Age-related resistance (ARR), or ontogenic resistance, is associated with host developmental stages. Winter squash fruit (Cucurbita moschata) develops resistance to the oomycete plant pathogen, Phytophthora capsici, as they mature. ARR in winter squash to P. capsici could be exploited to assist growers in limiting crop loss due to fruit rot. The objective of this study was to determine whether preformed

Translationally controlled tumour proteins (TCTPs) are omnipresent in eukaryotes and play important physiological roles. This protein is identified as an allergen in the fungi Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium herbarum, and is involved in maintaining a balance between sexual and asexual differentiation in Aspergillus nidulans. MoTCTP regulates growth and conidiation in the plant pathogen Magnaporthe

Fungi that cause grapevine trunk diseases, including Diplodia seriata, Eutypa lata, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, all colonize woody tissues, but lesions develop to different extents. Such variation is thought to correspond to fungal virulence, but it may also reflect host metabolic responses to limit colonization. From the woody stems of potted Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet-Sauvignon’

High-throughput sequencing methods are becoming an essential tool in disease management programs. Unfortunately, the implementation of these techniques in developing countries can be hindered by a limited availability of well-trained bioinformaticians and/or high-performance computing centers that can process and analyze the data with reliability and speed. In this work we present a stand-alone plant

The endophytic bacterial and fungal profiles were comparatively studied between Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) infected and uninfected healthy leaves of a mandarin cultivar, Shatangju (Citrus reticulata Blanco), by using the next generation sequencing technology. A total of 53 endophytic bacterial orders in12 phyla and 24 endophytic fungal orders in 2 phyla were detected in healthy, asymptomatic and symptomatic

Caryophyllales is one of the largest orders in eudicots and comprises 39 families with approximately 12,500 species. Although extracts from species of this order have been considered potential inhibitors of plant virus infection since the early 20th century, few species have actually been investigated. In this review, we present an exhaustive analysis of published papers that investigate this inhibitory

Soil salinity is one of the most prominent abiotic stresses whereas wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is the major biotic stress in chickpea. We carried out an experiment to understand the mechanism of wilt development in chickpea (cv. JG-62) by F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris isolate 49 (Foc-49) in soil under salinity (NaCl) stress. High NaCl concentration had a negative influence

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is an economically important fungal disease in both coffee and black pepper leading to substantial crop losses. In India, coffee is cultivated under natural shade conditions and black pepper is grown as an inter-crop. Since Colletotrichum species can infect a broad range of host plants, there is an apprehension of the spread of anthracnose from coffee to

The ability of SAR-associated molecules to induce resistance in cucumbers to Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans (lab-grown) and powdery mildew (greenhouse-grown), was investigated. Single treatments with glycerol, azelaic acid or pipecolic acid elicited modest levels of resistance in lab experiments, while single treatments with Actigard elicited high levels of resistance in both lab and greenhouse

Fusarium dry rot was one of the most serious diseases of potato during storage. Biological control based on the use of natural bioactive compounds to suppress tuber diseases offer an attractive alternative. As a biopolymer, chitosan had broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various phytopathogens and could induce plant resistance to pathogens. Previous observations showed that chitosan displayed

The Sugarcane white leaf (SCWL) phytoplasma from group 16SrXI is the causal agent of Sugarcane white leaf disease (SWLD) resulting in severe yield losses to the sugar industry. Although microscopy, serology based methods, dot blot DNA hybridization, and PCR have been developed as diagnostic tests, these techniques are labour intensive, costly and time-consuming and can only be undertaken in well-equipped

The potential biocontrol strain Bacillus subtilis KLBC BS6 was isolated from blueberry rhizosphere soil, and its efficacy for controlling grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea in postharvest blueberry fruit and the underlying possible disease resistance mechanisms were investigated. Treatment with B. subtilis KLBC BS6 was expected to inhibit the mycelial growth and conidial germination of B.cinerea

Current study aimed to evaluate the effects of fumigation with 15 μl L−1 nitric oxide (NO) on the quality of ‘Newhall’ navel orange fruit during storage at 5 °C. Fruits quality parameters, decay rate, antioxidant capacity, antioxidant enzymes activities and disease resistance related enzymes activities were evaluated. NO treatment significantly inhibited the increasing weight loss, maintained soluble

Lettuce big-vein disease (LBVD) is caused by either Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MiLBVV) alone, or co-infected with Lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV). Both viruses are transmitted by the fungal vector Olpidium spp. In the present study, population genetics of these two viruses and their fungal vector, O. virulentus, were analyzed, using the nucleotide sequences of the virus coat protein

This study was conducted to test the possibility of using leaf extracts of invasive weed tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) for the postharvest quality preservation of apricot (cv. ‘Şalak’) fruits. Two different doses of A. altissima leaf extracts (0.5% and 2.5%) with and without supplements (0.1% g Arabic gum, 0.05% citric acid, 0.05% potassium sorbate and 0.05% ascorbic acid) were

Penicillium crustosum is one of the causal agents of apple fruit blue mold decay. It produces mycotoxins and it is widely distributed, although a less aggressive pathogen than P. expansum. Changes in sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose), organic acids (malic and shikimic), and antioxidants (total glutathione, ascorbate, and phenolics) were monitored in P. crustosum infected apples at 6 and 24 hpi

Phyllosticta citricarpa is a fungal plant pathogen that causes citrus black spot (CBS). This study is the first to use high throughput sequencing (HTS) to study the genetic diversity within a P. citricarpa population. Seventeen isolates from the United States of America were sequenced and their genomes assembled. A pairwise mapping and variant calling analysis were performed on all isolates, and a

The Resistant (R) proteins play a fundamental role in the innate immunity of plants. Most of these R-proteins have centrally located NB-ARC domain which regulates the R-protein by NTPase activity. Though the effect of amino acid substitution in RNBS, MHD motifs of the NB-ARC domain has been studied in detail, the P-loop motif remains still less explored. With the help of in-silico analysis of a hypothetical

Bacterial blight (BB) is one of the most destructive diseases of rice, caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Several BB resistant genes have been deployed in rice cultivars. One such gene is Xa38, which exhibits resistance against several Indian Xoo races. Since the detailed characterization of Xa38 is still awaited, we have used Virus Induced Gene Silencing, using the

N-acetyltransferases are part of the general control non-repressible 5 (GCN5)-related N-acetyltransferases superfamily (GNATs), which play important roles in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, VaNATA1, the N-acetyltransferase gene from Vigna angularis, was separately obtained from genomic DNA (gDNA) and complementary DNA (cDNA) samples using PCR. The two sequences amplified

Glycoside hydrolase family 76 (GH76) proteins with their endo-α-1,6-mannanases domains are required for cell wall biogenesis in several model fungi, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and Neurospora crassa. However, biological roles of GH76 proteins in phytopathogenic fungi remain unknown. The genome of the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae contains seven GH76 protein-encoding

The soil fungus Fusarium spp, is the main cause of apple replant disease in China. The M9T337 apple rootstock was used to investigate the molecular responses to Fusarium solani infection using transcriptome analysis. We identified 667 differentially expressed genes in F. solani-infected rootstocks, of which 543 were up-regulated and 124 were down-regulated. These differentially expressed genes included

Acacia koa A. Gray (koa) is a leguminous timber wood tree endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Koa forests have been suffering from a devastating wilt disease caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. koae. To protect koa forestry from the disease, it is crucial to understand how disease resistance is conferred in koa. Here we show that non-wounding mechanical stress enhances resistance against

To characterize the hormonal regulations in the transition between biotrophic and necrotrophic phases of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) infection, the endogenous phytohormone and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and glutathione (GSH) redox status of non-inoculated and Xcc-infected Brassica napus cv. Mosa leaves were measured at various points after inoculation. This time-course study

Solanum quitoense Lam. is a solanaceous fruit shrub native to South America that produces a tomato-sized fruit popular in the preparation of fresh juice, fermented beverages, nectars, ice cream and fruit concentrates. Unfortunately, this crop is highly susceptible to insects, nematodes, fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, and a wide range of viral diseases. With the arrival of High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS)

In this study, we identified proteins in cotton associated with resistance to bacterial blight (BB) by using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). To search for proteins that may trigger resistance/defense response, here we analyzed Gossypium hirsutum plants at 24 and 120 h after inoculation with Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum (Xcm). Photosynthesis-related proteins showed pronounced reduction

The present investigation was undertaken to screen Solanum pseudocapsicum, against chilli leaf curl disease (ChiLCD) which is the most destructive virus disease in terms of incidence and yield loss in chilli peppers. The screening was done both under natural epiphytotic condition and through challenge inoculation using viruliferous whiteflies. The genus, which is perennial in nature and has a life

Citrus greening or Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most severe diseases of citrus worldwide and no cure is available at present. Currently molecular techniques based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are mainly used for the identification of HLB disease. The aim of this study was to identify the causal pathogen of citrus greening disease in Bangladesh. A total of eight mandarin orange leaf samples

Verticillium wilt is a major disease of olive (Olea europaea) orchards worldwide. To control the disease, use of a reliable method for pre-planting screening of new planting stocks for infection by V. dahliae is essential. In this study, 20 symptomatic and asymptomatic olive trees, sampled from Zahak region of Sistan in Iran, were analyzed with real-time and nested PCR for in planta detection of V

The tridax daisy (Tridax procumbens) is a predominant weed in Thai plantations. Management of weeds in the country, both past and present, heavily relies on the use of synthetic herbicides. Here, we demonstrate the use of a phytopathogen for controlling this weed. The fungus Colletotrichum siamense isolate Cs1 was isolated from a diseased false daisy (Eclipta prostrata). Topical application of a conidial

F-box proteins constitute one of the largest protein families and play many important roles in plant. To date, less is known about functions of wheat F-box protein. A Kelch-type F-box gene TaFBK was isolated from wheat TcLr15. TaFBK transcripts were more abundant in pistil and leaf tissues, and accumulated more in the susceptible combination than that in the resistant one. The treatment of SA, MeJA

Magnaporthe oryzae (Mo) damages rice leaf, and Thichoderma asperellum (Ta) is a potential biological agent against rice blast. The aims were to identify a reduction of leaf blast severity (LBS), induction of biochemical defense, growth promotion, physiological changes, and modulation of four genes, promoted by four Ta isolates and Ta pool (mixed four Ta isolates). Assay 1 (A1) tested Ta, applied by

In vitro selection of Withania somnifera has been incurred against Alternaria alternata by selection pressure of fungal toxin in an innovative way. Solid green callus was maintained in Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 6-Benzylaminopurine (2 mgL−1). Toxin was partially purified from A. alternata broth culture. Elite clone was generated by gradual intoxication of solid green callus in the

Previous work has shown that GmbZIP45 expression is induced upon Phakopsora pachyrhizi infection. In the present work, it is shown P. pachyrhizi infection induces the expression of some phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes. GmbZIP45 binds to the H-box, cis-element present on promoters of such genes. Interestingly, overexpression of GmbZIP45 activates the transcription of CHS8 but does not induce the

Turfgrass is the number one irrigated crop in the United States. Lawn care regimes require high chemical fertilizer and water inputs. Endophytes, defined as microorganisms that live within plants, have the potential to decrease the high water and high fertilizer requirements of turfgrass. This study evaluated the inoculation of multiple mutualistic endophytes on a commonly planted turfgrass mix in

A novel endophytic bacterium, designated strain UN1512, was isolated from strawberry leaves, and its antifungal activity against Colletotrichum nymphaeae was estimated under in vitro, in vivo, and greenhouse conditions. The bacterial isolate was identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia via morphological, biochemical, and molecular traits. The strain UN1512 decreased the mycelial growth of C. nymphaeae

lncRNAs regulate gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Using computational strategy, we identified 47 and 179 V. vinifera lncRNAs and protein coding sequences, respectively in response to necrotrophic fungus- Botrytis cinerea (gray mold). Co-expression analysis-driven functional annotation revealed their association with GO terms for ‘response to stress’, ‘response

In this study, 189 strains of rice blast fungus isolated from rice-growing fields in five counties within the Jiangxi Province, China, were amplified with 16 pairs of virulence gene-specific primers. Fifteen pairs were able to amplify their target bands. The percentage of polymorphic sites was as high as 93.75%, and the frequency of amplification varied greatly. Cluster analysis classified the 189

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop, which is widely grown, occupying globally an area of ∼215 million hectares. The crop suffers major losses due to leaf rust caused by fungal pathogen, Puccinia triticina Eriks. and E. Henn.. When wheat plants are attacked by this fungus, hundreds of downstream genes involved in signal transduction pathways experience regulated expression. This regulation

Trichoderma spp. are plant beneficial fungi that colonize roots, but unlike plant pathogens, impart defence. Recently, however, some small secreted cysteine-rich proteins have been identified in Trichoderma secretome, deletion of which improves induced defence. The mechanism of such “unusual” behaviour of a plant-beneficial fungus is not understood. In the present study, through in silico analysis

Diverse disease complexes formed by the association of betasatellites with multiple helper begomoviruses result in enhanced symptom severity, breakdown of disease resistance, and eventual yield loss in several dicot crops like cotton, tomato, and tobacco. The roles of the protein βC1 encoded by several betasatellites in pathogenicity have been well characterized. In this study, we examined the role

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is the important causal agent which causes citrus canker in citrus crops. In this study, a mutant strain with an in-frame deletion removed nucleotides 134 to 1017 of the vacJ gene was constructed to reveal the role of VacJ in the physiology and virulence from Xcc. Mutation of vacJ resulted in the decrease in biofilm formation ability in glass tubes and on leaf surfaces

Induction of stress-related genes is primarily reckoned as a major step in plant responses to any stress. The plant genomes possess multiple types of transcription factors (TFs) belonging to diverse families and many of them are unique to plants. The TFs are regulators of transcriptional reprogramming linked with stress responses in plants. TF gene(s) frequently retorts to numerous stresses and then

Root-knot nematodes are one of the important phytoparasites that adversely affect the growth and development in plants, thus affecting its productivity. Various chemical nematicides are available commercially, having adverse effect on the environment and non-target organisms. So, it becomes necessary to explore some eco-friendly strategies to manage these parasites. Polyamines recognised as potential

Proteins participate in defense mechanisms after a pathogen attacks a host. Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in wheat plants play the important role of defense against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici. This study uses various analytic methods to describe the expression of five (PR) protein genes (PR1, PR2, PR4, PR9 and PR10) and genetic polymorphism among sixteen wheat genotypes to understand

Armillaria mellea and A. solidipes are two of the primary causal agents of Armillaria root rot (ARR) in over 500 woody hosts. Although extensive research on this disease has been conducted over the past few decades, finding controls for ARR has been challenging. This is largely due to the lack of knowledge of the fungal infection and host response processes. It is important to understand the infection

Minimal natural resistance in guar against Alternaria cyamopsidis blight or leaf spots requires the need to develop improved cultivars with high level of resistance. In this study, we report the silencing of AcCHS7 gene with pSilentCHS7-2 and pARTCHS7 constructs in Alternaria pathogen and guar plants of HG 2–20 variety, respectively. The down-regulation of AcCHS7 delays the disease progression in guar

Thaumatin-like proteins, which belong to the pathogenesis-related protein 5 family, are an important part of plant defence responses. In this study, five full-length cDNAs encoding thaumatin-like protein (PnTLP1–PnTLP5) were isolated from Panax notoginseng by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that the PnTLP expression levels were regulated by ethylene

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) impose a severe constraint on eggplant productivity and sustainable options to minimize nematode populations below the economic threshold level are limited. In the present study, transgenic eggplants expressing a synthetic peptide (under the control of CaMV35S promoter) that disrupts nematode chemoreception were used as a proof-of-concept to assess the potential of hitherto-underexploited

Rice serves as a source of livelihood to millions of people as staple food. Stem rot of rice caused by Sclerotium oryzae has been an agriculturally significant disease cause about 35% of crop loss. This review dealt with stem rot management strategies applying various agronomic practices. Control of stem rot using fungicide leads to environmental hazour along with its residual effect on human health

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can play an essential role in eliciting an induced defense response in exposed plants. Preceding research showed that Puccinia triticina (Pt) infected resistant wheat emitted VOCs that induced a defense response in uninfected exposed wheat (UR) plants. The current study aimed to determine the biochemical nature of this induced defense response in the UR plants. Seedlings

Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops, largely suffers from various biotic stresses, including Phytophthora capsici L., imposing huge yield loss. Due to the lack of agronomically superior traits in available resistant accessions, chili breeders are constantly searching for new sources of resistance with genetically diverse traits. In the present study, a total

Plants have evolved a specific class of transcription factors (TF) known as NAC TFs (NAM, ATAF and CUC), which have diverse functions including responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. To understand the role of NAC TFs in plant defence response against ‘Black Spot’ disease caused by Alternaria brassicicola in oilseed mustard (Brassica juncea), the NAC TFs identified from transcriptome data of non-host

Cassava bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas phaseoli p.v manihotis (Xpm) is a common disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta). The molecular mechanisms underlying susceptible and resistant response and host defense mechanisms are currently unknown. In this study, we performed large-scale mRNA expression profiling using an RNAseq approach to identify Cassava responses in MBRA685 variety inoculated