Debra Lieberman, Keelah Williams
Abstract not available
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Trivial giving as a signal of trustworthiness Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-20 Yuta Kawamura, Misato Inaba
Trivial giving—the small-stakes giving that does not produce any further benefit, such as sharing food with neighbors and exchanging gifts with friends—has been widely observed in societies ranging from hunter-gatherers to modern communities. However, previous studies have not examined the adaptive value of trivial giving. The present study proposes that trivial giving functions as a signal of an actor's
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Punitive justice serves to restore reciprocal cooperation in three small-scale societies Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-19 Léo Fitouchi, Manvir Singh
Fines, corporal punishments, and other procedures of punitive justice recur across small-scale societies. Although they are often assumed to enforce group norms, we here propose the relation-restoration hypothesis of punitive justice, according to which punitive procedures function to restore dyadic cooperation and curtail conflict between offender and victim following violations of reciprocal obligations
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Stereotypes of criminality in the U.S. track ecology, not race Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-03-29 Keelah E.G. Williams
Why do social perceivers use race to infer a target's propensity for criminal behavior? Life history theory proposes that the harshness and unpredictability of one's environment shapes individuals' behavior, with harsh and unpredictable (“desperate”) ecologies inducing “fast” life history strategies (characterized by present-focused behaviors), and resource-sufficient and stable (“hopeful”) ecologies
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No effects of exposure to women's fertile window body scents on men's hormonal and psychological responses Evol. Hum. Behav. (IF 5.1) Pub Date : 2023-03-22 James R. Roney, Mei Mei, Rachel L. Grillot, Melissa Emery Thompson
Do men respond to women's peri-ovulatory body odors in functional ways? Prior studies reported more positive changes in men's testosterone and cortisol after exposure to women's scents collected within the putative fertile window (i.e., cycle days when conception is possible) compared to comparison odors, and also psychological priming effects that were differentially larger in response to the fertile