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Laboratory Codes in Nomenclature and Scientific Communication (Advancing Organism Nomenclature in Scientific Communication to Improve Research Reporting and Reproducibility) ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2022-12-18 Cory F Brayton
Laboratory registration codes, also known as laboratory codes or lab codes, are a key element in standardized laboratory animal and genetic nomenclature. As such they are critical to accurate scientific communication and to research reproducibility and integrity. The original committee on Mouse Genetic Nomenclature published nomenclature conventions for mice genetics in 1940, and then conventions for
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History of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Institute for Laboratory Animal Research ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2022-12-14 Lewis B Kinter, Robert C Dysko, Barbara Natterson-Horowitz, Cory F Brayton
The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) was created within the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (National Academies) in 1953 when biomedical research using animals was in its infancy in terms of quantity, quality, complexity, sophistication, and care. Over the intervening 69 years, ILAR has witnessed unprecedented growth, followed by unprecedented decline, and then
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International Standardized Nomenclature for Outbred Stocks of Laboratory Animals ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2022-11-22 M Festing, K Kondo, R Loosli, S M Poiley, A Spiegel
Preface by the Secretary-General of ICLA In accordance with the «Aims of ICLA» (ICLA Bulletin No. 26, March 1970) the Governing Board established in 1969 a Working Party to prepare an International Nomenclature System for Outbred Animals. The members were: Professor, Dr. A. Spiegel, Federal Republic of Germany, chairman.Dr. M. Festing, United KingdomDr. K. Kondo, JapanDr. R. Loosli, SwitzerlandMr.
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History of the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science. ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-31 Stian Erichsen,Cluff E Hopla
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Rapid Response by Laboratory Animal Research Institutions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Key Lessons Learned From a 2021 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Workshop. ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-31 Jill Ascher,Joyce Cohen,Michael J Huerkamp,David M Kurtz,Joseph T Newsome,Brianna Skinner
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Beyond the Laboratory: Emerging Landscape of Animal Studies - the Influence of National Academies of Sciences Activities and Publications. ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-31 Barbara Natterson-Horowitz,Amelia Reynolds
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Guide for Laboratory Animal Facilities and Care. ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-31
The Animal Care Panel is a nonprofit educational association of individuals and institutions concerned with the production, care, and study of laboratory animals. The entire United States and several foreign countries are represented in its membership. The Panel provides for the exchange of scientific information on all phases of laboratory animal care. It compiles and distributes information on films
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Fit for Purpose Assessment: A New Direction for IACUCs. ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-31 Lewis B Kinter,David K Johnson,Robert H Weichbrod,Ernest D Prentice,Richard C Simmonds,Paul W Houghton,Robert A Whitney,Joseph DeGeorge,W Ron DeHaven,Klaas Kramer,Louis DeTolla
The organization and function of the institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) is the key component of government regulation and oversight of necessary scientific research using live animals and of AAALAC - International accreditation of animal care and use programs in the United States. The regulations, roles, and responsibilities of IACUCs have evolved since their inception 35 years ago
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A Structured Approach to Optimizing Animal Model Selection for Human Translation: The Animal Model Quality Assessment. ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-31 Joanne Storey,Thomas Gobbetti,Alan Olzinski,Brian R Berridge
Animal studies in pharmaceutical drug discovery are common in preclinical research for compound evaluation before progression into human clinical trials. However, high rates of drug development attrition have prompted concerns regarding animal models and their predictive translatability to the clinic. To improve the characterization and evaluation of animal models for their translational relevance
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Animal Study Translation: The Other Reproducibility Challenge ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2022-03-25 Brian R Berridge
Animal research is currently an irreplaceable contributor to our efforts to protect and improve public health. Its relevance, importance, and contributions are represented in historical precedent, regulatory expectations, evidence of our rapidly developing understanding of human health and disease, as well as success in the development of novel therapeutics that are improving quality of life and extending
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ICLAS LAQ Network for the Promotion of Animal Quality in Research ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2022-03-23 Patri Vergara, Gregory Ballard, Cynthia Besch-Williford, Nobuhito Hayashimoto, Cynthia Pekow, Ana Perez, Katja Schmidt, William Shek, Martin Toft, Atsushi Yoshiki
ICLAS Laboratory Animal Quality Network (LAQN) programs currently consist of the Performance Evaluation Program (PEP), which focuses on microbial monitoring by and for laboratory animal diagnostic laboratories, and the Genetic Reference Monitoring Program (GENRef), which provides assay-ready reference DNA for genetic testing of mouse strains. Since 2008, PEP has grown to become a truly international
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Erratum to: “But Mouse, You Are Not Alone”: On Some Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants Infecting Mice ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2022-02-23 Kuiper M, Wilson L, Mangalaganesh S, et al.
In the originally published version of this manuscript, the article received date was listed as October 31, 2021 in error. The correct article history is as follows: “Received: August 4, 2021. Revised: October 31, 2021. Accepted: November 21, 2021.” This error has been corrected.
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Current Topics in Research, Care, and Welfare of Common Marmosets ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2022-02-03 Monika Burns, Afonso C Silva
Although the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has been maintained in captivity in biomedical research settings for decades, interest and use of the species as an animal model for a diverse array of purposes has increased in the 21st century. Unfortunately, the development of validated animal care standards such as nutrition, husbandry, and clinical care has not expanded with the same rapidity as
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Research-Relevant Conditions and Pathology of Laboratory Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Naked Mole Rats, and Rabbits ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Timothy K Cooper, David K Meyerholz, Amanda P Beck, Martha A Delaney, Alessandra Piersigilli, Teresa L Southard, Cory F Brayton
Animals are valuable resources in biomedical research in investigations of biological processes, disease pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions, safety, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Interpretation of data from animals requires knowledge not only of the processes or diseases (pathophysiology) under study but also recognition of spontaneous conditions and background lesions (pathology) that can influence
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“But Mouse, You Are Not Alone”: On Some Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants Infecting Mice ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-11-30 Michael J Kuiper, Laurence O W Wilson, Shruthi Mangalaganesh, Carol Lee, Daniel Reti, Seshadri S Vasan
In silico predictions combined with in vitro, in vivo, and in situ observations collectively suggest that mouse adaptation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 virus requires an aromatic substitution in position 501 or position 498 (but not both) of the spike protein’s receptor binding domain. This effect could be enhanced by mutations in positions 417, 484, and 493 (especially K417N, E484K,
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Balancing Animal Welfare, Human Safety, and Research in Agriculture High Containment ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-11-22 Brad Pickering, Charles E Lewis
Livestock research is paramount to understanding the risks associated with unintentional and intentional introductions of emerging, reemerging, and transboundary animal diseases, including their relationship to both the security of the economy and the nation’s food supply. Research involving large animal species conducted in maximum containment Biosafety Level (BSL)-3Ag and BSL-4 facilities include
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Livestock and Risk Group 4 Pathogens: Researching Zoonotic Threats to Public Health and Agriculture in Maximum Containment ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-13 Charles E Lewis, Bradley Pickering
Maximum-containment laboratories are a unique and essential component of the bioeconomy of the United States. These facilities play a critical role in the national infrastructure, supporting research on a select set of especially dangerous pathogens, as well as novel, emerging diseases. Understanding the ecology, biology, and pathology at the human-animal interface of zoonotic spillover events is fundamental
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Research-Relevant Clinical Pathology Resources: Emphasis on Mice, Rats, Rabbits, Dogs, Minipigs, and Non-Human Primates ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-09-30 Liza Bau-Gaudreault, Tara Arndt, Anne Provencher, Cory F Brayton
Clinical pathology testing for investigative or biomedical research and for preclinical toxicity and safety assessment in laboratory animals is a distinct specialty requiring an understanding of species specific and other influential variables on results and interpretation. This review of clinical pathology principles and testing recommendations in laboratory animal species aims to provide a useful
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An Introduction to Ethical Questions Around Animal Research ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-08-17 Adam J Shriver, Eric Hutchison
The principal investigator is an expert on the topic under investigation. The veterinarian is an expert in the health and wellness of an animal. But what, exactly, can ethicists add to discussions about animal research? This special issue of the ILAR Journal considers how contemporary ethics scholarship can be relevant to animal research. The articles were selected to highlight how clear thinking about
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Neuroethics and Animals: Report and Recommendations From the University of Pennsylvania Animal Research Neuroethics Workshop ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-08-09 Adam J Shriver, Tyler M John
Growing awareness of the ethical implications of neuroscience in the early years of the 21st century led to the emergence of the new academic field of “neuroethics,” which studies the ethical implications of developments in the neurosciences. However, despite the acceleration and evolution of neuroscience research on nonhuman animals, the unique ethical issues connected with neuroscience research involving
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An Introduction to the Callithrix Genus and Overview of Recent Advances in Marmoset Research ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-27 Joanna Malukiewicz, Vanner Boere, Maria Adélia Borstelmann de Oliveira, Mirela D’arc, Jéssica V A Ferreira, Jeffrey French, Genevieve Housman, Claudia Igayara de Souza, Leandro Jerusalinsky, Fabiano R de Melo, Mônica M Valença-Montenegro, Silvia Bahadian Moreira, Ita de Oliveira e Silva, Felipe Santos Pacheco, Jeffrey Rogers, Alcides Pissinatti, Ricardo C H del Rosario, Corinna Ross, Carlos R Ruiz-Miranda
We provide here a current overview of marmoset (Callithrix) evolution, hybridization, species biology, basic/biomedical research, and conservation initiatives. Composed of 2 subgroups, the aurita group (C aurita and C flaviceps) and the jacchus group (C geoffroyi, C jacchus, C kuhlii, and C penicillata), this relatively young primate radiation is endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado, Caatinga, and Atlantic
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Outside the Box: Working With Wildlife in Biocontainment ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-06-23 Elizabeth A Falendysz, Dana M Calhoun, Carrie A Smith, Jonathan M Sleeman
Research with captive wildlife in Animal Biosafety Level 2 (ABSL2) and 3 (ABSL3) facilities is becoming increasingly necessary as emerging and re-emerging diseases involving wildlife have increasing impacts on human, animal, and environmental health. Utilizing wildlife species in a research facility often requires outside the box thinking with specialized knowledge, practices, facilities, and equipment
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The Symbiotic Relationship Between Scientific Quality and Animal Research Ethics ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-06-22 Samuel A Brill, Selena M Guerrero-Martin, Kelly A Metcalf Pate
Researchers have worked with animals as models for decades to expand our knowledge of basic biological processes and to systematically study the physiology of disease. In general, the public has an expectation that work with animals has a purpose and will ultimately reap benefits. The likelihood of such an outcome is directly dependent on the quality of the science being conducted with those animals
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The Evaluation of the Containment Efficacy of Semi-Rigid Isolators for Housing Cages of Laboratory Animals Infected With BSL-3 Agents ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-05-26 Louis DeTolla, David K Johnson, Scott D Reynolds, Rigoberto Sanchez, Robert H Weichbrod, Matthew C Terzi
Research animals models infected with Biosafety Level-3 (BSL-3) agents need to be housed in specialized biocontainment caging. Most of these specialized cages have input and exhaust that is high efficiency particulate air filtered and sealed to prevent escape of the BSL-3 agent. An alternative to the use of the above BSL-3 biocontainment caging is the use of a flexible film or modified semi-rigid plastic
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A Brief History of Use of Animals in Biomedical Research and Perspective on Non-Animal Alternatives ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-05-25 Lewis B Kinter, Ron DeHaven, David K Johnson, Joseph J DeGeorge
Animals have been closely observed by humans for at least 17 000 years to gain critical knowledge for human and later animal survival. Routine scientific observations of animals as human surrogates began in the late 19th century driven by increases in new compounds resulting from synthetic chemistry and requiring characterization for potential therapeutic utility and safety. Statistics collected by
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Biomonitoring and Digital Data Technology as an Opportunity for Enhancing Animal Study Translation ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-05-03 Erwin B Defensor, Maria A Lim, Laura R Schaevitz
The failure of animal studies to translate to effective clinical therapeutics has driven efforts to identify underlying cause and develop solutions that improve the reproducibility and translatability of preclinical research. Common issues revolve around study design, analysis, and reporting as well as standardization between preclinical and clinical endpoints. To address these needs, recent advancements
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Mouse Anesthesia: The Art and Science ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-04-29 Kaela L Navarro, Monika Huss, Jennifer C Smith, Patrick Sharp, James O Marx, Cholawat Pacharinsak
There is an art and science to performing mouse anesthesia, which is a significant component to animal research. Frequently, anesthesia is one vital step of many over the course of a research project spanning weeks, months, or beyond. It is critical to perform anesthesia according to the approved research protocol using appropriately handled and administered pharmaceutical-grade compounds whenever
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Challenges and Solutions With Agricultural Animal High Containment Waste Disposal ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-04-29 John R Henneman, Julie A Johnson, Mark A Minihan
Waste disposal in Agricultural Animal High Containment Animal Biosafety Level 3Ag and Animal Biosafety Level 4Ag (ABSL-3Ag and ABSL-4Ag) research facilities necessitates significantly more attention to detail in operations than that required in lower-containment-level laboratories. The unique features and requirements of agricultural-related research involve additional equipment and systems to safely
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Clinical Management of Gastrointestinal Disease in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-04-28 Casey Fitz, Anna Goodroe, Lauren Wierenga, Andres Mejia, Heather Simmons
Gastrointestinal disease is a frequently encountered problem among captive common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) colonies. Management can be challenging due to the number of etiologies responsible for gastrointestinal disease in this species, limitations on diagnostic capabilities, and lack of effective treatments. Understanding commonly described GI diseases in the captive marmoset can provide insight
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Type I Hypersensitivity in Ferrets Following Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Inoculum: Lessons Learned ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-04-17 Daniel Layton, Kathie Burkett, Glenn A Marsh, Nagendrakumar B Singanallur, Jennifer Barr, Rachel Layton, Sarah-Jane Riddell, Sheree Brown, Lee Trinidad, Gough G Au, Alexander J McAuley, Suzanne Lowther, James Watson, Seshadri S Vasan
This case report discusses Type I hypersensitivity in ferrets following exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) inoculum, observed during a study investigating the efficacy of candidate COVID-19 vaccines. Following a comprehensive internal root-cause investigation, it was hypothesized that prior prime-boost immunization of ferrets with a commercial canine C3 vaccine
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Research Relevant Conditions and Pathology in Nonhuman Primates ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-04-07 Chandra Saravanan, Thierry Flandre, Carolyn L Hodo, Anne D Lewis, Lars Mecklenburg, Annette Romeike, Oliver C Turner, Hsi-Yu Yen
Biomedical research involving animal models continues to provide important insights into disease pathogenesis and treatment of diseases that impact human health. In particular, nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been used extensively in translational research due to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and similarities to disease pathogenesis and treatment responses as assessed in clinical trials. Microscopic
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Animal Models of COVID-19 II. Comparative Immunology ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-04-06 Rebecca T Veenhuis, Caroline J Zeiss
Developing strong animal models is essential for furthering our understanding of how the immune system functions in response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The alarming speed at which SARS-CoV-2 has spread, and the high mortality rate of severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), has required both basic science and clinical research to move at an unprecedented
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The Ferret as a Model for Filovirus Pathogenesis and Countermeasure Evaluation ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-04-01 Zachary Schiffman, Guodong Liu, Wenguang Cao, Wenjun Zhu, Karla Emeterio, Xiangguo Qiu, Logan Banadyga
The domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) has long been a popular animal model for evaluating viral pathogenesis and transmission as well as the efficacy of candidate countermeasures. Without question, the ferret has been most widely implemented for modeling respiratory viruses, particularly influenza viruses; however, in recent years, it has gained attention as a novel animal model for characterizing
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Marmoset Metabolism, Nutrition, and Obesity ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-03-26 Corinna N Ross, Ricki Colman, Michael Power, Suzette Tardif
The use of marmosets as nonhuman primate models of human disease has undergone rapid expansion in the United States in the last decade, with an emphasis in the field of neuroscience. With this expanding need, there has been an increase in the formation of small marmoset colonies. The standardization in care and husbandry techniques for marmosets has historically lagged behind other established nonhuman
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The Use of Arthropod-Borne Challenge Models in BSL-3Ag and BSL-4 Biocontainment ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-03-22 Stephen Higgs, Dana L Vanlandingham, Yan-Jang S Huang, Saravanan Thangamani
The study of many arthropod-borne pathogens requires high biosafety considerations, including the use of specialized facilities and equipment for arthropod containment. Mosquito- and tick-borne viruses such as yellow fever, West Nile, and Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses require facilities that are suitable for housing vertebrates. Multidisciplinary studies that incorporate the vector, vertebrate
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Bioethical, Reproducibility, and Translational Challenges of Animal Models ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-02-27 Margaret Landi, Jeffrey Everitt, B Berridge
There is no prescribed stage or standardized point at which an animal model protocol is reviewed for reproducibility and translatability. The method of review for a reproducible and translatable study is not consistently documented in peer literature, and this is a major challenge for those working with animal models of human diseases. If the study is ill designed, it is impossible to perform an accurate
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Marmoset Monkeys ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-02-26 David J Schaeffer, CiRong Liu, Afonso C Silva, Stefan Everling
The use of the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) for neuroscientific research has grown markedly in the last decade. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has played a significant role in establishing the extent of comparability of marmoset brain architecture with the human brain and brains of other preclinical species (eg, macaques and rodents). As a non-invasive technique, MRI allows for the
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The Gastrointestinal Microbiota of the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-02-23 Alexander Sheh
The microbiota is heavily involved in both health and disease pathogenesis, but defining a normal, healthy microbiota in the common marmoset has been challenging. The aim of this review was to systematically review recent literature involving the gastrointestinal microbiome of common marmosets in health and disease. Twelve sources were included in this review. The gut microbiome composition was reviewed
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IACUC and Veterinary Considerations for Review of ABSL3 and ABSL4 Research Protocols ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-02-12 Curtis Klages
With the recent upswing of infectious disease outbreaks (coronavirus, influenza, Ebola, etc), there is an ever-increasing need for biocontainment animal use protocols to better address the research of emerging diseases and to increase the health of both animals and humans. It is imperative that we as a research community ensure these protocols are conducted with the utmost scrutiny and regulatory compliance
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Research-Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions in Common Avian and Aquatic Species ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-02-05 Lisa M Mangus, Monique S França, H L Shivaprasad, Jeffrey C Wolf
Non-mammalian vertebrates including birds, fish, and amphibians have a long history of contributing to ground-breaking scientific discoveries. Because these species offer several experimental advantages over higher vertebrates and share extensive anatomic and genetic homology with their mammalian counterparts, they remain popular animal models in a variety of fields such as developmental biology, physiology
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Animal Models of COVID-19. I. Comparative Virology and Disease Pathogenesis ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-01-30 Caroline J Zeiss, Susan Compton, Rebecca Terilli Veenhuis
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has fueled unprecedented development of animal models to understand disease pathogenesis, test therapeutics, and support vaccine development. Models previously developed to study severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) have been rapidly deployed to study SARS-CoV-2. However, it has become clear that despite the common use of ACE2 as
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High-Containment Agriculture Animal Research: An AAALAC International Perspective ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-01-29 Susan B Harper, Kathryn Bayne, Kenneth E Anderson
Institutions that conduct high-containment agricultural research involving domestic livestock represent a specialized category of programs that are accredited by AAALAC International. The accreditation process includes a comprehensive assessment of the overall program of animal care and use. However, the complex design of these facilities and the unique care required for animals in this type of environment
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Research Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions: Ferrets, Dogs, Swine, Sheep, and Goats ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-01-27 Kristi L Helke, David K Meyerholz, Amanda P Beck, Eric R Burrough, Rachel J Derscheid, Christiane Löhr, Elizabeth F McInnes, Cheryl L Scudamore, Cory F Brayton
Animal models provide a valuable tool and resource for biomedical researchers as they investigate biological processes, disease pathogenesis, novel therapies, and toxicologic studies. Interpretation of animal model data requires knowledge not only of the processes/diseases being studied but also awareness of spontaneous conditions and background lesions in the model that can influence or even confound
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The Importance of Complementary Collaboration of Researchers, Veterinarians, and Husbandry Staff in the Successful Training of Marmoset Behavioral Assays. ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2020-12-31 Takeshi Murai,Stacey J Sukoff Rizzo
Interest in marmosets as research models has seen exponential growth over the last decade, especially given that the research community is eager to improve on gaps with historical animal models for behavioral and cognitive disorders. The spectrum of human disease traits that present naturally in marmosets, as well as the range of analogous human behaviors that can be assessed in marmosets, makes them
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Current Topics in Marmoset Anesthesia and Analgesia ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-01-26 Anna Goodroe, Casey Fitz, Jaco Bakker
Anesthetic and analgesics are essential components of both clinical and research procedures completed in marmosets. A review of current anesthetic and analgesic regimens for marmosets has been complied to provide a concise reference for veterinarians and investigator teams. Published dose regimens for injectable and inhalant anesthetic drugs and analgesic drugs are included. Appropriate physiological
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Challenges and Opportunities in the Use of High and Maximum Biocontainment Facilities in Developing and Licensing Risk Group 3 and Risk Group 4 Agent Veterinary Vaccines ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-01-14 David A Brake, Jens H Kuhn, Glenn A Marsh, Martin Beer, Joshua B Fine
New solutions are necessary for the singular global health security threat formed by endemic, epidemic, and emerging/re-emerging zoonoses, coupled with epizootic and enzootic transboundary animal diseases (TADs). This One Health issue is related to the daily interactions between wildlife, domesticated and indigenous livestock, and humans primarily associated with global trade, transboundary co-movement
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Behavioral Management is a Key Component of Ethical Research ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-01-13 Schapiro S, Neal Webb S, Mulholland M, et al.
AbstractBehavioral management programs aim to enhance the welfare of animal subjects that participate in research, thereby enhancing our ability to conduct ethical research projects. Socialization strategies, environmental enrichment techniques, opportunities for subjects to voluntarily participate in research procedures, and the provision of Functionally Appropriate Captive Environments are 4 major
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Assisted Reproductive Techniques and Genetic Manipulation in the Common Marmoset ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-01-13 Jung Eun Park, Erika Sasaki
Genetic modification of nonhuman primate (NHP) zygotes is a useful method for the development of NHP models of human diseases. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of assisted reproductive and genetic manipulation techniques in NHP, providing the basis for the generation of genetically modified NHP disease models. In this study, we review assisted reproductive techniques, including
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The Marmoset: The Next Frontier in Understanding the Development of the Human Brain ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-01-08 Jihane Homman-Ludiye, James A Bourne
Rodent models, particularly mice, have dominated the field of developmental neuroscience for decades, like they have in most fields of biomedicine research. However, with 80 million years since rodents and primates last shared a common ancestor, the use of mice to model the development of the human brain is not without many shortcomings. The human brain diverges from the mouse brain in many aspects
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Comparative Functional Anatomy of Marmoset Brains ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-01-08 Jon H Kaas
Marmosets and closely related tamarins have become popular models for understanding aspects of human brain organization and function because they are small, reproduce and mature rapidly, and have few cortical fissures so that more cortex is visible and accessible on the surface. They are well suited for studies of development and aging. Because marmosets are highly social primates with extensive vocal
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Marmosets: Welfare, Ethical Use, and IACUC/Regulatory Considerations ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2021-01-05 Ricki J Colman, Saverio Capuano, Jaco Bakker, Jo Keeley, Katsuki Nakamura, Corinna Ross
Use of marmosets in biomedical research has increased dramatically in recent years due, in large part, to their suitability for transgenic applications and utility as models for neuroscience investigations. This increased use includes the establishment of new colonies and involvement of people new to marmoset research. To facilitate the use of the marmoset as a research model, we provide an overview
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Why IACUCs Need Ethicists ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2020-12-28 Nobis N.
AbstractSome animal research is arguably morally wrong, and some animal research is morally bad but could be improved. Who is most likely to be able to identify wrong or bad animal research and advocate for improvements? I argue that philosophical ethicists have the expertise that makes them the likely best candidates for these tasks. I review the skills, knowledge, and perspectives that philosophical
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Erratum to: Improving Replicability, Reproducibility, and Reliability in Preclinical Research: A Shared Responsibility ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2020-12-04 Cheleuitte-Nieves C, Lipman N.
In the originally published version of this manuscript, important author corrections to the References were inadvertently omitted during editing. The publisher apologizes for the error and has since corrected these errors.
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Moving Beyond the Absence of Pain and Distress: Focusing on Positive Animal Welfare ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2020-10-29 Patricia V Turner
For many years, researchers, veterinarians, animal ethics committees, and regulators have focused on minimizing pain and distress as a primary goal of refinement when working with animals in science. More recent publications as well as a shift in animal ethics and public opinion have emphasized promotion of positive affective states, culminating in the concept of positive animal welfare. Robust measures
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Sound and Vibration as Research Variables in Terrestrial Vertebrate Models. ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2020-06-30 Randall Reynolds,Angela Garner,John Norton
AbstractSound and vibration have been shown to alter animal behavior and induce physiological changes as well as to cause effects at the cellular and molecular level. For these reasons, both environmental factors have a considerable potential to alter research outcomes when the outcome of the study is dependent on the animal existing in a normal or predictable biological state. Determining the specific
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Improving Replicability, Reproducibility, And Reliability In Preclinical Research: A Shared Responsibility ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2020-06-23 Cheleuitte-Nieves C, Lipman N.
AbstractReproducible and reliable scientific investigation depends on the identification and consideration of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that may affect the model system used. The impact of these factors must be managed during all phases of a study: planning, execution, and reporting. The value of in vivo (animal) research has come under increasing scrutiny over the past decade because
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Erratum to: Reproducibility and Comparative aspects of Terrestrial Housing Systems and Husbandry Procedures in Animal Research Facilities on Study Data. ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2020-06-19 John J Hasenau
This article has been changed slightly since its original publication; key words have been added, and the phrasing of the abstract has been amended.
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Reproducibility and Comparative aspects of Terrestrial Housing Systems and Husbandry Procedures in Animal Research Facilities on Study Data. ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2020-02-04 John J Hasenau
AbstractAs mentioned in other chapters, reproducibility of research data is very complicated and has numerous contributors for concerns. This chapter will discuss the animal housing systems and corresponding husbandry practices in regard to current practices and known and potential confounders in the research environment. This area has a very high impact for reproducibility and comparability of study
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Erratum to: Virtue Ethics and Laboratory Animal Research ILAR J. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2020-10-27 Walker R.
In the originally published version of this manuscript, the following errors were noted and listed in this corrigendum.