The essential oil (EO) from the leaves of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Grey was investigated to determine chemical composition and fumigant toxicity against two major stored grain pests rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). A total of 78 compounds were identified by GC-MS of which α-Pinene

Since the 1980s, Ramularia leaf spot (RLS) is an emerging barley disease worldwide. The control of RLS is increasingly aggravated by a recent decline in fungicide efficacy and a lack of RLS-resistant cultivars. Furthermore, climate change increases drought periods in Europe, enhances variable weather conditions, and thus will have an impact on severity of plant diseases. Hence, identification of RLS-resistant

Gerbera is an important cut flower crop popular throughout the world. In summer months of 2016, gerberas grown in polyhouses of RHREC, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India showed heavy infestation of thrips and displayed symptoms of viral infections. Infected plants displayed irregular chlorotic or necrotic spots or blotches, necrosis of veins, bronzing, crinkling and deformations of leaves; necrotic

In Montenegro, stone fruit species are grown on intensive and semi-intensive commercial plantations. However, almond production is mainly organized on family gardens and for household consumption. During two seasons (2017–2018), we surveyed apricot, peach, nectarine, sweet cherry, Japanese plum, and almond orchards for the presence of bacterial diseases at different geographical locations in Montenegro

In the original publication of the article, the first author name is incorrectly published.

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is the most significant field and post-harvest disease of mango worldwide and is mainly controlled through the use of systemic fungicides belonging to the methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) class. In Mexico, this disease in mango has been associated with at least seven cryptic species belonging to the C. gloeosporioides complex. In this study, the distribution

Herbicide-tolerant winter oilseed rape (OSR) varieties offer the opportunity of using imazamox for weed control, an active ingredient belonging to the chemical group of acetolactate synthase (ALS-) inhibitors. However, ALS inhibitors are used in many different crops and are the most resistance-prone herbicide mode of action. Their frequent application in a crop rotation increases the selection pressure

Faced with onslaught of an invasive pest, the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, detected first on maize crop in the Indian state of Karnataka in May 2018 threatened the major rainy season maize crop in the following months, and managing it required more of policy perspective. An outreach programme called SAFFAL (Safeguarding Agriculture and Farmers against Fall Armyworm) helped to disseminate knowledge

The use of UAVs is a promising tool for assessing the incidence and severity of plant diseases in global agriculture. For some diseases, there is a need for a scientific basis to prove the data obtained by these platforms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test if multispectral sensors were able to detect radiometric changes in plants of black pepper infected with Fusarium solani f. sp

Climate change is of significant concern for crop production as it affects crop pests and disease susceptibility, thus affecting crop health and causing a substantial decline in productivity. As the world warms, outbreaks of plant-eating insect pests are expected to intensify largely because warmer temperatures favor the pest’s biology, while boosting growth of the plants they eat. Globally, there

The mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of Curvularia eragrostidis by Swietenia humilis seeds extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and methanol) at four concentrations (250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm) was evaluated. The daily mycelial growth (DMGR), MGI and median effective concentration (EC50) were determined. The DMGR and MGI were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by crude extracts concentrations

Leaf anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum siamense, was found for the first time in seedling nurseries of soursop (Annona muricata) in the Federal District, Central region of Brazil. Colletotrichum siamense was identified by morphology and by sequencing of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-GAPDH gene and the intergenic spacer between the 3′ end of the DNA lyase and the mating-type locus

The automatic identification and diagnosis of plant disease severity are still challenging in the agricultural information system. In this study, a novel lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN)-based network with channel shuffle operation and multiple-size module (L-CSMS) is proposed for plant disease severity recognition. Specifically, the proposed stacked block consists of residual learning

Efficient plant protection is of fundamental importance in order to warrant food security. Here, we present arguments that a coordinate approach in plant protection is urgently required, taking advantage of a broad mix of measures, including modern synthetic chemistries, capable of protecting plants from adverse organisms.

Fluorescence microscopy and qPCR-based pathogen tracking tools were developed to elucidate the growth and development of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici on leaves of nonhost plant (rice: Oryza sativa L.). Stem rust race-Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici 40A was identified using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences and gene sequences coding for hypothetical protein (PGTG_08233_hypothetical protein

MicroRNA (miRNA) profiles were studied in roots of ‘Sanhu’ tangerine plants with and without Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) infections by using solexa sequencing to investigate the possible involvement of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of Citrus Greening (Huanglongbing) disease. A total of 186 known miRNAs and 71 novel miRNAs were thus identified. Of them, 37 known and 18 novel miRNAs were significantly

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne ssp.) are one of the most damaging phytoparasites in various agricultural crops along the southern coast of Peru. The aim of the present study was to characterise the root-knot nematode and determine the frequency of the nematodes associated with artichoke crop in the “Irrigación Majes”. Samples of roots and soil were collected in artichoke crops. The nematode genera

Potato Virus Y (PVY) is well recognized world-wide as an important virus of potato with damaging effect on both the crop yield and quality. Recent research has revealed a wide range of PVY strain diversity and complexity. The high degree of PVY recombinant types reported in some areas, has intrigued investigation into the efficacy of tools used for strain identification. PCR and ELISA are routinely

A 2-year factorial experiment was undertaken in RARS, Jessore in 2019 and 2020 following randomized complete block design with three replicates to evaluate the impact of planting date and spacing on ChLCV disease development and its vector whitefly abundance in chili (Capsicum annuum) modulating chili growth and yield attributes. The field experiments were found consistent between the years improving

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera), is an economically important invasive pest infesting maize. Habitat manipulation as a method of conservation biological control which employs cover crops/hedge rows/flower strips crops in the main crop field to conserve the beneficial insect fauna like natural enemies. An experiment was conducted to study the influence of intercropping of

The walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis completa) is one of the main pests affecting common walnut in both Europe and America. This work examines the effects of abamectin on the development of walnut husk fly larvae by injecting the product Vertimec 1.8 EC (Syngenta) into the trunks of walnut trees in Hungary. In the case of properly injected trees, the infection rate was negligible and the abamectin content

Since a decade, the need for experience transfer between production regions of chillies (Capsicum spp.) is developing worldwide. In order to ease communication, we propose here a new description and codification of phenological growth stages of Capsicum spp. according to a modified BBCH scale. In contrast to older descriptions basing on 2-digit macro-stages and 3-digit micro-stages, we use the meso-stages

Biological tests with Thymus vulgaris against both third and fifth instar larvae of Thaumetopoea pityocampa showed positive correlation between the used doses and mortality after 24 h of application. Treatment against third instars larvae with doses 0.005–0.04 ml L−1 gave 40.97–100% mortalities in vitro condition, and treatment with doses 0.1–0.5 ml L−1 gave 53.85 and 100% mortalities in vivo condition

Whiteflies are major pests on several vegetable and ornamental crops. Landing behaviour is strongly influenced by wavelength (nm) of reflected light from ground and surrounding vegetation. This paper deals with manipulation of whitefly landing behaviour in semi-field greenhouse experiments using background foils, either white foils with high reflection of short wavelength radiation or green foils reducing

Citrus have been grown as a commercial fruit crop in Morocco for a decade. The area dedicated to growing and producing citrus has increased from 2006 to 2018 throughout the country. The rapid decline of citrus trees has been observed in many locations. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and characterize fungal pathogens associated with dry root rot (DRR) disease of citrus from diseased trees and

Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede (Acari: Astigmata: Acaridae) is a mite infesting crop such as saffron corms, onions, garlic, leeks and lilies. Bulb mites were observed associated with diseased saffron corms in Vermont research sites, confirming their pest status in New England. To assess the efficacy of different IPM and biological controls a standard method to rear bulb mites in the laboratory was essential

A severe vascular pomegranate wilt (Punica granatum L.) has recently been discovered and reported for the first time in Upper Egypt. Diseased samples were obtained from an infected farm in El-Badari city, Assiut Governorate, Egypt, and the pathogen was isolated on potato dextrose agar at 25 °C. Phenotypic features and DNA sequencing of the pathogen's internal transcribed spacer region showed that the

The nature of host–pathogen interactions between Pyrenophora teres f. teres and barley has been reported to be as well race-specific as race-non-specific with evidence that the definition of races is tenuous. Infection responses of 266 single-spore isolates of P. teres f. teres collected in Uruguay during regular surveys from 2005 to 2015 to 41 barley genotypes that had been determined on a 1–10 scale

The microlepidoptera Bedellia somnulentella is a pest insect of Ipomoea batatas leaves, with the first report in South America, in the city of Diamantina, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, in 2018. The mining caterpillars of B. somnulentella cause damage to the leaf mesophyll of the host plant, Ipomoea batatas, an important crop which contributes to overcoming world food insecurity with high nutritional

Xylosandrus compactus is one of the significant beetle pests on perennial crops, which has become an increasing problem on cacao productivity and sustainability in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The beetle is also known as ambrosia beetle due to the obligate association with symbiotic fungi. The beetle and infested plant parts were collected from infested Theobroma cacao in the field, then the beetles

Chinese kale black spot disease is caused by the fungus Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.), which is one of the most significant destructive pathogens that attacks vegetable crops, especially Chinese kale. Currently, the pathogen management is achieved by using synthetic fungicides, but these are harmful to human health and tend to be expensive. Consequently, there is an urgent need to find alternative

Dasineura oleae (Angelini, 1831) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), the gall agent of Olea europaea L. leaves, has always been considered just a secondary pest of the olive grove since it does not cause any direct damages on the olive fruits production. However, severe outbreaks were recently recorded in the Mediterranean Basin. Our result shed light on the potential alteration that D. oleae trophic action

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici (Foc) induces wilt disease in chilli and affects its yield. Implementing microorganisms and plant extracts for plant disease management has recently gained momentum as chemical measures pose a serious threat to the environment. Field experiments were conducted over two consecutive years to evaluate the effectiveness of Trichoderma harzianum (either as seed treatment

Globally, viral diseases cause huge economic losses in crops and their management is a big challenge to growers as well as researchers. Mixed infection is the existence of more than one virus in single plant, which results in varied symptoms at the same time. The presence of more than one virus always leads to difficulty in understanding the etiology of disease. Most of the viral diseases go unnoticed

We identified ten current key challenges for plant protection in cities each of them belonging to a specific field of action of IPM in urban horticulture according to Directive 2009/128/EC. The challenges are: appropriate plant selection, microbiome engineering, nutrient recycling, smart, digital solutions, diversification of vegetation, avoidance of pesticide side effects on beneficials, biorational

Wheat blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pv. Triticum is an upcoming threat to wheat cultivation worldwide. The disease crossing over to wheat first gained attention in South America, with increasing interest coming from its more recent appearance in the big wheat-growing areas of Asia. The increasing economic relevance of the disease and the lack of genetic resistance in current wheat breeding material

Insecticidal, repellent and fumigant activities of Rosemary [Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae)], Daphne [Laurus nobilis (Lauraceae)], Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae), Marjoram [Origanum majorana (Lamiaceae)], Basil [Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae)] and Fennel [Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae)] extracts were tested against Sitophilus granarius (Col.: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Col

The response of climate change to the existing biotic stresses in legumes especially fungal diseases is a key global concern. The legumes are attacked by several yield-limiting fungal diseases, and dry root rot (DRR) or charcoal rot (CR) caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is an important disease in legumes. There have been noteworthy scientific reports on the issue of how climate change is expected

Black pepper-associated endophytic Pseudomonas putida BP25 displayed volatile-mediated antagonism against rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae 1637. The major chemical fraction identified in the volatiles of Pseudomonas putida BP25 was 2-methylpyrazine and 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine; both of them inhibited all developmental stages such as conidial germination, mycelial growth, and sporulation of

Ascospores of grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator Schw.) play a crucial role in the disease onset in spring in many vine-growing areas. We investigated the physiological maturation of chasmothecia and the time of the first potential ascospore release in three grape-growing areas in Austria by providing standardized conditions for ascospore release in the laboratory and excluding the environmental

The invasive ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus germanus Blandford (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is a serious pest of hazelnut in Turkey, which is the biggest hazelnut producer in the world. In this study, the utility of four isolates representing different Trichoderma species (T. harzianum, T. hamatum, T. asperellum, and T. atroviride) was evaluated on survival, gallery behavior and brood production

Septoria tritici blotch (STB; Zymoseptoria tritici) is the most important leaf disease of wheat in Northern and Western Europe. The problem of fungicide resistance in Z. tritici populations is challenging future control options. In order to investigate differences in azole performances against STB, 55 field trials were carried out during four seasons (2015–2018). These trials were undertaken in ten

The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, is one of the most important pests of deciduous trees in Europe, occurring in all environmental zones of Europe except the Alpine North and part of the Boreal zone. The gypsy moth fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga, originally from Asia, was imported from the USA and released in Bulgaria, in 1999–2000. Spread of E. maimaiga in Central Europe was documented from 2011

Agriculture is the most primary and indispensable source to furnish national income of numerous countries including India. Diseases in plants/crops are the serious causes in degrading the production quantity and quality, which results in economy losses. Thus, identification of the diseases in plants is very important. Plant disease symptoms are evident in various parts of plants. However, plant leaves

Mulberry (Morus spp.), represents a set of plants grown in Brazil for production of fruits, leaves for feeding silkworms and ruminant animals, and for landscape. In 2017 mulberry leaves with symptoms of spots were collected in Santa Catarina (SC) state and in the Distrito Federal (DF). Three fungal isolates obtained from M. nigra in DF and one isolate obtained from M. alba in SC state were characterized

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cultivation in commercial greenhouses occupies an important section of vegetable production in Iran. Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica considered the most destructive soil-borne pathogen in cucumber growing greenhouses. In this study, biocontrol activity of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs, i.e., Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae and Heterorhabditis

The Bakanae disease caused by Gibberella fujikuroi species complex is one of the major fungal diseases of rice. It is present in the major rice production areas in the world. In 2016, field surveys were conducted from rice germination to maturity. Four isolates of Fusarium proliferatum associated with Bakanae disease were obtained from infected rice plants and identified using morphological and molecular-based

Bacillus species are often regarded as ideal biocontrol agents against plant pathogens, which can produce various antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this study, strain BU108 with good antimicrobial activity against Streptomyces scabiei was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a potato field, which was then identified as Bacillus subtilis through 16S rDNA sequence analysis. An antimicrobial protein

Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (fall armyworm) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a key pest of maize that has recently entered in India causing damage and yield loss. A biocontrol-based integrated pest management (IPM) strategy was designed and evaluated in farmer’s field during rabi and kharif season (2018–2019). IPM strategy comprising installation of controlled release FAW pheromone traps, four releases

Barley shoot fly (Delia flavibasis) is one of the destructive insect pests of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) at seedling stage. Resistance to barley shoot fly is governed by complex traits that derived from both morphological and/or biochemical characters of the plant. These host plant characters influence the relative degree of damage caused by the insect. The study aimed to evaluate phenotypic variability

The present work aimed to investigate the effect of an autochthonous mycorrhizal consortium in enhancing olive tree tolerance against Verticillium dahliae. The bio-protective effect of this consortium “Rhizolive” on olive “Picholine Marocaine cultivar” infected with V. dahliae was assessed through monitoring disease symptoms development and through measuring the activities of enzymes involved in basal

In Mexico, redberry disease in blackberry (Rubus sp.) was first observed in Tacámbaro, Michoacán, in 2011, causing losses greater than 70%. In this study, the eriophyid mite species associated with buds and berries and its association with redberry disease were identified. Based on morphology, the specimens of mites collected from the buds and fruits were identified as Acalitus orthomera (Keifer in

Orobanche cumana Wallr. is an important new problem for sunflower crop in Tunisia. Little information is available on the behavior of sunflower to O. cumana infestation in this region. Research activities are focusing on screening some sunflower accessions in order to identify resistant ones and to develop other cultural and biological methods to use them in integrated way to reduce the impact of this

In Mexico, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is grown mainly for export, but its production is affected by various pests and diseases. Plants with mosaic and chlorotic mottling symptoms were collected in Iguala, Mexico. The transmission tests revealed that the disease was not transmitted neither by seed nor by mechanical means. However, it was transmitted by grafting and by insect vectors. The entire

False codling moth (FCM) has emerged as a major constraint to the production of horticultural crops in Kenya and is currently the leading cause of interceptions of Capsicum and cut flowers exported to European Union. Use of pesticides to control this pest is not only unsustainable, uneconomical but also contributes to interceptions of export produce due to higher levels of pesticide residues in the

The Alphaproteobacterium Rhizobium radiobacter (syn. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, “A. fa brum”) can live in close association with the sebacinoid fungus Serendipita (syn. Piriformospora) indica that forms a mutualistic Sebacinalean symbiosis with a wide range of host plants. The endobacterial strain R. radiobacter F4 (RrF4), which was originally isolated from the fungus, has plant growth promotion and

Phomopsis asparagi has been reported as a serious disease, causing stem blight on asparagus cultivars (Asparagus officinalis), and this fungus was also recorded as a common spot disease on wild asparagus (A. kiusianus). In this study, isolates of P. asparagi obtained from A. officinalis and A. kiusianus in different locations of the Kyushu island were successfully assessed the genetic variation through

Pseudococcus maritimus status as an economic pest increased substantially after it was identified as a key vector of most grape vine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs). Of these viruses, GLRaV-3 is the most economically destructive. Current control recommendations for slowing the spread of GLRaVs include one to two applications of insecticides to reduce vector populations. Systemic insecticides require

Of 111 rhizobacteria isolated from finger millet, 30 isolates exhibiting antagonism against Pyricularia grisea (22.22–44.44%) and Rhizoctonia solani (22.22–38.89%) were selected for functional characterization and in vitro interaction with pathogens. Appraisal of rhizobacteria for antimetabolites revealed HCN production by 3, ammonia production by all (0.80–4.39 µmol/ml) and H2S produc