Cassava bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas phaseoli p.v manihotis (Xpm) is a common disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta). The molecular mechanisms underlying susceptible and resistant response and host defense mechanisms are currently unknown. In this study, we performed large-scale mRNA expression profiling using an RNAseq approach to identify Cassava responses in MBRA685 variety inoculated

Salt stress has become a major threat to plant growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are considered as bioameliorators and can modulate plant growth in various ways. However, few studies have addressed whether AMF could mediate the detrimental effects of salinity on Ligustrum vicaryi plants. In this study, inoculated (colonization with two AMF, Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri) and Funneliformis mosseae

Plants are constantly exposed to biotic stress factors that affect their growth, development, and productivity. This interaction involves complex molecular mechanisms of resistance, tolerance, susceptibility, and sensibility. Potato is an important crop around the world, not only as a commodity but also as crop model, so to understand its gene regulation is particularly useful. The role of Transcription

The present work was designed to study the post-infectional alterations associated with the disease progression during leaf spot disease caused by Passalora calotropidis in Calotropis procera. It is an important medicinal plant of family Apocynaceae and subfamily Asclepiadaceae. In the present work, various parameters such as leaf area, number of leaf spots, biochemical parameters, i.e., total chlorophyll

Endophytes regulate physiological activities of host plants by conferring resistance against abiotic stress, insect, nematode, and diseases. Besides, they produce novel natural bioactive compounds with potential applications in agriculture, medicine, and food industry. In the present study, seven antagonistic fungal endophytes showing anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activities were isolated from rice

Viruses of the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) are a threat to agriculture and food security throughout the warmer parts of the world. Begomoviruses are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and have genomes consisting of one (monopartite) or two (bipartite) circular, single-stranded (ss) DNA molecules. Most monopartite begomoviruses also associate with host range and symptom exacerbating

Considering wheat as an important staple food crop worldwide and the great impact of blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, to decrease yield, this study aimed to investigate the involvement of ethylene on wheat susceptibility to blast based on its basal and induced levels in plant tissues. Plants from cultivars BRS Guamirim and BRS 220 (susceptible and partially resistant to blast, respectively) were

Cucumber powdery mildew (PM) is a destructive fungal disease which has a substantial impact on cucumber yield and quality. Our previous work has demonstrated that (+)-(S)-ar-turmerone (ATM) is an effective compound for controlling PM infected by Podosphaera xanthii in cucumber. In this study, the effect of ATM on cucumber PM was histologically investigated by observations on the morphology of the pathogenic

Tree canker diseases are mainly caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens, which induce canker lesions, wilting, or dieback in many species. We hypothesized that canker-associated canopy dieback is related to functional failure of the phloem and cambium, carbon starvation and/or hydraulic failure. Using a girdling and inoculation system, we evaluated gas exchange and hydraulic parameters, concentrations

Sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii is a serious biotic limiting factor in sugar beet industry. In this study, 70 sugar beet accessions were screened against H. schachtii, of which 30 resistant and susceptible ones were subjected to polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis by seven Universal DNA Amplification (UDA) primer pairs randomly. The results showed a very high significant

The losses caused by pathogens on fresh products in postharvest can reach up to 50% of the harvest, which is why efficient strategies are required to increase the life of these products and reduce damage from diseases. In this sense, the use of plant-defense hormones represents an option that is respectful of health and the environment, as well as being effective, not only in reducing the incidence

Yellow mosaic virus (YMV) infection occurred through whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmitted begomovirus in black gram during kharif season but the crop did not show any signs of infection during the spring season. To compare and comprehend the intricate link between the glutathione molecule and methylglyoxal detoxification pathway, three black gram cultivars-cv.KUG253 (highly susceptible to YMV), MASH114

Hop (Humulus lupulus) is highly susceptible to powdery mildew caused by the fungal pathogen Podosphaera macularis. The putative resistance (R) gene HCH1 is purported to encode an endochitinase with antifungal activity. Whilst expression of HCH1 is associated with fungal resistance, no studies to date have verified that HCH1 encodes an endochitinase. Herein bioinformatics approach is used to characterise

Thaumantin-like proteins (TLPs), a class of pathogenesis–related (PR) proteins, have the potential to enhance plant resistance against fungal pathogens. They are thought to have different functions in other physiological processes. In this study, a TLP gene (PeTLP) was cloned from poplar cultivar (Populus deltoides × P. euramericana ‘Nanlin895’). According to bioinformatic analysis results about Pe-TLP

Rhizomania, caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is an economically important disease of sugar beet. Management includes the use of single resistance (Rz) genes. However, strains with the ability to overcome the widely used Rz1 resistance gene have already been reported. The mechanisms associated with these genes are unknown, therefore increased understanding of the host defense response

Non-host resistance (NHR) is a prevalent mode of plant defense against invading pathogens, including viruses. Being hard to circumvent, NHR has considerable potential to provide durable resistance against virus infection. This review systematically analyzes recent research findings demonstrating NHR mechanisms and chronologically enumerates the defense strategies contributing to NHR. Conventionally

An RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach was employed to determine the induced responses of mature kiwifruits infected with Botrytis cinerea, the second most important phytopathogen in commercial crops. In total, we identified 2795 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across a broad and time-dependent transcriptional reprogramming during infection. Suppression of photosynthesis-related pathways occurred

Anthracnose caused by Elsinoë ampelina is one of the most serious diseases affecting grapevine production worldwide. Previous studies have described many structural and histochemical changes in grapevine leaves associated with E. ampelina colonization and the presence of ascus-like structures in the lesions. In this paper, we characterized the colonization and reproduction of E. ampelina in grapevine

Bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. ricini (Xar) is the only important disease of bacterial etiology reported to threaten castor bean production. No cultivars expressing resistance to the pathogen are known. Hence, knowledge of the physiological and biochemical alterations caused by the bacterium to castor bean plants could shed light into alternative approaches to obtain plant

Leaf fall disease of rubber tree caused by Neopestalotiopsis cubana has been reported to negatively impact rubber cultivation in southern Thailand. The aim of this study was to test and select effective fungicides to control this disease. Effects of fungicides, namely metalaxyl, prochloraz, hexaconazole, carbendazim, captan, mancozeb, propineb, aironae, copper oxychloride, sulfur, zinc oxide nanoparticles

A wild type Magnaporthe oryzae CY2 with normal growth and sporulation but weak pathogenicity is not virulent to more than over 1000 rice cultivars. Based on the transformant library of M. oryzae CY2 by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT), we screened a transformant T23 with normal infectious hyphae and pathogenicity to rice line IRBL-19. Co-segregation and southern blotting suggested

d-allose is one kind of rare sugar and its biological functions and metabolic pathways in several organisms have been reported, but its function in plants’ resistance has not been well understood. In this research, we analyzed the function of d-allose in plant immunity in tomato. The plants which were pretreated with 5 mM d-allose increased the resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae

Common bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) (known also as X. campestris pv. phaseoli and its variant Xap var. fuscans (Xapf)), is the most important bacterial disease of common bean worldwide. Information regarding Xap-common bean interaction and the mechanisms of host resistance involved needs to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated physiological

Cucumber alternaria leaf spot is a fungal disease of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) caused by the pathogen Alternaria cucumerina (Ell et Ev.) Elliott. RNA-seq was used to reveal plants response to Alternaria cucumerina infection at 2 and 6 days post-inoculation in two cucumber varieties—a resistant variety, D1322; and a susceptible one, BJ204. A total of 2015 and 162 differentially expressed genes were

Nitric Oxide (NO) is one of the most studied signalling molecules as it is an important modulator that interact with other molecules during plant defence mechanism against pathogen attack. The predominant regulatory mode of action of NO is protein S-nitrosylation - the covalent binding of NO moiety to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine residue to form S-nitrosothiol (SNO). In this study, we examined

Arabidopsis RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.1(RPW8.1) confers broad-spectrum resistance to both fungal and bacterial pathogens. To uncover the regulatory mechanism of RPW8.1-mediated resistance, we constructed an EMS mutagenesis library based on the Arabidopsis transgenic line R1Y4 expressing RPW8.1-YFP from native promoter. Here, we described a variegation mutant B26m1-4 from the library. Map-based

Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight, a devastating disease of apples and pears. The antimetabolite 6-thioguanine (6 TG) is synthesized and excreted by this bacterium and is involved in pathogenesis. Plants contain numerous nucleobase transporters that readily transport guanine. Studies of the Malus domestica nucleobase cation symporter 1 (MdNCS1) by heterologous expression in nucleobase transport

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are types of transcriptional and post-transcriptional modulators of gene expression that play crucial roles in response to diverse stresses. Although significant progress on the miRNA-mediated gene regulation has been made recently in plant-nematode interactions, none has been reported on root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.) infection in Cucumis metuliferus, which is a relative

U-box is the protein domain, which was presented in proteins of yeasts to higher organisms. The U-box domain-contains proteins encoded by the U-box gene family, which is a huge gene family in plants. However, information about all U-box genes in apple, one of the most popular fruits all around the world is not clear and organized. In the present study, identification of the apple U-box genes was performed

The effect of bio-agent Bacillus subtilus, nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Zinc oxide (ZnO) as well as the combination compared with fungicide (Topas100) was investigated under laboratory (in vitro) and greenhouse conditions against powdery mildew disease caused by Podosphaera xanthii. Most of treatments were strong to inhibit the spore germination of P. xanthii. B. subtilus and B. subtilus + nano-Tio2

Rice plants cultivated under 700 ppm atmospheric CO2 concentration presented a reduction in the progress and severity of the brown spot disease (Bipolaris oryzae), through the enhancement of biochemical defense mechanisms. Plants exposed to 700 ppm of CO2 had higher activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and chitinase, and increased

Charcoal rot, caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, affects wide varieties of plant species and may result in serious crop losses. Exogenous siRNAs were applied to target a β-1,3-glucan synthase (MpGLS2) gene in M. phaseolina to test the hypothesis that decreased production of β-1,3-glucan, a major cell wall component, would negatively affect growth of the fungus. Under various testing conditions

Brown rot, caused by both fungal pathogens Monilinia laxa and M. fructigena, is considered as one of major pre-and postharvest pathogen of tree fruit. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the in vitro and in vivo ability of pomegranate peel aqueous extract (PGE) against both fungal pathogens causing brown rot. Results showed a significant antifungal activity on the in vitro mycelial growth of

Foxtail millet smut disease, which is caused by the basidiomycetous fungus Ustilago crameri, has become a severe detriment to millet production. However, little is known about the molecular responses of foxtail millet to infection with U. crameri. In this article, we performed RNA-Seq to investigate transcriptional modulation in the resistant cultivar Jigu20 and the susceptible cultivar Changnong35

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes a devastating disease in oilseed rape (Brassica napus), an important oil crop, resulting in huge economic losses. Studies have shown that Arabidopsis thaliana NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1(NPR1), a key regulator of salicylic acid (SA) signaling, plays an important role in plant defense against pathogens. However, little is known about the B. napus (Bna)

Non-host resistance (NHR) describes the immunity state of plant species against non-adapted pathogen species and has been considered the most durable and effective form of plant resistance in nature. The objective of this work was to study the non-host resistance mechanisms involved in Arabidopsis thaliana and Malus domestica against Colletotrichum fructicola and Colletotrichum higginsianum, respectively

Bacterial leaf streak of rice (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), is an increasingly serious disease in southwestern China. This study aimed to evaluate the response of the native rice variety Hongyou-4 (HY4) to two different transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) genotypes of Xoc. HY4 was significantly susceptible to Xoc strain 13T19 and resistant to Xoc strain YM15. Transcriptomic

Phakopsora pachyrhizi, which causes Asian soybean rust (ASR), secretes effector proteins to manipulate host immunity and promote disease. To date, only a small number of effectors have been identified from transcriptome studies. To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of P. pachyrhizi candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs), we sequenced the transcriptome using two next-generation sequencing

In the genome sequence of the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a phosphopantetheinyl transferase gene homolog Ss-Ppt1 (Accession XM_ 001596461.1) with 1 SCOP and 1 ACPS module was identified. And the transcription of Ss-Ppt1 was increased significantly at the sclerotial maturation stage. Silenced mutant strains of Ss-Ppt1 were generated by RNA interference method. The mutant strains were screened

Brown blotch disease of mushroom caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii, often results of severe damage to mushroom tissues. In this study, the biocontrol mechanisms mediated by endofungal bacteria Pseudomonas sp. De1, Bacillus sp. De3, Pseudomonas sp. Bi1 and Pantoea sp. Ma3 previously isolated from wild growing mushrooms against Pseudomonas tolaasii Pt18 were demonstrated. Our results provide evidence that

Sweet potato feathery mottle virus is a potyvirus that infect sweet potato. The genome of the virus was analysed to understand genetic diversity, evolution and gene flow. Motifs, nucleotide identity and a phylogenetic tree were used to determine phylogroup of the isolates. Gene flow and genetic diversity were tested using DnaSP v.5. Codons evolution were tested using three methods embedded in Datamonkey

The present work was carried out to investigate the application potential of Trichoderma harzianum T-soybean in maize (Zea mays) production. The effects of T-soybean metabolite on pathogen growth, maize growth and resistance response as well as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase (ACCD) (EC 4.1.99.4) crude enzyme liquid on germination and seedlings growth of maize were analysed in greenhouse

Trichoderma virens is a plant beneficial fungus that interacts intimately with roots and boosts plant immunity against invading pathogens. Some Trichoderma species have been used to control vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense by enhancing host plant defence. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of such interactions of Trichoderma with banana roots, this study analyses

There is an increasing concern about the postharvest loss of table grapes due to pathogenic fungal decay. In order to identify the potential pathogenic fungi causing decay in table grapes at Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China, we aimed to isolate fungi from decayed table grapes. Seven fungi, namely Aspergillus japonicas (A3), Aspergillus uvarum (B2), Cladosporium cladosporioides (C3), Aspergillus aculeatus

Leaf curl diseases caused by tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV) is responsible for considerable yield losses and pathogenicity of virus is attributed to the expression of a viral protein, AV2. The present study was designed to elucidate role of AV2 in virus infection and characterize its interaction with tomato F-box Kelch protein (KFB). The interaction between AV2 and KFB was assayed using

Common scab of potato is an important disease caused by Streptomyces scabies. Biological control of this disease was previously demonstrated under controlled and field conditions using Pseudomonas synxantha LBUM223, a phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA)-producer. To better understand the impact of PCA on the pathogen, RNA-seq analyses of S. scabies confronted with wild-type LBUM223, its isogenic PCA-deficient

A common response of plant leaves and roots to stress, biotic or abiotic, is the oxidative burst. In leaves, this results in reactive oxygen species being produced within the apoplast, the space surrounding the responding cells. A second response that occurs in the tobacco apoplast during this period is the production and accumulation of phenolic metabolites. The interaction of these redox active metabolites

To investigate the disease resistance effect of pectin oligosaccharide (POS) in Arabidopsis thaliana against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000), different concentrations of POS (25, 50, 100, 200 mg L−1) were used. Results demonstrated that 25 mg L−1 POS treatment at 3 DPI (days pre inoculation) showed the most effective resistance against Pst DC3000 by enhancing salicylic acid (SA)

Nucleotide-binding site, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes play a critical role in rice disease resistance. However, the transcriptional activities of rice NLR genes during pathogen invasions are still unclear. To uncover their activities, we identified 430 regular rice NLR genes with both NBS and LRR domains, consisting of 192 CNL and 238 XNL (without a CC motif) members. We performed individual and

Pratylenchus coffeae is among the plant parasitic nematodes contributing to yield losses of banana. To determine the status of P. coffeae, a survey was conducted in banana-growing regions of Tanzania and samples collected. The results indicated that in 2015 there was an increase in total counts of P. coffeae extracted from roots compared to that reported in 1999 in Unguja West, North and South. Moreover

Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) caused by Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) is the main constraint to cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production in Mozambique. Using RT-PCR to amplify partial coat protein nucleotide sequences, we detected for the first time the occurrence of CBSV in two non-cassava perennial wild plant species: Zanha africana (Radlk

Here, we report a method to clean cassava plants from viral infections that cause cassava mosaic and brown streak diseases in Africa. Infected plants of resistant or tolerant varieties from Malawi, Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda were cleaned in the UK using a combination of tissue culture, chemotherapy and thermotherapy. In the first cycle of our virus-indexing procedure, we successfully cleaned

The localization of Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) in cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf tissues was determined and cellular morphological changes in CBSV-infected tissues were evaluated. CBSV-symptomatic leaves were screened with CBSV-specific primers using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical reactions showed precipitation in CBSV-infected but not CBSV-free tissues

In vitro culture offers many advantages for yam germplasm conservation, propagation and international distribution. However, low virus titres in the generated tissues pose a challenge for reliable virus detection, which makes it difficult to ensure that planting material is virus-free. In this study, we evaluated next-generation sequencing (NGS) for virus detection following yam propagation using a

Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) threatens cassava (Manihot esculenta) production in Africa. A total of 24 selected cultivars were screened against CMD using combined molecular and greenhouse grafting tools. Disease severity was recorded for 10 weeks after inoculation and the molecular markers associated with CMD2 were detected by PCR. CMD severity significantly differed (P < 0.0001) among cultivars. Twelve

This study identified gender-based constraints affecting the production, processing and marketing of biofortified cassava in two states in Nigeria, using a mixed methods approach. The study identified major differences between the two study sites (Benue and Oyo). The scale of production of biofortified cassava is higher in Oyo state among adult men because of their active involvement and collaboration

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is a vital crop for overcoming food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa and its production is highest in East Africa where yields are high and the growing seasons are short. This cross-country study assessed farmers' local practices and their knowledge of the biotic constraints to sweetpotato production in Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya and Tanzania with the aim of providing empirical

Leaf rust, caused by the foliar pathogen Puccinia triticina is a major disease of wheat in the southern region of Brazil and invariably impacts on production, being responsible for high yield losses. The Brazilian wheat cultivar Toropi has proven, durable adult plant resistance (APR) to leaf rust, which uniquely shows a pre-haustorial resistance phenotype. In this study we aimed to understand the interaction