Leaf fall disease of rubber tree caused by Neopestalotiopsis cubana has been reported to negatively impact rubber cultivation in southern Thailand. The aim of this study was to test and select effective fungicides to control this disease. Effects of fungicides, namely metalaxyl, prochloraz, hexaconazole, carbendazim, captan, mancozeb, propineb, aironae, copper oxychloride, sulfur, zinc oxide nanoparticles

Bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. ricini (Xar) is the only important disease of bacterial etiology reported to threaten castor bean production. No cultivars expressing resistance to the pathogen are known. Hence, knowledge of the physiological and biochemical alterations caused by the bacterium to castor bean plants could shed light into alternative approaches to obtain plant

A wild type Magnaporthe oryzae CY2 with normal growth and sporulation but weak pathogenicity is not virulent to more than over 1000 rice cultivars. Based on the transformant library of M. oryzae CY2 by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT), we screened a transformant T23 with normal infectious hyphae and pathogenicity to rice line IRBL-19. Co-segregation and southern blotting suggested

Non-host resistance (NHR) is a prevalent mode of plant defense against invading pathogens, including viruses. Being hard to circumvent, NHR has considerable potential to provide durable resistance against virus infection. This review systematically analyzes recent research findings demonstrating NHR mechanisms and chronologically enumerates the defense strategies contributing to NHR. Conventionally

d-allose is one kind of rare sugar and its biological functions and metabolic pathways in several organisms have been reported, but its function in plants’ resistance has not been well understood. In this research, we analyzed the function of d-allose in plant immunity in tomato. The plants which were pretreated with 5 mM d-allose increased the resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae

Common bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) (known also as X. campestris pv. phaseoli and its variant Xap var. fuscans (Xapf)), is the most important bacterial disease of common bean worldwide. Information regarding Xap-common bean interaction and the mechanisms of host resistance involved needs to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated physiological

Cucumber alternaria leaf spot is a fungal disease of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) caused by the pathogen Alternaria cucumerina (Ell et Ev.) Elliott. RNA-seq was used to reveal plants response to Alternaria cucumerina infection at 2 and 6 days post-inoculation in two cucumber varieties—a resistant variety, D1322; and a susceptible one, BJ204. A total of 2015 and 162 differentially expressed genes were

Nitric Oxide (NO) is one of the most studied signalling molecules as it is an important modulator that interact with other molecules during plant defence mechanism against pathogen attack. The predominant regulatory mode of action of NO is protein S-nitrosylation - the covalent binding of NO moiety to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine residue to form S-nitrosothiol (SNO). In this study, we examined

Arabidopsis RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.1(RPW8.1) confers broad-spectrum resistance to both fungal and bacterial pathogens. To uncover the regulatory mechanism of RPW8.1-mediated resistance, we constructed an EMS mutagenesis library based on the Arabidopsis transgenic line R1Y4 expressing RPW8.1-YFP from native promoter. Here, we described a variegation mutant B26m1-4 from the library. Map-based

Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight, a devastating disease of apples and pears. The antimetabolite 6-thioguanine (6 TG) is synthesized and excreted by this bacterium and is involved in pathogenesis. Plants contain numerous nucleobase transporters that readily transport guanine. Studies of the Malus domestica nucleobase cation symporter 1 (MdNCS1) by heterologous expression in nucleobase transport

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are types of transcriptional and post-transcriptional modulators of gene expression that play crucial roles in response to diverse stresses. Although significant progress on the miRNA-mediated gene regulation has been made recently in plant-nematode interactions, none has been reported on root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.) infection in Cucumis metuliferus, which is a relative

U-box is the protein domain, which was presented in proteins of yeasts to higher organisms. The U-box domain-contains proteins encoded by the U-box gene family, which is a huge gene family in plants. However, information about all U-box genes in apple, one of the most popular fruits all around the world is not clear and organized. In the present study, identification of the apple U-box genes was performed

The effect of bio-agent Bacillus subtilus, nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Zinc oxide (ZnO) as well as the combination compared with fungicide (Topas100) was investigated under laboratory (in vitro) and greenhouse conditions against powdery mildew disease caused by Podosphaera xanthii. Most of treatments were strong to inhibit the spore germination of P. xanthii. B. subtilus and B. subtilus + nano-Tio2

Rice plants cultivated under 700 ppm atmospheric CO2 concentration presented a reduction in the progress and severity of the brown spot disease (Bipolaris oryzae), through the enhancement of biochemical defense mechanisms. Plants exposed to 700 ppm of CO2 had higher activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and chitinase, and increased

Charcoal rot, caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, affects wide varieties of plant species and may result in serious crop losses. Exogenous siRNAs were applied to target a β-1,3-glucan synthase (MpGLS2) gene in M. phaseolina to test the hypothesis that decreased production of β-1,3-glucan, a major cell wall component, would negatively affect growth of the fungus. Under various testing conditions

Brown rot, caused by both fungal pathogens Monilinia laxa and M. fructigena, is considered as one of major pre-and postharvest pathogen of tree fruit. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the in vitro and in vivo ability of pomegranate peel aqueous extract (PGE) against both fungal pathogens causing brown rot. Results showed a significant antifungal activity on the in vitro mycelial growth of

Foxtail millet smut disease, which is caused by the basidiomycetous fungus Ustilago crameri, has become a severe detriment to millet production. However, little is known about the molecular responses of foxtail millet to infection with U. crameri. In this article, we performed RNA-Seq to investigate transcriptional modulation in the resistant cultivar Jigu20 and the susceptible cultivar Changnong35

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes a devastating disease in oilseed rape (Brassica napus), an important oil crop, resulting in huge economic losses. Studies have shown that Arabidopsis thaliana NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1(NPR1), a key regulator of salicylic acid (SA) signaling, plays an important role in plant defense against pathogens. However, little is known about the B. napus (Bna)

Non-host resistance (NHR) describes the immunity state of plant species against non-adapted pathogen species and has been considered the most durable and effective form of plant resistance in nature. The objective of this work was to study the non-host resistance mechanisms involved in Arabidopsis thaliana and Malus domestica against Colletotrichum fructicola and Colletotrichum higginsianum, respectively

Bacterial leaf streak of rice (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), is an increasingly serious disease in southwestern China. This study aimed to evaluate the response of the native rice variety Hongyou-4 (HY4) to two different transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) genotypes of Xoc. HY4 was significantly susceptible to Xoc strain 13T19 and resistant to Xoc strain YM15. Transcriptomic

Phakopsora pachyrhizi, which causes Asian soybean rust (ASR), secretes effector proteins to manipulate host immunity and promote disease. To date, only a small number of effectors have been identified from transcriptome studies. To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of P. pachyrhizi candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs), we sequenced the transcriptome using two next-generation sequencing

In the genome sequence of the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a phosphopantetheinyl transferase gene homolog Ss-Ppt1 (Accession XM_ 001596461.1) with 1 SCOP and 1 ACPS module was identified. And the transcription of Ss-Ppt1 was increased significantly at the sclerotial maturation stage. Silenced mutant strains of Ss-Ppt1 were generated by RNA interference method. The mutant strains were screened

Brown blotch disease of mushroom caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii, often results of severe damage to mushroom tissues. In this study, the biocontrol mechanisms mediated by endofungal bacteria Pseudomonas sp. De1, Bacillus sp. De3, Pseudomonas sp. Bi1 and Pantoea sp. Ma3 previously isolated from wild growing mushrooms against Pseudomonas tolaasii Pt18 were demonstrated. Our results provide evidence that

Sweet potato feathery mottle virus is a potyvirus that infect sweet potato. The genome of the virus was analysed to understand genetic diversity, evolution and gene flow. Motifs, nucleotide identity and a phylogenetic tree were used to determine phylogroup of the isolates. Gene flow and genetic diversity were tested using DnaSP v.5. Codons evolution were tested using three methods embedded in Datamonkey

The present work was carried out to investigate the application potential of Trichoderma harzianum T-soybean in maize (Zea mays) production. The effects of T-soybean metabolite on pathogen growth, maize growth and resistance response as well as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase (ACCD) (EC 4.1.99.4) crude enzyme liquid on germination and seedlings growth of maize were analysed in greenhouse

Trichoderma virens is a plant beneficial fungus that interacts intimately with roots and boosts plant immunity against invading pathogens. Some Trichoderma species have been used to control vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense by enhancing host plant defence. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of such interactions of Trichoderma with banana roots, this study analyses

There is an increasing concern about the postharvest loss of table grapes due to pathogenic fungal decay. In order to identify the potential pathogenic fungi causing decay in table grapes at Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China, we aimed to isolate fungi from decayed table grapes. Seven fungi, namely Aspergillus japonicas (A3), Aspergillus uvarum (B2), Cladosporium cladosporioides (C3), Aspergillus aculeatus

Leaf curl diseases caused by tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV) is responsible for considerable yield losses and pathogenicity of virus is attributed to the expression of a viral protein, AV2. The present study was designed to elucidate role of AV2 in virus infection and characterize its interaction with tomato F-box Kelch protein (KFB). The interaction between AV2 and KFB was assayed using

Common scab of potato is an important disease caused by Streptomyces scabies. Biological control of this disease was previously demonstrated under controlled and field conditions using Pseudomonas synxantha LBUM223, a phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA)-producer. To better understand the impact of PCA on the pathogen, RNA-seq analyses of S. scabies confronted with wild-type LBUM223, its isogenic PCA-deficient

A common response of plant leaves and roots to stress, biotic or abiotic, is the oxidative burst. In leaves, this results in reactive oxygen species being produced within the apoplast, the space surrounding the responding cells. A second response that occurs in the tobacco apoplast during this period is the production and accumulation of phenolic metabolites. The interaction of these redox active metabolites

To investigate the disease resistance effect of pectin oligosaccharide (POS) in Arabidopsis thaliana against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000), different concentrations of POS (25, 50, 100, 200 mg L−1) were used. Results demonstrated that 25 mg L−1 POS treatment at 3 DPI (days pre inoculation) showed the most effective resistance against Pst DC3000 by enhancing salicylic acid (SA)

Nucleotide-binding site, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes play a critical role in rice disease resistance. However, the transcriptional activities of rice NLR genes during pathogen invasions are still unclear. To uncover their activities, we identified 430 regular rice NLR genes with both NBS and LRR domains, consisting of 192 CNL and 238 XNL (without a CC motif) members. We performed individual and

Pratylenchus coffeae is among the plant parasitic nematodes contributing to yield losses of banana. To determine the status of P. coffeae, a survey was conducted in banana-growing regions of Tanzania and samples collected. The results indicated that in 2015 there was an increase in total counts of P. coffeae extracted from roots compared to that reported in 1999 in Unguja West, North and South. Moreover

Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) caused by Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) is the main constraint to cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production in Mozambique. Using RT-PCR to amplify partial coat protein nucleotide sequences, we detected for the first time the occurrence of CBSV in two non-cassava perennial wild plant species: Zanha africana (Radlk

Here, we report a method to clean cassava plants from viral infections that cause cassava mosaic and brown streak diseases in Africa. Infected plants of resistant or tolerant varieties from Malawi, Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda were cleaned in the UK using a combination of tissue culture, chemotherapy and thermotherapy. In the first cycle of our virus-indexing procedure, we successfully cleaned

The localization of Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) in cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf tissues was determined and cellular morphological changes in CBSV-infected tissues were evaluated. CBSV-symptomatic leaves were screened with CBSV-specific primers using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical reactions showed precipitation in CBSV-infected but not CBSV-free tissues

In vitro culture offers many advantages for yam germplasm conservation, propagation and international distribution. However, low virus titres in the generated tissues pose a challenge for reliable virus detection, which makes it difficult to ensure that planting material is virus-free. In this study, we evaluated next-generation sequencing (NGS) for virus detection following yam propagation using a

Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) threatens cassava (Manihot esculenta) production in Africa. A total of 24 selected cultivars were screened against CMD using combined molecular and greenhouse grafting tools. Disease severity was recorded for 10 weeks after inoculation and the molecular markers associated with CMD2 were detected by PCR. CMD severity significantly differed (P < 0.0001) among cultivars. Twelve

This study identified gender-based constraints affecting the production, processing and marketing of biofortified cassava in two states in Nigeria, using a mixed methods approach. The study identified major differences between the two study sites (Benue and Oyo). The scale of production of biofortified cassava is higher in Oyo state among adult men because of their active involvement and collaboration

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is a vital crop for overcoming food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa and its production is highest in East Africa where yields are high and the growing seasons are short. This cross-country study assessed farmers' local practices and their knowledge of the biotic constraints to sweetpotato production in Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya and Tanzania with the aim of providing empirical

Leaf rust, caused by the foliar pathogen Puccinia triticina is a major disease of wheat in the southern region of Brazil and invariably impacts on production, being responsible for high yield losses. The Brazilian wheat cultivar Toropi has proven, durable adult plant resistance (APR) to leaf rust, which uniquely shows a pre-haustorial resistance phenotype. In this study we aimed to understand the interaction

AvrRxv is a member of a family of pathogen effectors present in pathogens of both plant and mammalian species. Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria strains carrying AvrRxv induce a hypersensitive response (HR) in the tomato cultivar Hawaii 7998. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified a 14-3-3 protein from tomato that interacts with AvrRxv called AvrRxv Interactor 1 (ARI1). The interaction