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Disentangling ecological and taphonomic signals in ancient food webs Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2021-01-14 Jack O. Shaw; Emily Coco; Kate Wootton; Dries Daems; Andrew Gillreath-Brown; Anshuman Swain; Jennifer A. Dunne
Analyses of ancient food webs reveal important paleoecological processes and responses to a range of perturbations throughout Earth's history, such as climate change. These responses can inform our forecasts of future biotic responses to similar perturbations. However, previous analyses of ancient food webs rarely accounted for key differences between modern and ancient community data, particularly
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The names don't matter but the numbers do: searching for stability in Carboniferous brachiopod paleocommunities from the North American Midcontinent Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-12-29 Luke C. Strotz; Bruce S. Lieberman
A key question in paleoecology and macroevolution is whether assemblages of species (paleocommunities) are persistent entities that endure over millions of years. While community turnover in the face of abiotic change is the presumed norm, paleocommunities have been shown to persist for long time periods and regardless of environmental disruption. It remains an open question, however, as to what processes
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Quantifying shell outline variability in extant and fossil Laqueus (Brachiopoda: Terebratulida): are outlines good proxies for long-looped brachidial morphology and can they help us characterize species? Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-12-29 Natalia López Carranza; Sandra J. Carlson
Extant and extinct terebratulide brachiopod species have been defined primarily on the basis of morphology. What is the fidelity of morphological species to biological species? And how can we test this fidelity with fossils? Taxonomically and phylogenetically, the most informative internal feature in the brachiopod suborder Terebratellidina is the geometrically complex long-looped brachidium, which
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The effects of geographic range size and abundance on extinction during a time of “sluggish”’ evolution Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-12-17 Michelle M. Casey; Erin E. Saupe; Bruce S. Lieberman
Geographic range size and abundance are important determinants of extinction risk in fossil and extant taxa. However, the relationship between these variables and extinction risk has not been tested extensively during evolutionarily “quiescent” times of low extinction and speciation in the fossil record. Here we examine the influence of geographic range size and abundance on extinction risk during
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Heterochronic origin of spherical fusulinid foraminifera in the late Paleozoic Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-11-26 Yukun Shi
Heterochrony describes acceleration, displacement, and/or retardation of descendants’ development events compared with ancestral states and has often been cited as an important process to bring about morphological novelty. It was coined one-and-a-half centuries ago and has been discussed by both paleobiologists and biologists frequently ever since. Many types of fossil organisms preserve aspects of
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The role of bioturbation-driven substrate disturbance in the Mesozoic brachiopod decline Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-11-23 Marko Manojlovic; Matthew E. Clapham
Brachiopods dominated the seafloor as a primary member of the Paleozoic fauna. Despite the devastating effects of the end-Permian extinction, the group recovered during the early Mesozoic only to gradually decline from the Jurassic to today. This decline likely had multiple causes, including increased predation and bioturbation-driven substrate disruption, but the role of changing substrate is not
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Cretaceous–Paleogene plant extinction and recovery in Patagonia Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-10-08 Elena Stiles; Peter Wilf; Ari Iglesias; María A. Gandolfo; N. Rubén Cúneo
The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K/Pg) extinction appears to have been geographically heterogeneous for some organismal groups. Southern Hemisphere K/Pg palynological records have shown lower extinction and faster recovery than in the Northern Hemisphere, but no comparable, well-constrained Southern Hemisphere macrofloras spanning this interval had been available. Here, macrofloral turnover patterns are addressed
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All Sizes Fit the Red Queen Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-10-13 Indrė Žliobaitė; Mikael Fortelius
The Red Queen's hypothesis portrays evolution as a never-ending competition for expansive energy, where one species’ gain is another species’ loss. The Red Queen is neutral with respect to body size, implying that neither small nor large species have a universal competitive advantage. Here we ask whether, and if so how, the Red Queen's hypothesis really can accommodate differences in body size. The
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Phylogenetic and ecomorphologic diversifications of spiriferinid brachiopods after the end-Permian extinction Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-09-08 Zhen Guo; Zhong-Qiang Chen; David A. T. Harper
The Order Spiriferinida spanning the latest Ordovician to Early Jurassic is a small group of brachiopods overshadowed by other taxon-rich clades during the Paleozoic. It diversified significantly after the end-Permian extinction and became one of the four major clades of Triassic brachiopods. However, the phylogeny and recovery dynamics of this clade during the Triassic still remain unknown. Here,
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Size variations in foraminifers from the early Permian to the Late Triassic: implications for the Guadalupian–Lopingian and the Permian–Triassic mass extinctions Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-09-30 Yan Feng; Haijun Song; David P. G. Bond
The final 10 Myr of the Paleozoic saw two of the biggest biological crises in Earth history: the middlePermian extinction (often termed the Guadalupian–Lopingian extinction [GLE]) that was followed 7–8 Myr later by Earth's most catastrophic loss of diversity, the Permian–Triassic mass extinction (PTME). These crises are not only manifest as sharp decreases in biodiversity and—particularly for the PTME—total
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Toward an understanding of cosmopolitanism in deep time: a case study of ammonoids from the middle Permian to the Middle Triassic Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-09-21 Xu Dai; Haijun Song
Cosmopolitanism occurred recurrently during the geologic past, especially after mass extinctions, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly known. Three theoretical models, not mutually exclusive, can lead to cosmopolitanism: (1) selective extinction in endemic taxa, (2) endemic taxa becoming cosmopolitan after the extinction and (3) an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan taxa
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Relationships of mass properties and body proportions to locomotor habit in terrestrial Archosauria Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-10-16 Peter J. Bishop; Karl T. Bates; Vivian R. Allen; Donald M. Henderson; Marcela Randau; John R. Hutchinson
Throughout their 250 Myr history, archosaurian reptiles have exhibited a wide array of body sizes, shapes, and locomotor habits, especially in regard to terrestriality. These features make Archosauria a useful clade with which to study the interplay between body size, shape, and locomotor behavior, and how this interplay may have influenced locomotor evolution. Here, digital volumetric models of 80
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Macroevolutionary patterns of body plan canalization in euarthropods Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-10-05 Cédric Aria
Reconstructing patterns of macroevolution has become a central endeavor in paleobiology, because it offers insight into evolutionary models shaping the history of life. As the most diverse and abundant animals since the Cambrian period, arthropods provide copious data to elucidate the emergence of body plans in metazoan lineages. However, information provided by fossils on the tempo and mode of this
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Does evolutionary relatedness predict ecological similarity? Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-11-06 Judith A. Sclafani; Curtis R. Congreve; Mark E. Patzkowsky
A fundamental question in paleobiology is whether ecology is correlated with evolutionary history. By combining time-calibrated phylogenetic trees with genus occurrence data through time, we can understand how environmental preferences are distributed on a tree and evaluate support for models of ecological similarity. Exploring parameters that lend support to each evolutionary model will help address
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Analysis of the juvenile shell of Lingula anatina (Brachiopoda: Linguliformea) provides insight into the evolution of life cycles of fossil brachiopods Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-11-04 Anna A. Madison; Tatyana V. Kuzmina; Elena N. Temereva
Inferences on the development and morphology of extinct brachiopods must be informed by the ontogeny and shell ornamentation of extant brachiopods. Although the adult shells of extant brachiopods are well studied, detailed descriptions of the embryonic and juvenile shells of extant lingulides are lacking. Here, we describe in detail the shells of juveniles of Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 from Vietnam
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How to build a dinosaur: Musculoskeletal modeling and simulation of locomotor biomechanics in extinct animals Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-10-27 Peter J. Bishop; Andrew R. Cuff; John R. Hutchinson
The intersection of paleontology and biomechanics can be reciprocally illuminating, helping to improve paleobiological knowledge of extinct species and furthering our understanding of the generality of biomechanical principles derived from study of extant species. However, working with data gleaned primarily from the fossil record has its challenges. Building on decades of prior research, we outline
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Do paleontologists dream of electric dinosaurs? Investigating the presumed inefficiency of dinosaurs contact incubating partially buried eggs Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-10-23 Jason D. Hogan; David J. Varricchio
Troodon formosus, a theropod from the Late Cretaceous, is one of the few species of dinosaurs with multiple nest sites uncovered. It has been consistently demonstrated that eggs within these nests would have been partially buried in life—an exceedingly rare state in modern vertebrates. There has been debate over Troodon's capacity to engage in thermoregulatory contact incubation, especially regarding
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Relatedness and the composition of communities over time: Evaluating phylogenetic community structure in the late Cenozoic record of bivalves Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-10-16 Lucy M. Chang; Phillip L. Skipwith
Understanding the mechanisms that prevent or promote the coexistence of taxa at local scales is critical to understanding how biodiversity is maintained. Competitive exclusion and environmental filtering are two processes thought to limit which taxa become established in a community. However, determining the relative importance of the two processes is a complex task, especially when the critical initial
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Spatial scaling of beta diversity in the shallow-marine fossil record Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-09-24 Tom M. Womack; James S. Crampton; Michael J. Hannah
Beta diversity quantifies the spatial structuring of ecological communities and is a fundamental partition of biodiversity, central to understanding many macroecological phenomena in modern biology and paleobiology. Despite its common application in ecology, studies of beta diversity in the fossil record are relatively limited at regional spatial scales that are important for understanding macroevolutionary
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Convergence, parallelism, and function of extreme parietal callus in diverse groups of Cenozoic Gastropoda Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-09-23 Carlie Pietsch; Brendan M. Anderson; Lauren M. Maistros; Ethan C. Padalino; Warren D. Allmon
We use scanning electron microscopy imaging to examine the shell microstructure of fossil and living species in five families of caenogastropods (Strombidae, Volutidae, Olividae, Pseudolividae, and Ancillariidae) to determine whether parallel or convergent evolution is responsible for the development of a unique caenogastropod trait, the extreme parietal callus (EPC). The EPC is defined as a substantial
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Principal component analysis of avian hind limb and foot morphometrics and the relationship between ecology and phylogeny Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-09-23 Amanda R. Falk; James C. Lamsdell; Enpu Gong
Principal component analysis has been used to test for similarities in ecology and life habit between modern and fossil birds; however, the two main portions of the hind limb—the foot and the long bone elements—have not been examined separately. We examine the potential links between morphology, ecology, and phylogeny through a synthesis of phylogenetic paleoecological methods and morphospace analysis
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Body size correlates with discrete-character morphological proxies Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-07-16 Tom Brougham; Nicolás E. Campione
Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) is a statistical ordination technique commonly applied to morphology-based cladistic matrices to study macroevolutionary patterns, morphospace occupation, and disparity. However, PCoA-based morphospaces are dissociated from the original data; therefore, whether such morphospaces accurately reflect body-plan disparity or extrinsic factors, such as body size, remains
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Comparisons of Late Ordovician ecosystem dynamics before and after the Richmondian invasion reveal consequences of invasive species in benthic marine paleocommunities Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-07-22 Hannah L. Kempf; Ian O. Castro; Ashley A. Dineen; Carrie L. Tyler; Peter D. Roopnarine
A thorough understanding of how communities respond to extreme changes, such as biotic invasions, is essential to manage ecosystems today. Here we constructed fossil food webs to identify changes in Late Ordovician (Katian) shallow-marine paleocommunity structure and functioning before and after the Richmondian invasion, a well-documented ancient invasion. Food webs were compared using descriptive
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Verifiability of genus-level classification under quantification and parsimony theories: a case study of follicucullid radiolarians Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-08-05 Yifan Xiao; Noritoshi Suzuki; Weihong He; Michael J. Benton; Tinglu Yang; Chenyang Cai
The classical taxonomy of fossil invertebrates is based on subjective judgments of morphology, which can cause confusion, because there are no codified standards for the classification of genera. Here, we explore the validity of the genus taxonomy of 75 species and morphospecies of the Follicucullidae, a late Paleozoic family of radiolarians, using a new method, Hayashi's quantification theory II (HQT-II)
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Live, dead, and fossil mollusks in Florida freshwater springs and spring-fed rivers: Taphonomic pathways and the formation of multisourced, time-averaged death assemblages Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-07-20 Kristopher M. Kusnerik; Guy H. Means; Roger W. Portell; Mark Brenner; Quan Hua; Alshina Kannai; Ryan Means; Mariah A. Monroe; Michał Kowalewski
Taphonomic processes are informative about the magnitude and timing of paleoecological changes but remain poorly understood with respect to freshwater invertebrates in spring-fed rivers and streams. We compared taphonomic alteration among freshwater gastropods in live, dead (surficial shell accumulations), and fossil (late Pleistocene–early Holocene in situ sediments) assemblages from two Florida spring-fed
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Testing size–frequency distributions as a method of ontogenetic aging: a life-history assessment of hadrosaurid dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada, with implications for hadrosaurid paleoecology Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-09-07 Mateusz Wosik; Kentaro Chiba; François Therrien; David C. Evans
Hadrosaurid dinosaurs, the dominant large-bodied terrestrial herbivores in most Laurasian Late Cretaceous ecosystems, have an exceptional fossil record consisting of many species known from partial ontogenetic series, making them an ideal clade with which to conduct life-history studies. Previous research considered the Dinosaur Park Formation (DPF) of Alberta as an attritional, or time-averaged, sample
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Evidence that more than a third of Paleozoic articulate brachiopod genera (Strophomenata) lived infaunally Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-09-07 Steven M. Stanley
The Strophomenata, which includes two large orders, the Strophomenida and Productida, is the largest group of Paleozoic brachiopods. Nearly all uncemented strophomenatans possessed an unusual concave brachial valve. Most of these have been considered to have lived epifaunally, but had they rested on the seafloor, not only would they have faced intense predation, but their physical instability would
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Spatial analyses of Ediacaran communities at Mistaken Point – ADDENDUM Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-08-19 Emily G. Mitchell; Nicholas J. Butterfield
Bedding-plane assemblages of Ediacaran fossils from Mistaken Point, Newfoundland, are among the oldest known records of complex multicellular life on Earth (dated to ~565 Ma). The in situ preservation of these sessile but otherwise deeply enigmatic organisms means that statistical analyses of specimen positions can be used to illuminate their underlying ecological dynamics, including the interactions
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The Pull of the Recent revisited: negligible species-level effect in a regional marine fossil record Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-08-24 Tom M. Womack; James S. Crampton; Michael J. Hannah
Quantifying true patterns of biodiversity change over the Cenozoic has major implications for all of biology and paleontology but is still a source of significant debate. The problem centers on the magnitude and nature of several well-known sampling effects and analytical biases in the fossil record, including the Pull of the Recent. We test the effect of the Pull of the Recent at both generic and
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Seven rules for simulations in paleobiology Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-08-19 Joëlle Barido-Sottani; Erin E. Saupe; Tara M. Smiley; Laura C. Soul; April M. Wright; Rachel C. M. Warnock
Simulations are playing an increasingly important role in paleobiology. When designing a simulation study, many decisions have to be made and common challenges will be encountered along the way. Here, we outline seven rules for executing a good simulation study. We cover topics including the choice of study question, the empirical data used as a basis for the study, statistical and methodological concerns
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Paleobiogeography, paleoecology, diversity, and speciation patterns in the Eublastoidea (Blastozoa: Echinodermata) Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-07-23 Jennifer E. Bauer
Understanding the distribution of taxa in space and time is key to understanding diversity dynamics. The fossil record provides an avenue to assess these patterns on vast timescales and through major global changes. The Eublastoidea were a conservatively plated Paleozoic echinoderm clade that range from the middle Silurian to the end-Permian. The geographic distribution of the eublastoids, as a whole
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Estimating dispersal and evolutionary dynamics in diploporan blastozoans (Echinodermata) across the great Ordovician biodiversification event Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-07-14 Adriane R. Lam; Sarah L. Sheffield; Nicholas J. Matzke
Echinoderms make up a substantial component of Ordovician marine invertebrates, yet their speciation and dispersal history as inferred within a rigorous phylogenetic and statistical framework is lacking. We use biogeographic stochastic mapping (BSM; implemented in the R package BioGeoBEARS) to infer ancestral area relationships and the number and type of dispersal events through the Ordovician for
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Bivalve growth and the invisible hand of heterogeneity Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-06-03 Geerat J. Vermeij
A recent study by Saulsbury and colleagues assessed factors influencing growth coefficients in bivalves. Like many macroevolutionary studies that cover a wide range of taxa and environments, this study fails to account for important heterogeneity among taxa and among environments. Rankings of factors depend on the range of values sampled, patterns of allocation of energy to various competing functions
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Discerning the diets of sweep-feeding eurypterids: assessing the importance of prey size to survivorship across the Late Devonian mass extinction in a phylogenetic context Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-05-22 Emily S. Hughes; James C. Lamsdell
Eurypterids are generally considered to comprise a mixture of active nektonic to nektobenthic predators and benthic scavenger-predators exhibiting a mode of life similar to modern horseshoe crabs. However, two groups of benthic stylonurine eurypterids, the Stylonuroidea and Mycteropoidea, independently evolved modifications to the armature of their anterior appendages that have been considered adaptations
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Increasing the salience of marine live–dead data in the Anthropocene Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-05-22 Jansen A. Smith; Gregory P. Dietl; Stephen R. Durham
As the climate changes and ecosystems shift toward novel combinations of species, the methods and metrics of conservation science are becoming less species-centric. To meet this growing need, marine conservation paleobiologists stand to benefit from the addition of new, taxon-free benthic indices to the live–dead analysis tool kit. These indices, which were developed to provide actionable, policy-specific
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A new method for quantifying heterochrony in evolutionary lineages Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-05-13 James C. Lamsdell
The occupation of new environments by evolutionary lineages is frequently associated with morphological changes. This covariation of ecotype and phenotype is expected due to the process of natural selection, whereby environmental pressures lead to the proliferation of morphological variants that are a better fit for the prevailing abiotic conditions. One primary mechanism by which phenotypic variants
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Respiratory medium and circulatory anatomy constrain size evolution in marine macrofauna Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-05-12 Noel A. Heim; Saket H. Bakshi; Loc Buu; Stephanie Chen; Shannon Heh; Ashli Jain; Christopher Noll; Ameya Patkar; Noah Rizk; Sriram Sundararajan; Isabella Villante; Matthew L. Knope; Jonathan L. Payne
The typical marine animal has increased in biovolume by more than two orders of magnitude since the beginning of the Cambrian, but the causes of this trend remain unknown. We test the hypothesis that the efficiency of intra-organism oxygen delivery is a major constraint on body-size evolution in marine animals. To test this hypothesis, we compiled a dataset comprising 13,723 marine animal genera spanning
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Spatial point pattern analysis of traces (SPPAT): An approach for visualizing and quantifying site-selectivity patterns of drilling predators Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-05-05 Alexis Rojas; Gregory P. Dietl; Michał Kowalewski; Roger W. Portell; Austin Hendy; Jason K. Blackburn
Site-selectivity analysis of drilling predation traces may provide useful behavioral information concerning a predator interacting with its prey. However, traditional approaches exclude some spatial information (i.e., oversimplified trace position) and are dependent on the scale of analysis (e.g., arbitrary grid system used to divide the prey skeleton into sectors). Here we introduce the spatial point
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The environmental factors limiting the distribution of shallow-water terebratulid brachiopods Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-05-01 Diego A. García-Ramos; Stjepan Ćorić; Michael M. Joachimski; Martin Zuschin
The Cenozoic genus Terebratula seems to be an exception to the post-Permian trend in brachiopod retreat to offshore habitats, because it was species rich and numerically abundant in warm-temperate shallow-water environments in the Mediterranean and the Paratethys realms. This was so despite the general dominance of bivalves and the pervasive bioturbation and predation pressure during the Neogene. Terebratula
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A method to the madness: Ontogenetic changes in the hydrostatic properties of Didymoceras (Nostoceratidae: Ammonoidea) Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-04-15 David J. Peterman; Margaret M. Yacobucci; Neal L. Larson; Charles Ciampaglio; Tom Linn
The seemingly aberrant coiling of heteromorphic ammonoids suggests that they underwent more significant changes in hydrostatic properties throughout ontogeny than their planispiral counterparts. Such changes may have been responses to different selective pressures at different life stages. The hydrostatic properties of three species of Didymoceras (D. stevensoni, D. nebrascense, and D. cheyennense)
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In search of predictive models for stenolaemate morphometry across the skeletal–polypide divide Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-04-06 Yuta Tamberg; Abigail M. Smith
Marine bryozoans have been members of benthic skeletal faunas since the Ordovician. These small suspension feeders collect particles in the range of 10 to 100 μm. Specific details of their feeding depend on the morphology of the feeding apparatus, which may be reflected in skeletal characters. While several studies have described the link between the skeletal and soft-body traits of gymnolaemate bryozoans
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Assessing the impact of incomplete species sampling on estimates of speciation and extinction rates Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Rachel C. M. Warnock; Tracy A. Heath; Tanja Stadler
Estimating speciation and extinction rates is essential for understanding past and present biodiversity, but is challenging given the incompleteness of the rock and fossil records. Interest in this topic has led to a divergent suite of independent methods—paleontological estimates based on sampled stratigraphic ranges and phylogenetic estimates based on the observed branching times in a given phylogeny
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On four measures of taxonomic richness Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 John Alroy
The choice of measures used to estimate the richness of species, genera, or higher taxa is a crucial matter in paleobiology and ecology. This paper evaluates four methods called shareholder quorum subsampling, true richness estimated using a Poisson sampling model (TRiPS), squares, and the corrected first-order jackknife (cJ1). Quorum subsampling interpolates to produce a relative richness estimate
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Bill disparity and feeding strategies among fossil and modern penguins Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2020-03-03 Martín Chávez-Hoffmeister
One of the most remarkable differences between Paleogene penguins and their living relatives is the shape and length of their beaks. Many of the Eocene and Oligocene penguins have a thin and elongated spear-like bill, which contrasts with the proportionally shorter and more robust bill of most living species. These differences suggest an important shift in their feeding strategies. This study explores
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Hierarchical controls on extinction selectivity across the diplobathrid crinoid phylogeny Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2019-11-14 Selina R. Cole
Identifying correlates of extinction risk is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms driving differential rates of extinction and variability in the temporal durations of taxa. Increasingly, it is recognized that the effects of multiple, potentially interacting variables and phylogenetic relationships should be incorporated when studying extinction selectivity to account for covariation
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Herbivorous dinosaur jaw disparity and its relationship to extrinsic evolutionary drivers. Paleobiology (IF 1.951) Pub Date : 2017-02-22 Jamie A MacLaren,Philip S L Anderson,Paul M Barrett,Emily J Rayfield
Morphological responses of nonmammalian herbivores to external ecological drivers have not been quantified over extended timescales. Herbivorous nonavian dinosaurs are an ideal group to test for such responses, because they dominated terrestrial ecosystems for more than 155 Myr and included the largest herbivores that ever existed. The radiation of dinosaurs was punctuated by several ecologically important