Rhizoctonia root rot is an important bean disease that causes significant yield losses. Increasing the levels of plant resistance using biological and chemical inducers is a sustainable strategy for plant disease management. In this study, the efficiency of thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folic acid, menadione, quercetin, naringenin, humic acid, fulvic acid, boric acid, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate

Bacterial blight of cotton, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum (Xcm) is a seed borne disease that constitutes a global threat to cotton cultivation. Among the several races of Xcm, race18 is the most virulent one encountered in India. This study is focused on two aspects: (i) to reveal the predominance and prevalence of race 18 in India and (ii) to decipher genetic and pathogenic variability

Verticillium wilt (VW) is caused by Verticillium dahliae and significantly impacts cotton yield and quality. Breeding of resistant varieties is the most effective strategy for controlling VW. Therefore, it is important to identify VW resistance genes. The diploid wild cotton species Gossypium australe is highly resistant to VW. This study identified 33 CC-NBS-LRR (CNL) genes in the G. australe genome

Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) causes mild to severe chlorosis on tomato leaves. Although it has been postulated that chlorosis is caused by changes in biosynthesis, degradation, function and/or structure of chlorophyll, mechanisms of virus-induced chlorosis has not been explored to date. To understand the mechanisms of virus-induced chlorosis, ToCV-tomato interaction was studied at transcriptome level

Apple replant disease is common in apple cultivation, leading to decay and necrosis of the root tip, growth retardation, and even death of the plant. Biological control, inducing activation of the plant's defense systems, is a promising alternative strategy for controlling the disease. In this study, we used the common rootstock ‘M9T337’ as the test material and harvested the plants at 60 and 120 days

Yellow mosaic virus (YMV) transmitted by whitefly (Bemisiatabaci) infects the leaves of black gram only during the kharif season, causing yellow mosaic disease (YMD)and the incidence of infections absent during the spring season. The main objective of the present investigation was to study the regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites along with

Nano encapsulated naturally derived antimicrobial compounds are nowadays under great attention because of their ability to enhance the efficacy of loaded therapeutics. Alternaria alternata is a fungal pathogen related to the sever disease of tomato plants called early blight which causes high economic losses in tomato production every year and worldwide. Plant compounds such as Carum copticum essential

Due to its unique natural conditions, the Wuling Mountain region is a key area of prevention and control of rice blast disease in China and an ideal area for investigation of its causal fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) research. A total of 237 M. oryzae isolates collected from the Wuling Mountain region in 2017–2018 were used for the study of genetic diversity and pathogenicity dynamics. A set

A meta-analysis was conducted using 228 reported field and greenhouse experiments to evaluate interactions of antagonistic bacteria and fungi, bean production and root rots. According to the Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test, antagonist, pathogen and treatment factors significantly affected control efficiency. Higher control efficiency was detected for Trichoderma gamsii (177%), Gliocladium virens

Colombia is the largest worldwide producer of Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.), which is an exotic tropical fruit with increasing high demand in international markets. Unfortunately, the rapid expansion of this crop has occurred without implementing adequate surveillance measures that enforce the use of healthy planting material for the establishment of new crops. This study investigated the

Soil bacteria are now-a-days familiar for plant disease prevention in comparison to chemical control measures in an eco-friendly way. Antagonistic soil bacteria have created tremendous interests among scientists to be an alternative means of plant disease control. The aim of our study was to isolate soil bacteria with a multifaceted role, both in the aspects of plant nutrition and disease prevention

The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a devastating pest worldwide affecting tomato production. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are well known for their potential as biocontrol agents to control the emergence and development of this insect pest. Virulence and pathogenicity of five EPN strains isolated from different fields in Morocco were evaluated against

Quantity as well as quality of food is a major concern for increasing human population. Serendipita indica, a root endophytic fungus, has multifarious applications in agriculture. It increases nutrient and water uptake, carbon assimilation efficiency and stress-resistance which in turn enhances the growth and yield of plants. Moreover, it improves contents of minerals, fatty acids and essential oil

Agriculture Sector has been affected largely by biotic and abiotic stresses. Among biotic challenges faced by agriculture is the damage caused by insect pests. Insecticides are being widely used for rapid and effective management of insect pests. Despite of their usefulness, the excessive use of insecticides poses potential risks to food safety and environment. To reduce the usage of chemicals, biological

Among the biotic factors affecting the production of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), root rot is one of the most severe diseases worldwide. In Brazil, one of the principal limitations for cassava production, mainly in the Amazon region, is soft root rot disease, which may be caused by Phytopythium sp. On the other hand, microorganisms beneficial to plants, such as plant growth-promoting bacterial

Phytopathogens induced pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins as well as defense-related signaling moleculesare imperative part of an innate immune system in plant especially for systemic acquired resistance. The present study was undertaken to find out the role of chemical elicitors on expression of pathogenicity related genes in susceptible and resistant cultivars of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) against

Ralstonia solanacearum, as a causative agent of potato wilt disease, is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide, and also in the Kurdistan province, Iran. Given the importance of the disease, the aim of the present study was to isolate endophytic bacteria from potato plant tissues such as the tuber, root, stem, and leaf, to investigate their antagonistic effects on R. solanacearum. In this regard,

C. gloeosporioides, a filamentous phytopathogenic fungus, secrets several enzymes during infection and degrades cell wall of the host plant causing anthracnose disease in plants worldwide. In the present study, leaves from four different infected plants (Litchi chinensis, Aegle marmelos, Mangifera indica and Syzygium jambolanum) were collected and four different fungi strains were isolated. They were

This study investigated biochemical and morphological changes associated to oxidative metabolism during late stages, i.e. 25 days after inoculation of Fusarium oxysporum. f. sp. phaseoli (Fop) in susceptible and resistant roots as well as Fop sensitivity to H2O2. Severe cell destruction only occurred in infected susceptible roots, while xylem vessels occlusion was stronger in the resistant genotype

Farmers, so-called the father of land, have a tremendous responsibility to feed the world. The demand for agricultural yield is constantly surging, and the resources that provide this agricultural yield is limited. This imbalance has forced farmers to treat their crops with chemicals to improve yield. These chemical substances are broadly classified as chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides.

The anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum sublineola and its sorghum host provide an excellent system to examine concepts associated with gene-for-gene resistance. In this study, an excised-leaf spot inoculation assay method was used to evaluate host-pathogen interactions across several sorghum cultivars that serve as host differentials for defining races of the pathogen. Host cultivars tested included

Thickening or stunting of Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes is one of the most striking diseases of the crop. It is characterized by the development of abnormally thickened cladodes, dwarfism and malformations. To describe the histological changes and to quantify hormones and nutritional elements in thickened cladodes, microscopic histological sections were compared, and hormones and nutritional elements

The root endophytic fungus Serendipita indica (S. indica) acts as a bio-fertilizer, immuno-modulator, stress-buster and enhances plant growth, and protects the host plant from various biotic and abiotic stresses. Recent high-throughput omics approaches have helped in understanding the role of S. indica in host plants under stress conditions. The present review focuses on the mechanism of S. indica

RNAi technique was used to regulate Fusarium crown and root rot in tomatoes caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL), by targeting three essential genes namely FoCYP51, FoChs1, and FoEF2, considering the fungicide site of action. The designed naked dsRNA was delivered on a hexagonal mono-dispersed and biodegradable layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets with 30–90 nm diameter, providing

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinases (MAPKKKs/MAP3Ks) are widespread signal transduction module of MAPK cascades and show significant role in growth, development and defense/tolerance responses to environmental stresses. However, MAPKKKs are not yet identified and characterized in the sequenced Cicer arietinum genome and their control on plant defense response against herbivory is still

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC) is one of the important fungi that infect cucumber plants, causing significant yield losses. Plant pathogenic fungi differ in their disease severity and aggressiveness degree with diverse infection modes governed by specialized proteins involved in signaling pathways leading to pathogenicity, the area which is less explored. To understand the pathogenicity

In this study, potential of the endophytic fungus Acrophialophora jodhpurensis in induction of tomato resistance against Alternaria alternata the causal agent of early blight disease, was investigated. The obtained results revealed that colonization of tomato roots by A. jodhpurensis reduced progress of the disease caused by A. alternata on the leaves. Activity of antioxidant enzymes, phenolic contents

The proteoglycanase (PGase) gene secreted of Burkholderia gladioli pv. alliicola was cloned to examine the correlation between the properties of this enzyme gene and pathogenicity. Recombinant clones of about 20 kb that produce PGase were separated from the genomic library of B. alliicola CH1. And it was shown that PGase gene was located within a fragment of about 2.6 kb of ApaI-XhoI restriction enzyme

Importance of sorghum as staple food worldwide is unquestionable and silicon (Si) supply has decreased the foliar symptoms of anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum, through potentiation of defense responses and preservation of photosynthetic apparatus. This study investigated the role of Si in cytological changes as well as in the expression of genes involved in auxin metabolism (GH3.1)

Crops are affected by various types of abiotic stress, resulting in a decrease in agricultural productivity thereby challenging food-security issues. Among the different types of abiotic stresses, the temperature has been regarded as a major one followed by salt and drought stress. The increasing temperature causes an alteration in the period of growth and the distribution of crop plants. High-temperature

One of the most important diseases affecting potato is late blight, caused by the oomycete Phtytophthora infestans. The use of jasmonic acid has been reported to reduce the progression of the disease in potato, but the defense mechanisms involved in this response are unknown. In this study we described the effect of jasmonic acid as a priming agent over time in the defense response of potato against

The effect of silymarin as an active ingredient of milk thistle seed as an systemic acquired resistance (SAR) substance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) against rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae was investigated in this study. Silymarin is considered as a medication substance on human drug and has a metabolic and cell-regulating effect and scavenging oxygen radicals reactions. Results showed

Every year, leaf rust causes losses of wheat yield and quality all around the world. Breeding of cereals resistant to fungal diseases offers a long-term alternative for chemical protection and becomes increasingly important for organic farming and ecological food production. Accumulation of effective resistance genes in a single genotype requires recurrent enrichment of the wheat genepool with promising

Control of viral diseases using systemic resistance-inducing microbes and microbial metabolites/molecules is an established alternative strategy for inhibiting plant viruses. However, the mechanisms whereby virus infection is inhibited and restricted in plants expressing systemic resistance remains poorly understood. We have previously reported that an aqueous extract of the dry mycelium of Penicillium

Gilbertella persicaria is a plant pathogenic fungus that develops a necrotrophic lifestyle during its infection process in papaya fruits. The maceration of fruit tissues is observed from 12 h post-inoculation (hpi) and is related to the activity of the hydrolytic enzymes that allow the cell wall degrading and favour the diseases development at approximately 48 hpi. In mucorales fungi including G. persicaria

Charcoal rot is an economically important fungal disease of soybean. The molecular basis of charcoal rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina and soybean pathogenesis is largely unknown, limiting breeding programs to develop genetic resistance. Hence, the present study was targeted to study the transcriptome of susceptible (JS 95–60) and resistant (JS 20–29) soybean genotypes infected with M. phaseolina

Plant volatile compounds such as monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes represent some of the classes of plant volatile compounds and they are involved in the plant defense responses. They are synthesized by terpene synthases (TPSs). The rice genome has reportedly more than 30 TPSs genes and several of them are regulated by a plant hormone, jasmonic acid (JA). In the present study, we analyzed a rice terpene

Tomato is one of the most consumable vegetable crops worldwide. The crop is affected by several pathogens and early blight disease is one of the most deleterious diseases that can severely affect tomato foliage. The current study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the endophytic fungi Trichoderma viride and Chaetomium globosum to manage the early blight disease of tomato and to assess

Blueberries develop a shallow and fibrous root system, with sparse root hairs, normally colonized by mycorrhizal fungi. The presence of endophytic fungi in blueberry roots has been studied mainly in the area of origin of each species. The aims of the present study were to determine the occurrence of endophytic fungi in the roots of southern highbush blueberry (SHB) cultivars, in the three most important

Potato Black Dot, caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum coccodes, is a severe disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum). To study the pathogenicity process, we developed a C. coccodes transformant tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and used it to infect the potato. The results showed that three transformants with strong fluorescence, which were chosen for molecular and microscopic analyses

Ethylene, being deleterious to plant in some instances like stress, is essential for ripening of fruits, overcoming seed dormancy and initiation of germination, however, ethylene can inhibit root elongation post germination. For plants, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) serves as precursor of ethylene however, for microbes ACC acts as chemoattractant. This establishes a scenario in the rhizosphere

Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the most important diseases affecting soybean production. Nutrients play a crucial role in defending plants against pathogens. Soybean resistance against ASR as affected by boron (B) was investigated through physiological, biochemical, and molecular analyses (chlorophyll a fluorescence, concentrations of photosynthetic

Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt in ginger. Here the role of signalling pathways such as salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA) was studied by comparing the differential expression of the marker genes for these pathways during bacterial wilt in both susceptible (ginger, Zingiber officinale) and resistant (mango ginger, Curcuma amada) ginger species. When expression of

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a main pathogen causing rubber anthracnose, which brings huge economic loss to natural rubber industry. Oligopeptide transporter (OPT) is a kind of peptide transport protein, which usually exhibits various biological functions in fungi. In this study, an oligopeptide transporter gene CgOPT2 is identified from the rubber anthracnose fungus C. gloeosporioides as a homolog

This study aimed to test the antifungal activity of Trichoderma species against gummy stem blight caused by Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum in muskmelon plants. Eight isolates of Trichoderma were screened for their inhibitory effect on S. cucurbitacearum, on potato dextrose agar (PDA) by dual culture assay and pre-colonized methods. The results show that Trichoderma sp. PSU-P1 was superior in inhibiting

In Turkey, the citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) was first identified and characterized (full genome) in Adana province. During surveys in 2018 and 2019, 267 leaf samples were collected from various citrus species across the province and analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chaine reaction. A CYVCV incidence of 16.74% was observed. Next-generation sequencing also revealed the whole-genome

Pigeonpea is an important legume cultivated in India, owing to its high nutritive and protein value. Various eco-friendly and green strategies have been proposed by researchers for enhancing the productivity of this pulse crop. In the present study, different bioformulations were prepared from plant growth promoting (PGP) bacterial strains and coated on pigeonpea seeds for monitoring growth enhancement

Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma boninense has remained as one of the major obstacles in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantation. BSR is a destructive disease, which contributes to significant yield losses and impacts to the oil palm industry. However, to date, there is still no effective control of the disease. Metabolite fingerprinting is an established non-targeted screening

Physiological and biochemical changes in plants exposed to high temperatures may lower their resistance to diseases. In this regard, this study investigated whether thermal oscillations could change wheat resistance to blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, considered one of the most important diseases affecting wheat production. Plants were kept in two growth chambers with temperatures of 19 and 28 °C

Penicillium expansum is a pathogenic fungus that causes blue mold decay in various fruits and produces toxic substances. This study investigated the effect of alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) combined with Meyerozyma guilliermondii, a biocontrol yeast, to control blue mold decay in pears and the possible physiological biocontrol mechanisms. The results showed that AOS (5 g/L) combined with M. guilliermondii

Brown rot is a common and devastating disease of different fruits and vegetables. During 2018, a profound brown rot was observed on lemon (Citrus lemon L.) in Islamabad, Pakistan and adjacent areas. This study was designed to identify disease causing pathogen of this disease. Diseased lemon fruit were collected from the orchards and disease causing pathogen was isolated. The morphology of pathogen

Ten genotypes comprising five resistant genotypes namely PBG 7, GLK 08–104 and GL 12021 (desi), ILWC 292 and C. judaicum 182 (wild); one moderately resistant genotype HC 5 (desi); three susceptible genotypes GLK 14313 and L552 (kabuli) and C. pinnatifidum 212 (wild) and one highly susceptible wild genotype ILWC 115 characterized on the basis of disease severity scale to Ascochyta blight caused by infection

Clubroot resistance has been introgressed into spring canola from various sources; however, the molecular basis of this using multiple resistances has not yet been investigated. We conducted a comparative transcriptomic study using resistance introgressed from rutabaga (RtR) and winter canola cv. ‘Mendel’ (MdR) and identified ~3500 upregulated genes of which 8–9% genes were involved in primary and

Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) catalyzes the conversion of formate (HCOO−) into carbon dioxide (CO2), coupled with the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. FDH involvement in the response against abiotic stress is well established whereas FDH role against pathogen attack is less known. Therefore, the in silico correlation analysis of the FDH transcript with a biotic stress dataset was performed, which highlighted