Phytophthora root rot (PRR) caused by Phytophthora medicaginis (Pm) is an important disease of chickpea in Australia. There are limited control options, with avoiding planting chickpeas in paddocks with a high PRR risk a key management strategy. Currently, risk assessment is based solely on paddock history of PRR, without any measure of Pm inoculum. We developed a qPCR test to quantify Pm inoculum

The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes introduced during the production process.

The Australian red cedar (Toona ciliata), a forest species native to southwestern Asia, has aroused commercial interest for its high-quality timber. Phyllachora was recently reported in this species in Brazil, but there is a lack of knowledge about its epidemiology and control. Currently, no methodologies exist for quantifying the severity of this disease in cedar trees. In the present study, a diagrammatic

Phoma koolunga is one of three species that cause ascochyta blight (synonym: blackspot) of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) in Australia. P. koolunga was first described in 2009 in South Australia and has since been reported in Western Australia and Victoria. However, the origin of the pathogen and its host range remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the host range of P. koolunga

Cocoa pod isolates of Phytophthora palmivora (Ppal) from different locations in Papua New Guinea (PNG) were grown in the presence of cellophane to determine their abilities to mechanically penetrate this barrier and to gain access to the growth media below. Four Ppal isolates, MAG14, MAG30, MAG50, NSP11 and the plant root pathogenic oomycete P. cinnamomi for comparison, were tested for their cellophane

The effects of meteorological conditions around silking (Si) and physiological maturity (PM) on production of fumonisins (FB=FB1 + FB2) in maize kernels were analyzed. Kernel FB contents were determined on kernel samples collected from an experimental susceptible hybrid (n = 35) and a Bt commercial hybrid (n = 23) planted in several growing seasons/sites from the Argentinean Pampas. Considering the

Stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is a destructive disease that induces serious yield losses in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) around the world. This study used a multifaceted approach to screen 121 groundnut genotypes from different subspecies and botanical varieties for resistance to S. rolfsii under field conditions. Five wild species of Arachis were also assessed in a greenhouse study. In

The production of malting barley under dryland and irrigated environments in South Africa (SA) has increased recently, making it the second most important winter crop after wheat. To assess the potential vulnerability of adapted barleys from SA to wheat stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, Pgt, race PTKST) and rye stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. secalis, Pgs, isolate UVPgs1),

Citrus exocortis viroid, citrus bent leaf viroid, hop stunt viroid and citrus dwarfing viroid were detected for the first time in Lao PDR. Samples were collected from citrus trees across southern Lao PDR for laboratory testing in Australia. RNA was extracted and amplified using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR); viroid identities were confirmed by sequencing.

Between 2016 and 2017, symptoms of witches’ broom, proliferation, drying of twigs and ball-like structures formation were observed in Pinus brutia in urban green areas and parks in Isfahan (Iran). All samples from affected P. brutia trees resulted positive in nested-PCR using primer pairs targeting the phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene. Amplicons were obtained only from all the symptomatic pine tree samples

Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata (CCV) is an economically and ecologically important timber species, native to eastern Australia. It is highly susceptible to Quambalaria pitereka, a coevolved endemic pathogen, and Austropuccinia psidii, an exotic invasive pathogen. Genes associated with resistance to Q. pitereka are specific and uncorrelated with the genes associated with resistance to A. psidii

The study was aimed to develop rust resistant genotypes with genome of prominent wheat variety HS240 by pyramiding of linked leaf rust and stem rust resistance genes Lr19 and Sr25 with stripe rust resistance gene Yr15. The genotypes FLW13 and FLW20 were used as gene donors for transfer of Yr15 and Lr19/Sr25, respectively. The molecular markers scs265, wmc221, PSY1-E1, and Gb linked to Lr19/Sr25 and

Diseases caused by pathogens, alone or in combination with other stress factors, are a major threat to the future health of urban forests. Root diseases caused by Phytophthora species are frequently evident in urban environments due to conducive environments for these pathogens, and to conditions predisposing trees to attack. Urban environments are also an important pathway for the introduction of

Exserohilum turcicum is the causal agent of northern leaf blight (NLB) disease in sorghum and maize. Early detection of this economically important pathogen is essential for effective disease management to limit yield losses. Here we present a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay specific for E. turcicum detection and biomass quantification in sorghum and maize. In planta fungal quantification was

The aim of this work was to study the gene clusters that code for secondary metabolites within the genome of Stemphylium lycopersici and evaluate their toxicity in plant tissue since they are probably responsible for the necrotrophic symptoms provoked by S. lycopersici on plants of the Solanaceae family. We analyzed the draft genome sequences using the antiSMASH software to identify potentially toxic

In April 2019, a new basal stem and root rot disease, which caused severe wilting of Crossandra infundibuliformis in Jinniu Park in Haikou City, Hainan province. Plants with typical disease symptoms were random collected from Jinniu Park. The pathogen causing basal stem and root rot of C. infundibuliformis was identified as Fusarium solani from the isolates, based on morphological observation, rDNA-ITS

Rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea) is an epidemic rice disease that reduces rice yield and quality worldwide. The objective of this study was to present and evaluate a data reconstruction method for assessment of rice leaf blast severity using hyperspectral imaging technology at the late vegetative growth stage. Experiments were carried out on Mongolian rice, which is susceptible to the disease. To carry

Australia produces some of the highest sweetpotato yields in the world but the health of the soil used to produce the crop is declining because it is repeatedly tilled to kill volunteer sweetpotatoes, incorporate cover crop residues and prepare beds for planting. Additional disturbance occurs when the swollen roots are harvested. An on-farm study showed that it is possible to replace this tillage-dominated

Anthracnose is one of the most destructive grapevine diseases in warm and humid regions, but no efficient tools are available to quantify disease symptoms in different parts of the plant. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate standard area diagrams (SADs) to evaluate grapevine anthracnose on the fruit and shoot. For fruit SAD development, fruit clusters showing signs of anthracnose symptoms

Temperature is one of the key factors influencing the viral disease development in plants. In this study effect of temperature on SYMMV accumulation and systemic movement was studied in French bean, mungbean and soybean cultivars by keeping them at temperatures range 22-25 °C, 26-29 °C and 30-33 °C. The proliferation of the virus under these conditions was confirmed through symptomatology, DAC-ELISA

Spermospora avenae causes the economically important red leather leaf disease of oats, which reduces grain yield and hay quality. It was first reported in the USA in 1936 and subsequently in Australia in 1978. Despite this, its phylogenetic placement is unknown, attributed merely to Ascomycota. Twenty-three S. avenae single spore isolates were obtained from affected crops in South Australia and western

Sting nematode (Belonolaimus longicaudatus) is one of the most destructive nematode pests in the United States. It is native to the sandy coastal plains of the south-eastern states and causes severe damage to a wide range of plants including turf grasses, ornamentals, forages, vegetables, agronomic crops and trees. Ibipora lolii, a closely related nematode, occurs in Australia and is a widespread and

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) serves as a vegetable of great food, medicinal and industrial value. The production of the crop is, however, constrained by lack of improved high yielding, virus and pest resistant varieties. The current study sought to identify resistance in ten okra cultivars to okra mosaic disease and okra yellow vein mosaic disease within the coastal savannah agro-ecological

A review of the records of plant viruses, viroids and phytoplasmas in Tasmania has found evidence for 51 viruses and one viroid. Based on insufficient evidence, 22 viruses and reports of at least three phytoplasmas are unconfirmed. Most of these unconfirmed pathogens are probably present but further work is required to confirm this. Forty two of the listed viruses are aphid transmitted, including 15

The objective of this study was to assess genotype by environment interaction for area under disease progress curve values in spring barley grown in South-West Poland by the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model. The study comprised of 25 spring barley genotypes (five cultivars: Basza, Blask, Antek, Skarb and Rubinek as well as all possible 10 two-way mixtures and 10 three-way

RNA silencing or RNA interference (RNAi) is an endogenous mechanism of gene regulation and adaptive defence against invading microbes of higher organisms, triggered by double-stranded RNA. Viruses circumvent this host defence by encoding specific proteins, RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs). Evidence has been mounting that, in common with RNA viruses, the movement of geminiviruses in plants is countered

The images and caption for Fig. 1 is incorrect. Please view the correct Fig. 1 here.

This study analysed the phenotypic and genotypic variation among 511 Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola (Psp) isolates, causing halo blight in mungbeans. Collected from symptomatic mungbean (Vigna radiata) crops throughout Australia between 2005 and 2018, a total of 352 Psp isolates were phenotypically screened. Our in planta screening against a set of four mungbean cultivars with known susceptible

Late leaf spot (LLS) and rust diseases are the major devastating diseases in groundnut that lowers crop yield and fodder quality. Marker assisted backcross breeding was employed to introgress LLS and rust diseases resistance QTL region from GPBD 4 into an India’s popular groundnut variety TMV 2. The MABC approach was exercised using a total of eight disease resistance-linked markers viz.., IPAHM103

In 2016, begomovirus-like symptoms were observed in mungbean (Vigna radiata) and black gram (Vigna mungo) in Pakistan. Symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf samples were collected and total genomic DNA was extracted. Full length begomovirus and betasatellite genomes were PCR amplified and cloned in plasmid pTZ/57RT cloning vector. The cloned molecules were subjected to Sanger sequencing. Based on Sequence

Tephrosia, an important medicinal plant, and a potential livestock feed, was found to be affected by a leaf yellowing disease at the Ziway field site of the International Livestock Research Institute. A total of fifty samples from 300 plants were collected from twenty Tephrosia species in three consecutive planting seasons; 2015, 2016 and 2017. The samples were screened for viral infection by dot-blot

Bacterial blight in pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Xap) is an increasing threat to pomegranate cultivation in India. To prevent economic losses, it is pivotal to detect the infection in latent stages rather than in symptomatic stages. We have developed an enhanced loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique for the detection of latent Xap infection in pomegranate

Powdery mildew haustoria are easier to be observed by light microscopy in trichome cells compared to epidermal cells of infected leaves. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between the hyphal length and the number of haustoria in type I trichome cells of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) leaves. The trichome cells of tomato cv. Moneymaker were inoculated with conidia of tomato

Two new taxa, Neofusicoccum variabile and Pseudofusicoccum africanum were not validly published according to Art. 40.7 (Shenzhen).

Barley, host to the wheat and rye attacking forms of the stem rust pathogen, Puccinia graminis (Pg), is considered inherently more resistant to Pg than wheat. To investigate whether this enhanced basal defence is associated with early infection or colonisation processes, adult plants of selected barley and wheat entries were inoculated with Pg f. sp. tritici (Pgt) races BNGSC and PTKST, and Pg f. sp

The aim of this study is to determine the severity of the disease Septoria leaf spot in tomato plants, through computational analysis of digital images of leaves affected. We collected and obtained digital images of tomato leaves with absence and presence of the disease with varying degrees of severity. From a script written in R with the EBImage package, the image was decomposed into three levels

Sophora alopecuroides dwarfing and yellowing symptoms were observed at the edge of several Damaneh and Fereydun Shahr (Isfahan province, Iran) fields. Polymerase chain reaction using primers P1/P7 and nested PCR using the same primers followed by R16mF2/R16mR2 and R16F2n/R16R2 primer pairs amplified the 16S ribosomal RNA-encoding gene in all the symptomatic plants tested, but not in the asymptomatic

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major cereal crop cultivated all over the world. Karnal bunt disease is an internationally quarantined disease caused by Tilletia indica. In modern resistance breeding, effectors have been efficiently used to identify, functionally characterize and deploy resistance genes. The present study was carried out to identify the genes related to pathogenicity in T. indica

A previous survey of lotus virus disease has revealed sweet potato latent virus-lotus (SPLV-lotus) to occur at high frequencies in Jiangsu Province, China. The objective of this study was to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the rapid and sensitive detection of SPLV-lotus in lotus plants. The products were analysed by visual inspection of colour change. The sensitivity

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important popular high-consumption product in the world. Melon Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis: FOM) is a global destructive disease. In this research, 88 melon landraces from different geographical regions of Iran together with reference genotypes as control genotypes were screened for resistance to 0 and 1 races of Fusarium wilt disease agent using artificial

This study aimed to develop and validate a standard area diagram set (SADs) to estimate the severity of eyespot of rice caused by Drechslera gigantea. For this purpose, a SADs with seven levels of severity (0.3; 1.0; 3.0; 5.0; 10; 15; and 21%) was established. The SADs was validated by 16 raters with no experience in evaluating plant diseases. Both accuracy and precision improved when they used the

Identification of antifungal organic compound from B. velezensis AR1 culture supernatant was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and subjected to proton (1H) and carbon (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). From the analysis of the heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, the purified compound was identified as monomethyl succinate (MMSucc). The subsequent investigation

The noxious weed Allium triquetrum (Alliaceae) has invaded widespread areas in southern Australia, forming dense monocultures that threaten indigenous ground flora. Two soilborne biocontrol agents, the fungus Stromatinia cepivora and the bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) have previously been reported as killing A. triquetrum in gnotobiotic controlled conditions. This study

The genetics and nature of gene action involved in resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 2 causing wilt in watermelon was studied. Five resistant accessions were crossed with a common susceptible parent to develop six generations for each combination. The populations were screened in two consecutive assays during June to September 2019. Based on the segregation of F2, the resistance in

Pseudomonas protegens (formerly Pseudomonas fluorescens) FD6, which was isolated from the canola rhizosphere, is a biocontrol agent that protects against the fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola. The complete sequence of the 6.7-Mb Pseudomonas protegens FD6 genome was determined. Genomic analysis of strain FD6 led to the identification of twelve putative gene clusters of secondary

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini) is a major constraint to production of cumin. To identify sources of resistance to Fusarium wilt, 64 accessions were screened in a field plot heavily infested with Fusarium wilt, in two years. Disease severity, infection type, disease incidence, plant height, days to flowering initiation, seed yield and yield components were measured. The results revealed

Mango anthracnose severity on leaves was recorded at 14 day intervals throughout the year 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2018 on mango cultivar Dashaheri. Logistic model was best for the year 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018 and pooled data of these years had lower mean square error (MSE) 37.67, 91.29, 100.84, 65.80 and 72.32 along with high coefficient of determination (R(Dodd et al. 1991)) 0.753, 0.532, 0.534

Cotton is a billion-dollar crop in Australia, especially in the regional areas of New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland. Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov) is of an important disease on cotton globally and in Australia. The Australian cotton industry is currently adopting highly resistant cultivars to Fov. Therefore, it is expected that Fusarium wilt pressure will be

Antifungalmycin N2 (3-methyl-3,5-amino-4-vinyl-2-pyrone, C6H7O2N), was a novel and broad-spectrum antifungal metabolite produced by Streptomyces sp. N2. In the present work, antifungalmycin N2 was evaluated its induction of resistance against Rhizoctonia solani in rice seedling by measuring the defense-related physiological and biochemical parameters, such as the production of reactive oxygen species

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a nutritious domesticated vegetable which belongs to Cucurbitaceae family. India ranks 30th in global cucumber production and its total output is 1,61,000 metric tons annually. In the investigation a different kind of leaf spot disease was observed on 2 months old cucumber leaves samples from cucumber fields in Baruipur, West Bengal, India (Latitude: N 22° 22.262′,

Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is a major and constant constraint in the production of tomatoes worldwide. A two-season field experiments, laid out in two separate orchards in a randomized complete block design and a split-split plot arrangement with three replications, was conducted to evaluate the integrated effect of grafting, thymol and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) in the management

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The image order in Fig. 2 was incorrect. The corrected figure is given below.

Honey bees, Apis mellifera, actively collect a range of materials including pollen and fungal spores. However, the interaction between honey bees and fungal spores is largely unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the corbicular contents of workers foraging on zucchini leaves severely affected by powdery mildew. The dimensions (length and width) of conidia removed from the corbiculae of

Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) is one of the most significant threats to plant industries and biodiversity in the Australasian region. Susceptibility phenotypes of Australian native Myrtaceae to A. psidii have varied significantly since the pathogen was first detected in Australia in 2010, with some species appearing to increase in susceptibility over time. We hypothesise that increased inoculum

Rust pathogens cause damage to cereal crops around the world, leading to reduced yield and profit. Current methods of rust control include fungicides, resistant cultivars, and preventative agronomic practices. Some hyperparasites are antagonists of plant pathogens and may provide a potential method of biocontrol against increasingly virulent strains of rust. Very little is known about the mechanism

After the detection of the myrtle rust pathogen, Austropuccinia psidii, in New Zealand, a biosecurity response was initiated, including a wide-spread surveillance programme. Through an intensive public awareness initiative, the general public was highly engaged in reporting myrtle rust infections and added significant value to the surveys by reporting first detections from most of the areas that are

Liriope cymbidiomorpha (ined.) is an excellent ground-cover plant with high ornamental and landscaping value in China. During 2016 to 2018, the leaf spot symptomatic L. cymbidiomorpha plants were observed in the famous Hangzhou Westlake Scenic Spot of Zhejiang province, China. Two pathogens namely Colletotrichum liriopes and C. gloeosporioides were isolated and identified from symptomatic tissues based

Ganoderma is a white rot causing agent growing on different types of plants ranging from angiosperms to gymnosperms. Now to date, six different Ganoderma species reported from North and one species from South of Iran. This work presents new findings on locality of two samples identified as G. resinaceum using morphology and ITS analysis from Khuzestan Province (South of Iran) for the first time. In

Zhangzhou in Fujian province is the primary habitat for the succulent plant Echeveria ‘Perle von Nürnberg’ (Crassulaceae), which has seriously suffered from anthracnose disease in recent years. Plants with typical disease symptoms were collected from three planting bases in Zhangzhou, and pathogens were isolated for further identification. The pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum destructivum

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., has caused damage and great losses in peach orchards in two Brazilian states, Santa Catarina (SC) and São Paulo (SP). There is limited information on the characterization of Colletotrichum spp. from those locations. In this study we characterized Colletotrichum spp. isolated from peach fruit from SC and SP, and compared them to a reference isolate of Colletotrichum