Cancer stem cells have been shown to be important in tumorigenesis processes, such as tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence. As such, many three-dimensional models have been developed to establish an ex vivo microenvironment that cancer stem cells experience under in vivo conditions. Cancer stem cells propagating in three-dimensional culture systems show physiologically related signaling pathway

Mesenchymal stem cells sheets have been verified as a promising non-scaffold strategy for bone regeneration. Alveolar bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, derived from neural crest, have the character of easily obtained and strong multi-differential potential. However, the bone regenerative features of alveolar bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells sheets in the craniofacial region remain unclear. The

Recently, extracellular matrix-based tissue-engineered bone is a promising approach to repairing bone defects, and the seed cells are mostly mesenchymal stem cells. However, bone remodelling is a complex biological process, in which osteoclasts perform bone resorption and osteoblasts dominate bone formation. The interaction and coupling of these two kinds of cells is the key to bone repair. Therefore

Synthetic hydrogel-amorphous calcium phosphate composites are promising candidates to substitute biologically sourced scaffolds for bone repair. While the hydrogel matrix serves as a template for stem cell colonisation, amorphous calcium phosphate s provide mechanical integrity with the potential to stimulate osteogenic differentiation. Here, we utilise composites of poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels

Decellularized scaffolds can serve as an excellent three-dimensional environment for cell repopulation. They maintain tissue-specific microarchitecture of extracellular matrix proteins with important spatial cues for cell adhesion, migration, growth, and differentiation. However, criteria for quality assessment of the three-dimensional structure of decellularized scaffolds are rather fragmented, usually

Recent studies have shown that dietary patterns confer protection from certain chronic diseases related to oxidative stress, the immune system and chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential and the capacity to attenuate cartilage degradation using extra-virgin olive oil–derived polyphenols for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Results

Cell encapsulation could overcome limitations of free islets transplantation but is currently limited by inefficient cells immune protection and hypoxia. As a response to these challenges, we tested in vitro and in vivo the safety and efficacy of a new macroencapsulation device named MailPan®. Membranes of MailPan® device were tested in vitro in static conditions. Its bio-integration and level of oxygenation

Stem cell–based regenerative strategies are promising for intervertebral disc degeneration. Stimulation of bone-marrow- and adipose-derived multipotent stem cells with recombinant human growth differentiation factor 6 (rhGDF6) promotes anabolic nucleus pulposus like phenotypes. In comparison to mesenchymal stem cells, adipose-derived multipotent stem cells exhibit greater NP-marker gene expression

Pazopanib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat renal cell carcinoma. Few in vitro studies investigate its effects towards cancer cells or endothelial cells in the presence of cancer. We tested the effect of Pazopanib on renal cell carcinoma cells (CAKI-2,786-O) in two-dimensional and three-dimensional tumouroids made of dense extracellular matrix, treated in normoxia and hypoxia. Finally, we

Models for enteric neuropathies, in which intestinal nerves are absent or injured, are required to evaluate possible cell therapies. However, existing options, including transgenic mice, are variable and fragile. Here immunocompromised mice were implanted with human pluripotent stem cell-derived tissue-engineered small intestine 10 weeks prior to a second survival surgery in which enteric nervous system

The cochlear implant outcome is possibly improved by brain-derived neurotrophic factor treatment protecting spiral ganglion neurons. Implantation of genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells may enable the required long-term brain-derived neurotrophic factor administration. Encapsulation of mesenchymal stem cells in ultra-high viscous alginate may protect the mesenchymal stem cells from the recipient's

Adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments rapidly reassemble into microvascular networks within implanted scaffolds. Herein, we analyzed the contribution of macrophages to this process. C57BL/6 mice received clodronate (clo)-containing liposomes for macrophage depletion, whereas animals treated with phosphate-buffered-saline-containing liposomes served as controls. Microvascular fragments were

Bone is a highly vascularized heterogeneous tissue consisting of both osteogenic and angiogenic cells. Thus, multiple cell types are needed to achieve complete bone tissue engineering. Recent studies have discovered importance of angiogenesis in bone regeneration.1–5 Vascularization provides oxygen and nutrients, which are essential for cell growth, and studies have shown correlation between low osteogenic

Brain diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and brain tumours are globally challenging issues. While therapeutics has been significantly developed for the treatment, recent nanotechnology emerges as a potent tool to deliver therapeutics to brain. Among others, nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery has been considered promising because the NP can be tailored to target the receptors

Biomaterial development for clinical applications is currently on the rise. This necessitates adequate in vitro testing, where the structure and composition of biomaterials must be specifically tailored to withstand in situ repair and regeneration responses for a successful clinical outcome. The chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos has been previously used to study angiogenesis, a prerequisite

Articular cartilage has no innate ability to repair when damaged due to its avascular nature, and lacks a rich source of progenitor cells and growth factors required for regeneration.1 Although a number of therapeutic approaches have been proposed to treat osteochondral defects, none to date has been proven to ensure a sustained regeneration. Current clinical approaches have shown significant limitations

Octacalcium phosphate and its collagen composite have been recognized as bone substitute materials possessing osteoconductivity and biodegradation properties. We evaluated the effectiveness of octacalcium phosphate and its collagen composite used for bone augmentation in major oral and maxillofacial surgeries in a clinical trial. Octacalcium phosphate and its collagen composite were used in cases of

For skeletal muscle engineering, scaffolds that can stimulate myogenic differentiation of cells while possessing suitable mechanical properties (e.g. flexibility) are required. In particular, the elastic property of scaffolds is of importance which helps to resist and support the dynamic conditions of muscle tissue environment. Here, we developed highly flexible nanocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds

In severe periodontitis, bacteria-induced inflammation causes destruction of the tooth supporting structure, which if left untreated will lead to tooth loss. Current conventional strategies aiming to eliminate pathogenic biofilms and control infection and inflammation, either nonsurgically or surgically, cannot regenerate functional periodontal tissues.1,2 Even using various regenerative procedures

Spheroid culture is a widely used three-dimensional culture technology that simulates the three-dimensional structure of tumors in vivo and has been considered a good model for tumor research. However, current commercialized spheroid culture tools have the shortcomings of high cost or relatively poor spheroid-forming results for some special cells. To solve such problems, we designed a 3D printed,

The formation of an effective vascular network can promote peripheral angiogenesis, ensuring an effective supply of blood, oxygen, and nutrients to an engineered bladder, which is important for bladder tissue engineering. Stromal vascular fraction cells (SVFs) promote vascularization and improve the function of injured tissues. In this study, adipose tissue-derived SVFs were introduced as an angiogenic

The endothelialization on the poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofiber has been limited due to its low hydrophilicity. The aim of this study was to immobilize collagen on an ultra-thin poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofiber membrane without altering the nanofiber structure and maintaining the endothelial cell homeostasis on it. We immobilized collagen on the poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofiber using hydrolysis by NaOH

Decellularized adipose tissue (DAT) is a promising biomaterial for adipose tissue engineering. However, there is a lack of research of DAT prepared from xenogeneic porcine adipose tissue. This study aimed to compare the adipogenic ability of DAT derived from porcine subcutaneous (SDAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VDAT). The retention of key collagen in decellularized matrix was analysed to study the

Stem cell-based tissue engineering therapy is the most promising method for treating volumetric muscle loss. Human amniotic mesenchymal cells possess characteristics similar to those of embryonic stem cells. In this study, we verified the stem cell characteristics of human amniotic mesenchymal cells by the flow cytometry analysis, and osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Through induction with

Degradation rate of hyaluronic acid to prolong its stability in vivo would be beneficial. We investigated a potential solution for prolonging the stability of hyaluronic acid within the body. We focused on decreasing the swelling ratio to slow the degradation rate of hyaluronic acid by insolubilizing sodium hyaluronate without using potentially harmful substances such as crosslinkers or modifiers.

A bioartificial endocrine pancreas is proposed as a future alternative to current treatment options. Patients with insulin-secretion deficiency might benefit. This is the first systematic review that provides an overview of scaffold materials and techniques for insulin-secreting cells or cells to be differentiated into insulin-secreting cells. An electronic literature survey was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE

Image-based cell/colony analyses offer promising solutions to compensate for the lack of quality control (QC) tools for noninvasive monitoring of cultured cells, a regulatory challenge in regenerative medicine. Here, the feasibility of two image analysis algorithms, optical flow and normalised cross-correlation, to noninvasively measure cell/colony motion in human primary oral keratinocytes for screening

Angiogenesis in adipose tissue is promoted by insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling. We analyzed whether this regulatory mechanism also improves the angiogenic activity of adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments. Murine adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments were cultivated for 24 h in the University of Wisconsin (UW) solution supplemented with vehicle, insulin-like growth factor 1

Nanoparticle-based therapeutics delivery holds great promise for the treatment of intractable diseases. The high loading of drug molecules and their precise delivery to target sites are needed to gain optimal therapeutic functions of the nanoparticle delivery system. In this communication, we highlight, among other properties of nanoparticles (e.g. size, shape, surface chemistry, and degradation),

Corneal decellularization represents a promising alternative source of human donor with global shortage. Multiple methods have been developed for the preparation of decellularized porcine corneal stroma. However, most strategies relied on long-time treatment to facilitate the entry of detergents or nucleases, which may cause irreversible ultrastructural damage. Here, we developed a rapid decellularization

The rich extracellular matrix (ECM) and availability make placenta eligible as alternative biomaterial source. Herein we produced placental mouse scaffolds by decellularization, and structure, composition, and cytocompatibility were evaluated to be considered as a biomaterial. We obtained a cell-free scaffold containing 9.42 ± 5.2 ng dsDNA per mg of ECM, presenting well-preserved structure and composition

A manufacturing process for sheet-based stacked scaffolds (SSCs) based on laser-cutting (LC) was developed. The sheets consist of Polycaprolactone/Hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) composite material. Single sheets were cut from a PCL/HA foil and stacked to scaffolds with interconnecting pores of defined sizes. HA quantities up to 50% were processable with high reproducibility, while the accuracy was dependent

Bone is a dynamic tissue that constantly undergoes modeling and remodeling. Bone tissue engineering relying on the development of novel implant scaffolds for the treatment of pre-clinical bone defects has been extensively evaluated by histological techniques. The study of bone remodeling, that takes place over several weeks, is limited by the requirement of a large number of animals and time-consuming

The three-dimensional spatial arrangement of dermal tissue plays a crucial role in directing cellular behaviour during wound healing. It is vital to elucidate a better understanding of the three-dimensional dermal architecture of human skin. We sought to understand the configuration in morphological structure of decellularised human dermis between unscarred skin and normotrophic scars. Skin biopsies

Poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) scaffolds were functionalised by 10 or 20 µg/mL of human demineralised dentine matrix. Release kinetics up to 21 days and their osteogenic potential on human bone marrow stromal cells after 7 and 21 days were studied. A total of 390 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Bone regeneration proteins showed initial burst of release. Human bone marrow stromal cells

Adult tissue stem cells have shown promise for the treatment of debilitating tendon injuries. However, few comparisons of stem cells from different tissue sources have been made to determine the optimum stem cell source for treating tendon. Moreover, it is likely that the application of tenogenic growth factors will improve tendon stem cell treatments further, and a comprehensive comparison of a number

Numerous approaches have been introduced to regenerate artificial dental tissues. However, conventional approaches are limited when producing a construct with three-dimensional patient-specific shapes and compositions of heterogeneous dental tissue. In this research, bioprinting technology was applied to produce a three-dimensional dentin-pulp complex with patient-specific shapes by inducing localized

Bone marrow and adipose tissue human mesenchymal stem cells were seeded in highly performing 3D gelatin-chitosan hybrid hydrogels of varying chitosan content in the presence of human platelet lysate and evaluated for their proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Both bone marrow and adipose tissue human mesenchymal stem cells in gelatin-chitosan hybrid hydrogel 1 (chitosan content 8.1%) or gelatin-chitosan

A key step in the tissue engineering of articular cartilage is the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into chondrocytes (native cartilage cells). Chondrogenesis is regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a short-lived cytokine whose effect is prolonged by storage in the extracellular matrix. Tissue engineering applications aim to maximise the yield of differentiated

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract has a diverse set of physiological functions, including peristalsis, immune defense, and nutrient absorptions. These functions are mediated by various intestinal cells such as epithelial cells, interstitial cells, smooth muscle cells, and neurocytes. The loss or dysfunction of specific cells directly results in GI disease, while supplementation of normal cells promotes

Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from different tissues should share associated markers and the capability to differentiate to mesodermal lineages. However, their behavior varies in specific microenvironments. Herein, adhesion and fibrinolytic activity of mesenchymal stem cells from placenta, bone marrow, and Wharton's jelly were evaluated in fibrin hydrogels prepared with nonpurified blood plasma and

The immaturity of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived engineered cardiac tissues limits their ability to regenerate damaged myocardium and to serve as robust in vitro models for human disease and drug toxicity studies. Several chronic biomimetic conditioning protocols, including mechanical stretch, perfusion, and/or electrical stimulation promote engineered cardiac tissue maturation but have

Autologous chondrocyte implantation is a cell-based therapy for treating chondral defects. The procedure begins by inserting chondrocytes into the defect region. The chondrocytes initiate healing by proliferating and depositing extracellular matrix, which allows them to migrate into the defect until it is completely filled with new cartilage. Mesenchymal stem cells can be used instead of chondrocytes

Under appropriate culture conditions, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), also called more properly multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSC), can be induced toward differentiation into different cell lineages. In order to guide stem cell fate within an environment resembling the stem cell niche, different biomaterials are being developed. In the present study, we used silk fibroin (SF) as a biomaterial

Multipotent stromal cells stimulate skin regeneration after acute or chronic injuries. However, many stem cell therapy protocols are limited by the elevated number of cells required and poor cell survival after transplantation. Considering that the beneficial effects of multipotent stromal cells on wound healing are typically mediated by paracrine mechanisms, we examined whether the conditioned medium

Although bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively explored in bone tissue engineering, only few studies using mesenchymal stem cells from mandible (M-MSCs) have been reported. However, mesenchymal stem cells from mandible have the potential to be as effective as femur-derived mesenchymal stem cells (F-MSCs) in regenerating bone, especially in the orofacial regions, which

We present a mathematical model of cartilage regeneration after cell therapy, to show how co-implantation of stem cells (mesenchymal stem cells) and chondrocytes into a cartilage defect can impact chondral healing. The key mechanisms involved in the regeneration process are simulated by modelling cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, nutrient diffusion and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) synthesis

Tissue engineering has the potential to augment bone grafting. Employing microcarriers as cell-expansion vehicles is a promising bottom-up bone tissue engineering strategy. Here we propose a collaborative approach between experimental work and mathematical modelling to develop protocols for growing microcarrier-based engineered constructs of clinically relevant size. Experiments in 96-well plates characterise

The development of successful scaffolds for bone tissue engineering requires concurrent engineering that combines different research fields. In previous studies, phenomenological computational models predicted the mechanical properties of a scaffold in a simple loading condition using the mechano-regulation theory. Therefore, the aim of this study is to predict the mechanical properties of an optimum

The current objective was to evaluate six groups of titanium membranes in a rat calvarial defect model, regarding the surface treatment with or without calcium-phosphate coating and surface topography with no, small, or large holes. Critical size defects (Ф = 8 mm, n = 42) were surgically created in rat calvaria, and then were treated by one of the six groups. Biopsies were obtained at 4 weeks (n = 5

Research into cellular engineered bone grafts offers a promising solution to problems associated with the currently used auto- and allografts. Bioreactor systems can facilitate the development of functional cellular bone grafts by augmenting mass transport through media convection and shear flow-induced mechanical stimulation. Developing successful and reproducible protocols for growing bone tissue

Undegradable scaffolds, as a key element in bone tissue engineering, prevail in the present clinical applications, and the bone in-growth into such scaffolds under mechanical stimulus is an important issue to evaluate the bone-repair effect. This work aims to develop a mathematical framework to investigate the effect of mechanical stimulus on the bone in-growth into undegradable scaffolds. First, the

The attachment of implants relies on bone and soft tissue biocompatibility. The aim of this article is to investigate the effect of fluoride-modified metallic titanium (Ti) surfaces (Ti-F) on proliferation and differentiation of human gingival fibroblasts. Human gingival fibroblast cells were exposed to hydrofluoric acid-modified Ti coins (Ti-F) for 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days, and untreated coins were

Tissue engineering is a promising approach for bone regeneration; yet challenges remain that limit successful translation to patients. It is necessary to understand how real-world manufacturing processes will affect the constituent cells and biomaterials that are needed to create engineered bone. Bioactive phosphate glasses processed into microspheres are an attractive platform for expanding bone-forming

Allogenic graft material and tissue engineering have recently shown promising results for the improvement of both esthetic and functional outcomes in the treatment of large skin defects. We chose human amniotic membrane as a cellular scaffold in order to develop a skin substitute for later in vivo uses. Various methods of de-epithelialization of the human amniotic membrane were evaluated by histological

Bone/cartilage interfacial tissue engineering needs to satisfy the differential properties and architectures of the osteochondral region. Therefore, biphasic or multiphasic scaffolds that aim to mimic the gradient hierarchy are widely used. Here, we find that two differently structured (topographically) three-dimensional scaffolds, namely, "dense" and "nanofibrous" surfaces, show differential stimulation

Autologous cartilages or synthetic nasal implants have been utilized in augmentative rhinoplasty to reconstruct the nasal shape for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Autologous cartilage is considered to be an ideal graft, but has drawbacks, such as limited cartilage source, requirements of additional surgery for obtaining autologous cartilage, and donor site morbidity. In contrast, synthetic nasal

To understand the variable efficacy with platelet rich plasma (PRP) treatments for tendon injury, we determined the differential effects of proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)1- or PAR4-activated PRP (PAR1-PRP, PAR4-PRP) from humans on human patellar tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSCs) and tendon healing. We show that PAR1-PRP released VEGF, whereas PAR4-PRP released endostatin. Treatment of TSCs with

Regenerative endodontic procedures for immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis confer biological advantages such as tooth homeostasis, enhanced immune defense system, and a functional pulp-dentin complex, in addition to clinical advantages such as the facilitation of root development. Currently, this procedure is recognized as a paradigm shift from restoration using materials to regenerate

Corneal transplantation is a typical surgical procedure for severe corneal diseases. However, the waiting time for a donor cornea has gradually increased due to a decrease in supply caused by an aging population and increased cases of laser-based surgeries. Artificial corneas were developed to meet the increase in demand; however, these approaches have suffered from material deterioration resulted