Abstract. There is clinical and experimental evidence that in the biomedical field the limit between what we consider normal and what we consider pathological is not always so clear and absolute. Conditions may arise in which, apparently without any explanation, one passes from one condition to another. A key role is played by changes that take place in the microenvironment surrounding a cell population

Aim: In this study, the correlation between the circulating tumor cells (CTCs), clinical pathological, Beclin1 expression, and the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma patients were studied. Methods: The patients with renal cancer were tested every three months within two years, and once every six months after two years by using CanPatrol-ITMCTCs detection technology. The expression of Beclin1 in different

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) plays a fundamental role in innate immune responses through pathogen-associated and danger-associated molecular pattern recognition. Ligand recognition by TLR9 results in activation of several signaling pathways, including those involving nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and interferon-regulatory factors, which promotes secretion of proinflammatory

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder which its prevalence directly depends on the diagnostic criteria used to define this syndrome. Recently, many different factors have been introduced as predisposing factors in the high incidence of PCOS, one of them is microRNAs. MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that can regulate target gene expression through transcriptional

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) plays an important role in the initiation and development of Graves' disease (GD), especially CTLA-4 +49A/G polymorphism and genetic susceptibility to GD. However, the current conclusions are consistent. Therefore, this study adopted meta-analysis method to assess the exact correlation between this polymorphism and GD risk. Methods: Literature searches

This article summarizes the fundamental contribution of Francois Jacob in the field of molecular biology. Jacob was one of the handful of scientists who initiated the revolution in biology that took place in the second half of the 20th century. In their landmark publication of 1961, entitled "Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Synthesis of Proteins", François Jacob and Jacques Monod presented a model

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and can be classified into multiple subtypes, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC is more aggressive than other types of breast cancer and has a poor prognosis. However, excluding chemotherapy, the treatment of TNBC does not involve targeted therapy. The dysregulated expression of lncRNAs plays a vital role in the development

Mammalian STE20-like protein kinases (MST), including MST1, MST2, MST3, and MST4, belong to the germinal center kinase (GCK) family. Kinase MST1/2 is an important component of the Hippo pathway in regulating cell proliferation, tissue homeostasis, and organ development. Recent studies have shown that Hippo kinase MST1/2 plays a crucial role in immune-associated diseases, which has attracted extensive

Pectinase enzymes from different plants have many possible biotechnological applications in various industries. Considering industrial significance of pectinolytic enzymes, the polygalacturonase (PG) gene from grapes was cloned into Escherichia coli DH5α using pTZ57R/T vector. Homologous sequences established a close link to Vitis vinifera. Conserve domain analysis predicted PLN02218 domain belongs

Aim: Noncoding RNAs are a cluster of RNAs that do not encode functional proteins. Instead, they are incorporated into DNA structure and regulate gene expression. Of these two classes, transfer RNAs (tRNAs) belong to the former, and small RNAs (sRNAs) belong to the latter. Recently, tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs/tDRs) were discovered among small noncoding RNAs, as the newly discovered regulatory small

The cancer metastatic process is supported by the strong AKT hydrogen bond network. This network is formed by positive feedback loops generated in the cancer hypoxic microenvironment through the genomic AKT signaling locus. Laser paired photons disrupt the hydrogen network of the AKT active site by laser catalyzed fusion inducing the disappearance of the malignant phenotype. Paired photons increase

Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most common malignancies, and the clinical outcome of patients with MM remains poor. Our objective is to screen biomarkers correlated with clinicopathological features and survival of patients with MM. A gene co-expression network was constructed to screen hub genes related to the three stages in the International Staging System (ISS) of MM. Functional analysis and

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) emerged as an epidemic in Africa in 1981, and now it has become a most destructive global pandemic. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is responsible for the pathogenesis of AIDS, and it is usually transmitted through unsafe sexual activities. HIV is a lentivirus that can remain latent in the host cells for a long period, and it has various mechanisms to establish

Induction of highly pathogenic hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes chronic hepatitis round the world. This virus is easily prone to developing resistance against antiviral drugs because of two viral polymerases that do not possess the proofreading and overlapping reading frame abilities. There is more than one explanation for how this virus builds up resistance against antiviral drug treatments. Assays

Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance in a redox system. It may involve either excessive production of reactive oxygen species or dysfunction of the antioxidant defense system. Unlike other viscera, the brain is especially highly susceptible to oxidative damage because of it requires a high oxygen level and contains an abundance of peroxida-tion-susceptible lipid cells. Oxidative stress is among

Melanoma is a skin cancer caused by a malignancy of melanocytes. Incidence of melanoma is rapidly increasing worldwide, which results in public health problems. Primary extracutaneous melanomas can be ocular, gastrointestinal, mucosal, leptomeningeal, genitourinary, and lymphatic. The relationship between exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and development of melanoma is intensively acute and complex

Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine with lower circulating levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Cytokines such as IL-10 downregulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which impair proper function of insulin. So any mutation in the IL-10 gene results in increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, which in turn affect insulin action and cause

Deregulation of AKT (protein kinase B) is frequently observed in human malignancies including gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Here we have reviewed the association between AKT phosphorylation (activation) and clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with GI cancer. Articles in the EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched up to July 2018. Eighteen studies

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited recessive autosomal disorder that affects the lungs, the digestive system, and secretory glands. It is a lethal condition caused by a mutation in the gene cystic-fibrosis-transmembrane-conductance- regulator (CFTR), which leads to defects in ion channels and results in obstruction of mucus in airway channels. Unbalanced ion exchange causes impaired water transport

Every year, approximately 100 million individuals are infected with dengue viral infections. Severe dengue infection, characterized as dengue hemorrhagic fever, leads to loss of intravascular fluids and severe bleeding. During dengue virus (DENV) secondary infection, the body produces neutralizing antibodies that cause a strong immune response, resulting in severe hemolysis and plasma leakage. DENV

microRNA-21 (miR-21) is a small noncoding RNA that regulates gene expression in different types of human malignancies. The potential prognostic value of miR-21 in cancer progression is controversial. This meta-analysis includes 76 studies of 10,213 cancer patients to test miR-21 prognostic value in various human cancers. We obtain hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs)

The highly infectious hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major cause of chronic hepatitis around the globe. Approximately 3% of the world's population has been affected by both chronic and acute HCV. In this study, we highlight the relationship between single-nucleotide proteins (SNPs) and interleukin (IL) IL28B on chromosome 19 with the treatment response of chronic HCV infection along with its sustained

In this meta-analysis, all relative literature was retrieved through the Embase and PubMed databases. Moreover, the Stata 12.0 software package was applied to calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR) of the 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of seven studies was identified to analyze the relation between ERCC1 and ERCC2 gene polymorphisms and pancreatic cancer risk. The results showed that ERCC2 rs13181

CRISPR/Cas9 is an innovative molecular tool that is utilized in advanced biological applications. This review focuses on modifying the genomes of a wide range of animals by CRISPR/Cas9 for greater usability and higher efficiency, providing an overview of the function and mechanism of this system and the utilization of this system for medicinal research. The type II CRISPR-Cas system is found in the

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a well-described inherited syndrome, characterized by the development of gastrointestinal polyps and characteristic mucocutaneous freckling. PJS is an autosomal prevailing disease, due to genetic mutation on chromosome 19p, manifested by restricted mucocutaneous melanosis in association with gastrointestinal (GI) polyposis. The gene for PJS has recently been shown to

This article serves to evaluate the association of polymorphisms of mismatch repair genes (hMLH1 and hMSH2) with breast cancer (BC) susceptibility through a meta-analysis. Our methods involved extensive research in Chinese and English databases that examined the association of hMLH1 and hMSH2 polymorphisms with susceptibility to BC, strictly abiding by established inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid component of ovarian cancer activating factor, which is present at a high concentration in the ascitic fluid and plasma of patients with ovarian cancer. A group of six lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs), LPAR1 through LPAR6, which belong to the G protein−coupled receptor superfamily (GPCR), mediate cellular activities of LPA and activates a series

Hepatitis B infection caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a serious health issue worldwide. Existing therapeutic strategies hardly eradicate HBV infections, and they fail to attain complete cure. Advanced treatment strategies are urgently needed to successfully terminate further spread of HBV infection and eliminate hidden reservoirs of virus. Recently, a novel RNA-guided gene editing tool, known

Histone deacetylases 3 (HDAC3) is a member of the histone deacetylases family. This family is associated with cellular physiological function, such as signal transduction, cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, and cardiac development. HDAC3 plays an important role in the progression of malignant tumors, especially in terms of proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis, and anticancer drug resistance

Currently, the demand for natural colorants is increasing instead of synthetic colorants for foodstuff, because they are harmless to human health. Betalain is group of compounds containing nitrogen and water soluble pigment. Betalain is classified into two main classes, betacyanin which is the condensation of betalamic acid with cyclo-DOPA and betaxanthin which is the conjugation of amino acid or amines

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies affecting men's health worldwide. The aim of this study is to identify key genes and their regulatory networks and evaluate the usefulness of these genes on diagnosis of and prognosis for prostate cancer. The gene expression microarray dataset GSE55945 was downloaded for analysis. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were accessed with

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized with progressive muscle atrophy. We have attempted to establish the link between angiogenesis and cellular survival in the pathogenesis of ALS by compiling evidence described in various scientific reports. The phenotypes of human ALS have earlier been captured in the mutant SOD1 mice as well as by targeted deletion

BACKGROUND The association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism (rs1801133) and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between MTHFR-C677T polymorphism and susceptibility to childhood ALL. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and other databases were searched from the establishment

Metastatic cancer is caused by hyperactivated lysosomes. Such activation causes a fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus, to permanently activate the AKT gene network that controls the lysosome through positive feedback loops. Targeting such a network by the redox balance change, and with an antifungal medication eliminates the metastatic phenotype, the complexity and robustness of the cancer. This principal

Historically known as "cot death," sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is one of the leading causes of postnatal death in infants. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2010, more than 2,000 U.S. infants died from SIDS. Sudden infant death syndrome is the unexplainable death of an infant, less than one year old, that is otherwise healthy. SIDS was first discovered in 1969,

Intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) plays an important role in the therapeutic resistance and prognosis of gastric cancer (GC), but there are no effective methods to detect it. The purpose of this study was to apply the mutant-allele tumor heterogeneity (MATH) algorithm to reveal the relationship between ITH and clinical features, and to use weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to search

BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has the potential to induce impotence, especially in diabetic patients. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) agonists can potentiate antioxidants in a wide variety of tissues. However, no available evidence exists showing a direct antioxidant effect on testicular tissue in the setting of diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)-resistant Kawasaki disease (KD) is a complex disease, leading to the damage of multiple systems. The pathogen that triggers this sophisticated disease is still unknown. The aim of this study was to identify gene signatures during IVIG-resistant KD and uncover their potential mechanisms. The gene expression profiles of GSE18606 were downloaded from the GEO database

Various antiretroviral drugs do not kill or cure the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but do prevent the replication of the virus. The combination of antiretroviral drugs is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Current drug therapies effectively suppress HIV-1 replication but do not inactivate the provirus that persists in latent reservoirs. Guide RNA (gRNA)-directed CRISPR/Cas9

INTRODUCTION Various pathologies and lifestyle factors, such as nutritional factors and physical exercises, can alter the gene expression of proteins related to synthesis and degradation. AIM We performed a systematic review of atrophy models, cancer models, burn models, sepsis models, cardiac insufficiency models, amino acid supplementation models, protein supplementation models, and miscellaneous

Viruses hijack host cellular receptors and functions for replication, thereby posing a complication in identifying therapeutic targets. The CRISPR/Cas 9 platform has revolutionized gene-editing modalities in a wide range of cells and organisms with high potential in therapeutics. Recently, it has been put to work targeting human pathogenic viruses that interrupt receptors and functions with viral replication

Glaucoma is the second most prominent cause of impaired vision in the world. Over 60 million individuals are presently affected, and 12 million are sightless as a result. Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a childhood disease that can lead to blindness in newborns and very young children. The rate of occurrence of PCG varies in different communities and across geographical boundaries, and its etiology

Infertility is one of the most important and burning issues in present times, as a marked increase in the frequency of infertile cases has been observed all over the world. Chromosomal aneuploidy is among the known factors associated with infertility, and among sex chromosome aneuploidies, 47,XXY and 47,XYY constitute the most common class of chromosome abnormality in human live births. Considerable

The Wnt signaling pathway appears to activate intracellular signaling transduction in embryonic development, cell migration, hematopoiesis, and several diseases. Wnt signaling is basically recognized as a canonical β-catenin-dependent signaling pathway. However, in recent years, generally three Wnt-mediated pathways have been investigated, which operate independently of β-catenin and include calci

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) correlates with the risk and progression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We aimed to assess the relationship between the PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and SLE/lupus nephritis risk. We identified the eligible studies regarding the association between the PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and the risk of SLE/lupus nephritis. The odds ratios (ORs) and

The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was the largest of its kind with 11,000 deaths and approximately 28,637 affected cases. The aim of the study was to analyze the global situation after the Ebola outbreak including Ebola complications, vaccine development, lessons learned, financial losses, and disease preparedness. We searched in PubMed, Google, and Google Scholar by using keywords Ebola

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), also known as broilers ascites syndrome, is characterized by hypoxia, pulmonary artery pressure, and right heart failure. However, less information is available about the molecular mechanisms of PAH. We evaluated the mediation of calcium-sensing receptor by inducing hypoxia for the possible proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells via the G protein

Bone cells, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, have the ability to develop and maintain bone architecture. Although improved experimental testing approaches are increasing our understanding of the complex structures and functions of bone cells and bone, computational models, particularly finite element analyses, are being used to extend this knowledge and to develop a more theoretical

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common metabolic and multifactorial disease in which both genetic and environmental factors are involved. In diabetes, the defects in the cellular metabolism result in higher levels of free radicals. These radicals react with other vital cellular molecules, which are responsible in diabetes side effects and known as diabetic retinopathy (DR), a disease of

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of highly conserved pattern recognition receptors that can recognize both pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns. These receptors are important in the activation of the innate immune system and play a role in shaping the adaptive immune system. For years, the expression of TLRs in the brain has been proposed to contribute

Gene therapy has attracted considerable attention for the treatment of genetic and acquired diseases. Successful gene therapy occurs when the therapeutic genes penetrate targeted cells and become available to the intracellular active site. Currently, a promising approach in gene delivery is the use of nonviral gene delivery vectors that lack immunogenicity but have low toxicity and potential tissue

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading health problem across the globe. Only 20% of HCV positive individuals know their positive disease status. Effective HCV screening tests are required to screen both general and high-risk populations and identify the silent cases of HCV. In this study, we analyzed the performance of three rapid HCV screening kits. A total of 300 subjects from three populations groups

Low melanin level in white skin results in many genetic alterations that activate oncogenes to form metastatic melanomas because of interaction with ultraviolet rays. These melanomas are uncommon, but they are dangerous and spread rapidly in the individual's body. Individuals with fair, freckled skin; a weak immune system; or have a personal or family history of melanoma are at high risk to have melanoma

Epigenetics is the variation in organisms that occur by changes in gene expression, and it also occurs in the genetic code. The immune system diseases arise from primarily epigenetic changes of obscure etiology. The current studies demonstrate that a portion of the rearrangements are created by the association of epigenetic alterations. For example, acetylation of histones and methylation of DNA are

A genome-wide association study first reported the association between ischemic stroke risk and two polymorphisms on chromosome 12p13: rs12425791 and rs11833579. Since then, a series of studies have investigated the association of these two polymorphisms with stroke risk, but the results were inconsistent even in Asian populations. Thus, we carried out a case-control study to uncover the potential

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke (IS) are commonly considered distinct disease phenotypes. However, there is some evidence in favor of a degree of overlap between genetic susceptibility to CAD and genetic risk factors for IS. In the present study, we aimed to examine the role of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs3825807 and rs11556924, located in the ADAMTS7 and ZC3HC1

Based on their distinct characteristics, such as self-renewal and differentiation potential, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been proposed as a feasible tool for cancer therapy. The characteristic of hMSCs that can be used in cancer therapy is their ability to home to primary and metastatic tumor sites. Recent studies have shown that use of stem cells obtained from adult tissue may be a novel

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or heart attack, is a major public health problem, responsible for 3 to 4 million deaths each year. Despite great improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, it remains one of the most lethal types of heart disease. Therefore, the identification of molecular mechanisms involved in AMI pathogenesis might help us to develop new therapeutic and diagnostic

This review focuses on the causes and complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The kidneys are major organs boasting various natural functions, chief among them the stable equilibrium of body fluids by eliminating waste. If the symptoms of CKD can be detected early, effective care is possible. CKD is a major area of investigation because it is the ninth most common cause of death in the United

With the passage of time, energy sources are decreasing day by day. In order to meet the world's demand, much attention is being paid to the study of enzymes with xylanolytic activity as a potential means of generating energy. A thermophilic xylanolytic bacterium, Bacillus sp., was isolated from naturally decaying material by enrichment culture and serial dilution methods. The bacterium was grown in