In several groups of insects, body structures related to feeding and oviposition are known to have a hardened cuticle by incorporation of transition metals. However, a functional link between metal enrichment and ecological pressures (i.e., adaptation) has been only rarely shown, opening the possibility that in some lineages, the evolutionary history may account for most of the observed variation (i

A typographical error was found in the Table 1 and Figures 5 and 9 legends. The specie name "Lepas anatifera" should have been "Lepas pectinata"

Multiple lines of evidence provided support for the monophyly of the subfamily Neanurinae. Nevertheless, relationships among and within its tribes are largely unknown. The tribe Neanurini, being the second largest within Neanurinae, comprises over 170 species belonging to 29 genera, distributed in the northern hemisphere only, except two species that have been distributed worldwide presumably by human

Comprehensive morphological investigations covering the diversity of metazoan lineages are needed to obtain a complete picture of organ system evolution. Despite the increased amount of studies on lesser-known phyla during the last decades, the gap in knowledge for these lineages is still remarkable. This is the case for kinorhynchs, or mud dragons, where only a few genera, mainly belonging to the

The Eucraniini are a small dung beetle tribe endemic to Argentina (4 genera with 14 species), adapted to live in extremely arid environments, usually feeding on dry, small mammal dung pellets. These beetles grasp the dried pellets lifting them by the foretibiae and run forward on the middle and hindlegs. Here, the eucraniine mouthparts (epipharynx, labium, mandibles and maxillae) and ventral part of

Cladistic biogeography is an evolutionary biogeographic approach that infers area relationships by comparing area cladograms derived from different phylogenetic hypotheses. The South American freshwater ichthyofauna is enriched by an extraordinary number of marine-derived lineages, presenting its own phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns. Here, we performed a Brooks Parsimony Analysis (BPA) with

The epiphytic community on the endemic seagrass Posidonia oceanica from the Mediterranean Sea is well studied, but still harbors some little investigated epiphytic bryozoans. Numerous, yet always small colonies of Pherusella sp. were recently encountered in the Northern Adriatic Sea. The aim of this study was to generate data on the life history, colonial development, and reproduction of the Mediterranean

How larvae of whale and dolphin epibionts settle on their fast-swimming and migrating hosts is a puzzling question in zoology. We successfully reared the larvae of the whale and dolphin barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis to the cyprid stage. We studied the larval developmental ecology and antennular morphology in an attempt to assess whether an epibiotic lifestyle on this extreme substratum entails

The paper continues the exploration of the morphological and functional diversity of male genitalia in Archaeognatha by the study of an undescribed Charimachilis species. Exoskeletal details are documented by drawings and SEM micrographs. The lack of tubular setae on gonapophyses and penis suggests sperm transfer by direct male-female contact (not via sperm deposited on a thread), while genitalic morphology

Islands are fascinating study systems for biogeography, allowing researchers to investigate patterns across organisms on a comparable geographical scale. They are also often important for conservation. Here, we present the first bio-inventory of the ant fauna of the Aeolian Islands, a Sicilian volcanic archipelago formed within the last million years. We documented a total of 40 species, including

The phylogenetic structure of 23 populations of Crangonyx hobbsi, a stygobitic amphipod species endemic to the Floridan aquifer, is detailed. Molecular genetic analyses (based on three genes the nuclear 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and mitochondrial 16S rDNA) point to the presence of at least two phylogenetic clades within the aquifer. These clades align into two major zoogeographic regions, the Northern Suwannee

Dugesia hepta Pala, Casu & Vacca, 1981 and Dugesia benazzii Lepori, 1951 are two freshwater planarian species from the islands of Corsica and Sardinia. Dugesia hepta is endemic of Sardinia and distributed in four northern hydrographic basins where it co-occurs with D. benazzii, which has a wider Tyrrhenian distribution. Although these species have been broadly studied—especially D. benazzii—as regards

The stick-insect genus Pijnackeria includes four diploid bisexual and two polyploid (3n, 4n) parthenogenetic species. Earlier analyses of the tetraploid parthenogen P. hispanica using mitochondrial markers allowed tracing its maternal ancestry to Pijnackeria originis, while no maternal nuclear contribution was found, thus suggesting an androgenetic and hybrid origin. The recently described Pijnackeria

Climatic changes associated with Pleistocene glacial cycles had profound effects on the genetic diversification and distribution of many taxa, especially from environmentally sensitive habitats such as mountain regions. The DNA sequence data (mtCOI and 28S RNA genes) derived from the Merodon rufus group (Diptera: Syrphidae) in central, eastern, and southern Europe was analyzed. Environmental niche

The patterns of genetic and phenotypic diversity in marine life are the result of different geological and ecological processes. We analyzed the pattern of genetic and morphometric variation of the razor clam Ensis macha along its entire geographic distribution. This species is one of the most important shellfish resources of South America. To uncover the genetic variation across this species, we used

The genus Eumerus Meigen 1822 (Diptera: Syrphidae) is widely distributed in the Old World, though recently introduced into America, and their larvae feed on decaying vegetal material and/or inside underground storage organs of many plants, sometimes generating economic losses as pests. However, little is known about Eumerus larval cycles and their interactions with host plants. Here, immatures of three

The publisher regrets that the Table 3 of the original published version of this article is incorrect thus the table is now presented correctly. The original article has been corrected.

Although there is an abundance of species delimitation methods on the market, most approaches depend on predefined assignment of specimens to species or populations. Assignment-free methods, which can simultaneously infer boundaries and relationships among species, are of high importance in cases, when correct pre-assignment is difficult or not at all possible. In this study, we use assignment-free

Arion vulgaris Moquin-Tandon, 1855 is regarded as one of the 100 most invasive species in Europe. The native distribution range of this species is uncertain, but for many years, the Iberian Peninsula has been considered as the area of origin. However, recent studies indicate that A. vulgaris probably originated from France. We have investigated the genetic structure of 33 European populations (Poland

The recognition of Holarctic species, those shared between Nearctic and Palaearctic regions, often implies continuous or recent events of gene flow across the 85-km-wide Bering Strait between Alaska and Russia. During the Pleistocene (2.8–0.012 Mya), the Bering land bridge has provided frequent episodes of continuous, tundra habitat across this barrier, while the taiga forests of the northern hemisphere

Cubozoa jellyfish species exhibit either internal or external fertilization, and reproductive behavior involving spermcasting or complex copulatory sexual behavior, but male gonad morphology has not been investigated broadly in cubozoans. In this study, a histological comparison was conducted of the testes of four cubozoan species in two orders: Carybdea marsupialis (Carybdeidae), Morbakka virulenta

The plausibility of sympatric speciation is still debated despite increasing evidence, such as host races in insects. This speciation process may be occurring in the case of the two phenological forms of the obligatorily myrmecophilous Phengaris arion. The main goal of our research was to study the nature and causes of difference between these forms focusing primarily on the incipient speciation via

Members of family Cymatiidae have an unusually long planktonic larval life stage (veligers) which allows them to be carried within ocean currents and become distributed worldwide. However, little is known about these planktonic veligers and identification of the larval state of many Cymatiidae is challenging at best. Here, we describe the first high-quality scanning electron microscopy images of the

Despite their ecological importance and wide distribution, Cordiaceae have not been subject to detailed anatomical study yet. We examined flower and fruit anatomies of Cordia nodosa and Varronia bonplandii (using paraffin sectioning and light microscopy) in comparison with other woody members of Boraginales. The internal architecture of the superior bicarpellate ovary resulted from the development

The internal female genitalia of 22 species of Aulacigaster are studied, covering all species groups as defined by Rung and Mathis (Smithson. Contrib. Zool., 633, 1–132, 2011). The method of embedding freshly dissected material in polyvinyl lactophenol with an admixture of chlorazol black E is far superior to results achieved by maceration in potassium hydroxide and allows the detection of delicate

Braula coeca has been reported repeatedly, but incorrectly, to have only a single spermatheca—an extremely rare condition in the higher flies. This error is based on the misinterpretation of the ventral receptacle as a single spermatheca combined with the failure to detect the two present but largely reduced dorsal spermathecae. This misconception is of importance, e. g., for correct character coding

The ability to rapidly generate and share molecular, visual, and acoustic data, and to compare them with existing information, and thereby to detect and name biological entities is fundamentally changing our understanding of evolutionary relationships among organisms and is also impacting taxonomy. Harnessing taxonomic data for rapid, automated species identification by machine learning tools or DNA

Rhinocricus Karsch, 1881 has 207 species occurring mainly in the Americas, and more than 60 of them were described from Brazil. The genus was proposed based on the presence of dorsal scobinae on the prozonites. The present study evaluates the monophyly of three species groups previously proposed in Rhinocricus. We evaluated 39 morphological characters and included 30 species as terminal taxa, 9 of

Brush-tailed mice, family Calomyscidae, are endemic to southwestern Asia and are represented by eight described species and three additional lineages. Although this family includes only a single genus, Calomyscus, in which several molecular phylogenies were recovered as a monophyletic clade, no updated evolutionary survey has been undertaken until now. We present a time-calibrated molecular phylogenetic

Prionospio Malmgren 1867 and Aurospio Maciolek 1981 (Annelida: Spionidae) are polychaete genera commonly found in the deep sea. Both genera belong to the Prionospio complex, whose members are known to have limited distinguishing characters. Morphological identification of specimens from the deep sea is challenging, as fragmentation and other damages are common during sampling. These issues impede investigations

With few exceptions, animal mitochondrial genomes are impressively conserved with regard to gene arrangement (synteny). For certain taxonomic groups, specific genomic “hotspot” regions present high levels of gene rearrangements. This is the case for the region between the mitochondrial genes cox2 and atp8 across Annelida, particularly in members of the blood-feeding leeches of the genus Placobdella

This paper explores shape disparity in the sulcus acusticus of saccular otolith using geometric morphometric methods in selected Gerreidae species. First, multivariate linear regressions between size (CS-log-transformed) and shape were implemented to uncover allometry in the variation of the sulcus acusticus at three levels: intraspecific, intrageneric, and interspecific. Second, we assessed species

Lophotrochozoa (also called Spiralia), the sister taxon of Ecdysozoa, includes animal taxa with disparate body plans such as the segmented annelids, the shell bearing molluscs and brachiopods, the colonial bryozoans, the endoparasitic acanthocephalans and the acoelomate platyhelminths. Phylogenetic relationships within Lophotrochozoa have been notoriously difficult to resolve leading to the point that

Two conflicting morphological approaches to polyclad systematics highlight the relevance of molecular data for resolving the interrelationships of Polycladida. In the present study, phylogenetic trees were reconstructed based on a short alignment of the 28S rDNA marker gene with 118 polyclad terminals (24 new) including 100 different polyclad species from 44 genera and 22 families, as well as on a

Phalangeal reduction is a common and widespread phenomenon among tortoises that has been associated with the adaptation to terrestrial life. While reduced manual digit 1 appears characteristic in almost all Testudo species, it is uncertain why the metacarpal I and distal carpal of the same digit are completely missing in some individuals of Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni hermanni). To clarify

Abstract The definition, as well as the existence of cryptic species, is still a subject of controversial debates. Some scientists claim that cryptic diversity is a real phenomenon that should be extensively studied while others argue that cryptic species do not exist as they are nothing more than an incompatibility of species concepts. We investigated the enigmatic case of two widely distributed Caribbean

Considering the interplay between regional diversification and local community processes is a relatively nascent field of study. Here, I examined the phylogenetic and functional structure of African muroid assemblages at both regional (eight bioregions) and local (72 communities) levels to assess the relative roles of historical processes, environmental filtering and ecological interactions in community

Existing data on the phylogeography of European taxa of steppic provenance suggests that species were widely distributed during glacial periods but underwent range contraction and fragmentation during interglacials into "warm-stage refugia." Among the steppe-related invertebrates that have been examined, the majority has been insects, but data on the phylogeography of snails is wholly missing. To begin

Bivalvia is a taxon of aquatic mollusks that includes clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops. Within heterodont bivalves, Dreissena polymorpha is a small, mytiliform, freshwater mussel that develops indirectly via a planktotrophic veliger larva. Currently, only a few studies on bivalve neurogenesis are available, impeding the reconstruction of a ground pattern in Bivalvia. In order to inject novel data

As traditionally circumscribed, Cuscuta sect. Denticulatae is a group of three parasitic plant species native to the deserts of Western USA (Cuscuta denticulata, Cuscuta nevadensis) and the central region of Baja California, Mexico (Cuscuta veatchii). Molecular phylogenetic studies confirmed the monophyly of this group and suggested that the disjunct C. veatchii is a hybrid between the other two species

Concerning the evolution of deuterostomes, enteropneusts (acorn worms) occupy a pivotal role as they share some characteristics with chordates (e.g., tunicates and vertebrates) but are also closely related to echinoderms (e.g., sea urchin). The nervous system in particular can be a highly informative organ system for evolutionary inferences, and advances in fluorescent microscopy have revealed overwhelming

Transitions between aquatic and terrestrial habitats are significant steps in vertebrate evolution. Due to the different biophysical demands on the whole organism in water and air, such transitions require major changes of many physiological functions, including feeding. Accordingly, the capability to modulate the pre-programmed chain of prey-capture movements might be essential to maintain performance

Acoels are among the simplest worms and therefore have often been pivotal in discussions of the origin of the Bilateria. Initially thought primitive because of their "planula-like" morphology, including their lumenless digestive system, they were subsequently dismissed by many morphologists as a specialized clade of the Platyhelminthes. However, since molecular phylogenies placed them outside the Platyhelminthes

Vestimentiferans (Siboglinidae, Polychaeta) live as juveniles and adults in an obligate mutualistic association with thiotrophic bacteria. Since their development is aposymbiotic, metatrochophores of vestimentiferans from the East Pacific Rise colonizing deep-sea hydrothermal vents are infected with the specific symbiont, develop the trophosome, and reduce their digestive system. To gain insight into

Sclerolinum is a small genus of Siboglinidae (Annelida) living in an obligate mutualistic association with thiotrophic bacteria as adults. Its taxonomic position, based on morphology, has been controversial; however, molecular data point to a sister taxa relationship with vestimentiferans. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and comparative morphology revealed that the studied population from deep-sea hydrocarbon