Abstract The halophyte Kalidium foliatum (Pall.) Moq. exhibits strong tolerance to salinity. Salt stress leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and high contents of ROS are harmful to plants. The phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) responds positively to damage induced by ROS. To understand the mechanism of tolerance to salt stress in halophytes, a PHGPx gene of K

Abstract The expression of the TCP transcription factor family genes depends on miRNA, whose effect on the translation of their mRNA is poorly studied. Interactions between miRNA and mRNA were studied with the MirTarget program, which allows estimating of quantitative characteristics of binding of the whole nucleotide sequence of miRNA to mRNA. The analysis of binding of 125 miRNAs to mRNAs of 28 genes

Low temperature (LT) and Ascochyta blight are two major stresses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivation. After exposure to LT treatments (acclimation, LT, acclimation + LT and control conditions), we evaluated induced responses by pathogen infection in LT-sensitive (ILC533) and -tolerant (Sel96Th11439) chickpea genotypes. In relation to genotype-specific defense reactions, tolerant plants responded

Abstract Phytohormones salicylic acid and strigolactones play critical roles in mediating plant responses to environmental stress including drought stress. This study investigated whether foliar application of salicylic acid and strigolactones in the form of GR24 will improve the drought tolerance of winter wheat (T-riticum aestivum L.) plants. Exogenous application of strigolactone and salicylic acid

Abstract The participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), and also enzymatic systems generating them, in the development of heat resistance of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) seedlings, induced by the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), has been studied. It was found that 24-h pretreatment of seedlings with 0.1–1 mM NaHS increased their survival after the subsequent

Abstract The results of studies on the frost resistance of Olea europaea L. varieties and its subspecies O. europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. and G. Don) Cif. under the conditions of the Southern Coast of Crimea (SCC), as well as the influence of temperature close to the absolute minimum value (–15°С) on the state of the photosynthetic apparatus, catalase activity, polyphenol oxidase, and the content

Abstract The interplay between different signaling pathways that occurs during the development of a root system is investigated by considering, by way of example, the role of effectors of the Ca2+ signaling system and a rhizogenesis-stimulating oligosaccharin (OSRG) on the indoleacetic acid (IAA)-induced formation of adventitious roots. By identifying the sensitivity of different stages of rhizogenesis

Abstract The present research aimed to investigate the effect of ethylene on the physiological and molecular responses of the cut roses, Rosa hybrida L. Two cut rose cultivars (‘Amada +’ and ‘Brillante’) with different ethylene sensitivity were treated by 10 ppm exogenous ethylene for 24 h under identical vase life room conditions at partially open stage. The cultivars were then examined at both partially

Abstract The contents of conjugated covalently polyamines (CC-PAs) and conjugated non-covalently polyamines (CNC-PAs) in embryo tonoplast, and the vacuole conformation were investigated using the embryos of developing maize (Zea mays L.) grains of two cultivars differing in drought-tolerance as experiment materials. The results indicated that after drought stress treatment for seven days, relative

Abstract The development of methods for long-term storage of microalgae remains an important and complex problem, the solution of which is impossible without studying the processes occurring during dehydration and rehydration of vegetative cells. The study presents the results from the investigation of changes in the dimensional characteristics of cells and trichomes of spirulina Arthrospira (Spirulina)

Abstract The portable chlorophyll (Chl) meter SPAD-502 Plus (Konica Minolta Optics, Japan) is one of the most commonly used diagnostic tools for rapid and nondestructive estimation of Chl content in leaves of crops and tree species. The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of a SPAD-502 Plus to estimate the content of Chl a, Chl b, and Chl (a + b) in Solanum lycopersicum L. leaves with

Abstract The formation of plants' storage organs, in particular the storage root, is an example of plants’ specialization in the accumulation of substances. Studying the genetic mechanisms for the development of the storage root is very relevant in connection with the economic importance of root crops. Nevertheless, the genetic control of storage root’s development is currently poorly studied. The

Abstract Mechanisms of photosynthesis inhibition by vaporous naphthalene, its permeation into thylakoids, and interactions with chlorophyll–protein complexes were studied. It was found that vaporous naphthalene is first adsorbed on the pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaf’s surface and then penetrates into the leaf, binds to thylakoids, and inhibits photosynthesis. The adsorbed naphthalene can be washed from

Abstract This research was carried out to determine effectiveness of nitric oxide (NO) on some physiological and biochemical reactions, and water use efficiency (WUE) of chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) under well-watered and drought conditions. NO solutions were prepared with four doses (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 µM) of sodium nitroprusside as a nitric oxide donor and exogenously applied on only

Abstract Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is an economically and ecologically important plant with strong stress resistance. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) can catalyze the reversible reaction of α-ketoglutarate and \({\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }\) to glutamate, and plays an important role in resistance to adverse conditions. In this study, two MaGDH genes were cloned, and their biological characteristics studied

Abstract Effect of synthetic analogs of auxins—2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2.4-D) and α-naphthylacetic (α-NAA) acids—on growth characteristics and accumulation of steroidal glycosides was investigated in suspension cell culture of Tribulus terrestris L. It was found that the substitution of α-NAA for 2.4-D in the nutrient medium brought about a rise in the content of steroidal glycosides in the cultured

Abstract Dynamics of chlorophyll a fluorescence changes (including JIP test parameters) and photosynthetic pigments were studied in oat (Avena sativa L.) leaves of late summer sowing during autumnal cooling. As the average daily temperature decreased from 8 to 2°С, the chlorophyll content decreased by 40%, while the chlorophyll a/b ratio ranged between 2.2 and 2.4. The total pool of carotenoids and

Abstract The first part of this work consists in the identification of a prokaryotic-type bifunctional enzyme (aspartate aminotransferase, PT-AAT) in photosynthetic cells of Sorghum–sudangrass hybrid seeds Sorghum × drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) Millsp. and Chase. The results obtained show that the enzyme is constituted by a subunit of 45 kDa immunologically similar to the enzymes of C3 plants and gymnosperms

Abstract Analysis of root growth parameters was carried out on the seedlings of 53 monocotyledonous and 78 dicotyledonous plant species. Daily increases of the root length, the root diameter, the length of the meristematic and elongation zones, the length and the number of cells in a cell file of the meristematical cortex cells, and the length of the fully elongated cells were measured during the steady-state

Abstract Components of СО2/Н2О exchange (rates of apparent photosynthesis, transpiration, and dark respiration), as well as efficiency of photosystem I, growth rate, and proline content, were investigated in plants of the С3 species (Atriplex verrucifera M. Bieb), two populations of the С4 species (A. tatarica L.), and two populations of the intermediate С3–С4 species (Sedobassia sedoides (Pall.) Freitag

Abstract Effects of presowing seed treatment of Triticum aestivum L. and Tr. timopheevii Zhuk. wheat with bacteria Bacillussubtilis and B. thuringiensis were studied. Seedling growth, their generation of hydrogen peroxide, and the activities of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins oxalate oxidase (OxO), peroxidase (PO), proteinase inhibitor (PI), and chitinase upon infection with the causal fungus of

Abstract Absolute and relative content and composition of fatty acids, total lipids, and phospholipids, as principal constituents of cell membranes, were examined on vegetative buds of deciduous trees and shrubs throughout the summer and autumn–winter seasons under climatic conditions of the cryolithozone of Yakutia. Lipid metabolism was found to play an essential role in plants' adaptation to low

Abstract In recent years, a new branch of plant physiology, plant phenomics, which focuses on identifying patterns of organization and changes in plant Phenomes, i.e., physical and biochemical characteristics, considered as a set of phenotypes of a plant organism, has emerged. Phenomics is a postgenomic discipline that actively uses the achievements of the genomic era and bioinformatics. It supplements

Abstract Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation approach allows for introducing novel genes in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Development of efficient regeneration and transformation protocol is very important for recalcitrant plants like cotton. In the present study, five-day-old germinated mature embryo parts especially embryonic axis, hypocotyl and plumule of cotton ‘Lashata’ were wounded

Abstract The effects of a long-term (6-day) exposure to low positive temperature (4°С, LT treatment) and short-term (3 h per a day for 6 days) daily temperature drops to 4°С (DROP treatment) on leaf respiration in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Moskovskaya 39) were studied under controlled conditions. In the case of the LT treatment, the respiration rate in the darkness (Rd) increased by

Abstract Gibberellic acid (GA3) application has been shown to affect salinity tolerance through modulating oxidative stress processes. Moreover, paclobutrazol (PBZ) as a GA3 biosynthetic inhibitor has been reported to mitigate salt stress in some plant species. In this study, we investigated how GA3 and its inhibitor, PBZ, reduced the negative effects of salt stress in leaves of sweet sorghum (Sorghum

Abstract To explore the physiological response characteristics of plant photosynthesis under acid precipitation stress (A stress), snow-melting agent stress (S stress), and freeze-thaw stress (F stress) as well as their various combinations, the net assimilation rate (NAR), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs) and water use efficiency (WUE) of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea

Abstract The tea geometrid Ectropis grisescens is an important pest of tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). It feeds on the new leaves and tender stems of tea plants, causing serious damage. The green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenol (z3HOL) can effectively activate the defense of tea against E. grisescens in the laboratory. In this study, z3HOL was confirmed to activate the tea mitogen-activated

Abstract Relationships between changes in the levels of intracellular cAMP and H2O2 were studied in various growth zones of pea (Pisumsativum L.) seedling roots upon infection with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae (Rlv), Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi (Psp), or Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Cms). Previous studies have shown that these root zones are differentially sensitive to Rlv. In

Abstract The content of chlorophylls (Сhl) a and b and carotenoids (Сar) during the growing season was studied in the leaves of 31 species of steppe and forest plants. In contrast to forest plants, steppe plants possessed less chlorophylls and carotenoids per leaf mass (2 and 1.5 times, respectively), a low Сhl/Сar ratio, a greater (1.5 times) content of carotenoids per leaf area, and a high Сhl a/b

Abstract Soybean is the world’s leading economic oilseed crop. Drought stress is a major constraint on the growth and yield stability of soybean. Here, wild soybean (Glycine soja Siebold & Zucc.) was found to be more drought tolerant than cultivated soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) owing to morphological changes at the whole-plant level when subjected to 5% PEG-6000 treatment. Additionally, differential

Abstract In this study, the response of the chloroplastic antioxidant system of the halophyte Cakile maritima Scop. and its tolerance to NaCl stress have been studied using purified chloroplasts. Seedlings were grown in different salt concentrations (0, 100, 200 and 400 mmol/L NaCl) and plants were harvested after 40 days. Isolated chloroplasts were purified by centrifugation in density-gradients of

Abstract Due to the antifungal and antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are now widely used in consumer products. In this research, the effects of various concentrations of AgNPs (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 ppm) on growth, contents of micro- and macroelements, physiological traits and expression of PAL and GSH genes of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) plants were investigated. The

Abstract Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a valuable food and medicinal plant. Its pharmacological activities are mainly attributed to its secondary metabolites. As a non-model plant, there is a lack of reference sequence information for ginger. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the biosynthesis of active compounds has important practical value for molecular breeding and the medicinal use

Abstract Composition and content of fatty acids were examined in total lipids of pericarpic tissues in the oriental wild apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk.) grown in mountain regions of the North Caucasus. The fatty acids (FA) in pericarp outer layers (epidermis and hypodermis) and pericarp parenchymal parts were characterized by a comparatively low unsaturation index (UI): 0.902 and 1.115, respectively

Abstract A field study on sugar beet with foliar application of jasmonic acid (JA) was evaluated under deficit irrigation regimes. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with three replicates at two locations (Shahrekord and Shalamzar) in Chaharmahal-Bakhtiari Province, Iran during 2015 growing season. The experiment applied JA on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) at two different

Abstract Plasticity of plants’ morphology enables them to successfully adapt to environmental conditions. Energy necessary for development and response to stresses is supplied by photosynthesis; that is why the plants must efficiently intercept and assimilate light radiation. The main photosynthetic organ is the leaf, whose structure has evolved for the most efficient utilization of sunlight, and the

Abstract Plant root architecture modulates during developmental stages and adjusts with the environmental condition. The cytosolic calcium which is a ubiquitous secondary messenger in all eukaryotes strongly affects the root system in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. We proposed that calcium chloride gradients affect PIN2 expression, which in term modulates root architecture and lateral root emergence

Abstract In this study, the polysome profiling method was used for the separation of mRNA depending on their loading by ribosomes into polysomal and monosomal fractions. Separation of pools of such mRNA and analysis of transcripts (mRNA), which are characterized by a constant level of transcription in a wide range of absolute values at all stages of plant ontogenesis and associated with each pool of

Abstract The leaves of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter rye (Secale cerealе L.) were used to examine the dynamics of peroxidase activity and the content of hydrogen peroxide, proline, flavonoids, and organic acids (oxalic, succinic, malic, and citric) at early stages of alkaline (pH 10) and acidic (pH 3) stresses imposed by the pH change in the root medium. The results are discussed on

Abstract In addition to its role as one of the largest staple food crops in the world, rice (Oryza sativa L.) currently serves as an important bioreactor in molecular pharming. Although some studies have been conducted on the effects of foreign protein expression on rice, most of them use mature seeds and focus on proteomic changes. In this study, the effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)

Abstract Waterlogging is a global abiotic stress that seriously restricts the growth and yield of wheat. DNA methylation is the most common epigenetic modification and plays an important role in plant responses to adverse conditions. In this study, the methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) sequencing approach was used to detect the methylation levels and pattern changes under hypoxia

Abstract Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) is an aroma grass cultivated as a cash crop for its foliage essential oil that is widely used in cosmetics/perfumery, insect-repellents, as source of synthagens etc. The oil comprises of mainly acyclic monoterpenols (geraniol and citronellol) and their esters (geranyl acetate and citronellyl acetate), besides citronellal. This study was undertaken

Abstract Melatonin plays an important role in the enhancement of plant tolerance to drought stress. The underlying mechanisms of this melatonin-induced protection of the photosynthetic apparatus against drought stress are still not fully understood in maize (Zea mays L.). This study investigated the effects of 100 and 200 μM exogenous melatonin additions on the photosynthetic electron transport process

Abstract Mutant strains of the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena strain PCC 7120 ΔHup (dc-Q193S and dc-R284H) with amino acid substitutions located in the vicinity of the FeMo cofactor of nitrogenase possess nitrogenase activity with a hydrogen production rate of approximately 18 μmol Н2/(mg h), which is ~30% lower than that of the parental strain ΔHup. The photosynthetic activity of mutants is also

Abstract Effect of a short-term (15, 30, 60, and 120 min) root treatment with melatonin (0.1 pM and 1.0 µM) on physiological parameters of the leaf was studied in 21-day-old cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants, early cv. Izyashchnyi, grown on Murashige-Skoog nutrient medium. Experimental data concerning kinetics of melatonin influence have shown that the duration of the aftereffect necessary for activation

Abstract Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) was exposed to salinity in the factorial study with 2 factors including salinity [irrigation with tap water and saline water with the EC (Electrical Conductivity) of 2, 4, and 6 dS/m] and progesterone and SA (no hormone, 1 mg/L progesterone, 10 mg/L progesterone, 1 mM SA, 3 mM SA, 1 mg/L progesterone + 1 mM SA) applied in four replications. The results

Abstract Molecular and epigenetic mechanisms for regulation of a key TCA enzyme 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (2-OGDH) were investigated in connection with plant metabolism response to alteration of light conditions. It was shown that the activity of 2-OGDH in the leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) depends on illumination. In the dark, the operation of the examined enzyme accelerates what apparently ensures

Abstract Dehydrins is a complex family of hydrophilic heat-stable proteins. Their properties and functions are inadequately studied. They are accumulated in plant tissues in response to any external stimulus causing dehydration of the cells. These stimuli may result from drought, salt stress, cooling, treatments with hormones, and seed maturation. Dehydrins are identified in cyanobacteria, tissues

Abstract Effect of presowing treatment with stevioside (10–8 M) on activity, content, and expression of the wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) gene, as well as the content of phytohormones, was studied in 4-day-old seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to low above-zero temperatures. Pretreatment with stevioside considerably increased the protective potential of plants in response to low-temperature

Abstract Low temperature (LT) is an important elicitor that triggers anthocyanin biosynthesis. To investigate whether the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced via RBOH are involved in this process, we analysed the function and mechanism of ROS produced via RBOH during LT-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Begonia semperflorens Link & Otto. The results showed that BsRBOHD transcription was upregulated

Abstract Cold stress affects plant growth and crop productivity. Consequently, there is considerable interest in plant genes that respond to cold stress as these might provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of chilling tolerance. In the present study, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (SAMS), a cold-responsive gene isolated from Miscanthus sinensis Andersson, was transformed into Nicotiana

Abstract Flotillin membrane proteins are involved in many cellular processes and physiological functions. However, these proteins’ participation in plant response to stresses remains poorly understood. In the present report, the possible involvement of flotillin Flot1 in Na+ and K+ homeostasis in cells under sodium chloride salinization of the medium was studied in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.

Abstract Ascorbic acid (AA) is one of the most important antioxidants and redox-active substances of plants found in the apoplast. In the form of ascorbate anion, it can be exported to the cell wall through anion channels, where it is further oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and in this form is translocated back into the cytoplasm through as yet unidentified transporters. In the apoplast AA is

Abstract The qualitative composition and changes in the total fatty acid (FA) content in leaves of wild-type potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Desnitsa) plants and plants transformed with the desA gene of Δ12-acyl-lipid desaturase from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 have been studied under cold hardening conditions (6 days at 5°С). During cold adaptation, plants of both types increase their cold resistance

Abstract Organisms can produce heat shock proteins (HSPs) in response to elevated temperatures and other abiotic stresses. However, the function of HSPs, including small heat shock proteins (sHSPs), in stress tolerance is not fully explored. To improve our understanding of sHSPs, we isolated a gene of sHSPs from David lily (Lilium davidii Duchartre) called LimHSP16.45. Results reveal that LimHSP16

Abstract The role of furostanol glycosides (FGs) in the intensification of main metabolic processes in cultured yam (Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.) cells was shown. The effects of FGs were associated with changes in the complicated network of intracellular enzymatic reactions. This was evidenced by an increase in the activities of the enzymes from the glucose glycolytic oxidation pathway (hexokinase and

Abstract The ability to accumulate nickel (Ni) was compared in hyperaccumulator Noccaea сaerulescens F.K. Mey and excluder Thlaspi arvense L. after a short-term (1, 2, or 3 days) and long-term (8 weeks) exposure. T. arvense and four accessions of N. сaerulescens (La Calamine (LC), Saint Félix de Palliéres (SF), Monte Prinzera (MP), and Lellingen (LE)) were grown on a half-strength Hoagland`s solution

Abstract Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is one of the most important forest tree species in Europe, from both economic and ecological perspectives. Several studies indicate the possibility of using different species of the genus Quercus for afforestation of lands affected by industry, including trace-element polluted areas. The main objective of this research was to determine the Cd accumulation

The modern pharmaceutics actively screens an immense diversity of substances occurring in plants and other natural resources in the search for new effective medicinal agents. The Global Institute for Bioexploration (GIBEX) established by joint efforts of Rutgers University and the University of Illinois (United States) represents the organizational core of international scientific community whose activity