Polyreactive antibodies (pAb) bind to a broad range of unrelated structures, providing hosts with functional components able to rapidly recognize and protect against different pathogens. However, their roles against helminth parasites are still unexplored. Here, pAb profiles were analyzed in cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonosis caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Levels of anti‐DNP

This study aimed at investigating the impact of Dicrocoelium ova on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) treatment in C57BL6 mice.

To describe an anti‐Strongyloides IgA, IgG and IgG immune complex antibody response profile in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

ES‐62 is a well‐studied anti‐inflammatory molecule secreted by L4‐adult stage Acanthocheilonema viteae. We maintain the lifecycle of A. viteae using Meriones lybicus as the definitive host. Here we investigated whether the full lifecycle could be maintained, and functional ES‐62 produced, in a related jird species – Meriones shawi.

DX5+NKT cells’ distribution and population change in BALB/c and FVB mice infected by C sinensis and their function in liver damage were investigated.

Early biomarkers of the response to treatment are lacking and may help to reduce mortality by the vector‐borne disease visceral leishmaniasis (VL).

Leishmaniasis is considered a disease with multiple clinical/immunopathological characteristics, depending on the immunity of the host and the species of the parasite. In Panama, the most prevalent species that causes localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis, and its immune response is poorly studied. Therefore, we evaluated by immunohistochemistry, the in situ immune

Immunocompromised mice are extensively used in the screening of vaccines and drugs for Cryptosporidium, but this study model does not reflect the real status of infection in immunocompetent animals. This study aimed to provide an optimized animal model for future studies of Cryptosporidium vaccine.

To date, a Toxoplasma gondii vaccine for clinical use remains unavailable, though multiple vaccine candidates have been suggested. In our previous studies, unadjuvanted virus‐like particles (VLPs) vaccines expressing multiple T. gondii antigens were confirmed to be protective against T. gondii challenge infection. Yet, the protective efficacy of adjuvanted T. gondii VLP in comparison to the unadjuvanted

Radiation‐attenuated sporozoites induce sterilizing immunity and remain the 'gold standard' for malaria vaccine development. Despite practical challenges in translating these whole sporozoite vaccines to large‐scale intervention programmes, they have provided an excellent platform to dissect the immune responses to malaria pre‐erythrocytic (PE) stages, comprising both sporozoites and exoerythrocytic

Hookworm infection is considered the most prevalent human soil‐transmitted helminth infection affecting approximately 500 million people and accounting for 3.2 million disability‐adjusted life years lost annually. As with many other neglected tropical diseases, no international surveillance mechanisms that show accurate data on the prevalence of hookworm infection are in place, thus hindering strategies

To generate different larval stages of Strongylus vulgaris and to study cytokine responses in cultures of eqPBMC exposed to defined larval stages of S. vulgaris and cyathostomins with the aim to understand the early immune reaction to these parasites.

Trypanosoma cruzi is a remarkably versatile parasite. It can parasitize almost any nucleated cell type and naturally infects hundreds of mammal species across much of the Americas. In humans, it is the cause of Chagas disease, a set of mainly chronic conditions predominantly affecting the heart and gastrointestinal tract, which can progress to become life threatening. Yet around two thirds of infected

IgA and Th17 responses are pivotal for the control of Giardia infections. Eosinophils support IgA class switching, the survival of intestinal IgA+ plasma cells at steady state and can control Th17 activity in the small intestine. To see whether eosinophils regulate adaptive immune responses during giardiasis, we investigated Giardia muris infections in wild‐type BALB/c and eosinophil‐deficient ∆dblGATA‐1

Local and systemic immune mediators of Morada Nova lambs with divergent Haemonchus contortus resistance phenotypes were evaluated.

Trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellated extracellular protozoan parasite that infects the human genitourinary tract, is usually transmitted by sexual contact. Our previous study showed that the leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a T vaginalis‐secreted lipid mediator, induces interleukin (IL)‐8 production and promotes mast cell degranulation and migration via BLT1 in human. In this study, we investigated whether T vaginalis

Serodiagnosis of sheep scab is an established diagnostic method and has become popular in recent years. However, the current diagnostic antigen, Pso o 2, has shown promise as a component of a recombinant vaccine for scab, making it incompatible with discriminating between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). Here, we describe the discovery and characterization of a novel Psoroptes ovis immunodiagnostic

Gyrodactylids are ubiquitous ectoparasites of teleost fish, but our understanding of the host immune response against them is fragmentary. Here, we used RNA‐Seq to investigate genes involved in the primary response to infection with Gyrodactylus bullatarudis on the skin of guppies, Poecilia reticulata, an important evolutionary model, but also one of the most common fish in the global ornamental trade

The Schistosoma japonicum (S japonicum)‐infected ApoE gene deficiency (ApoE−/−) mice were used to determine effect of ApoE on hepatic immunopathology.

Given the involvement of IL‐9 in the immune responses to parasitic infections, we aimed to determine alterations in the levels of IL‐9+CD4+ T cells and the cytokines influencing their differentiations and functions following treatment in paediatric visceral leishmaniasis (VL).

Leishmania donovani, the causative agent for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), modulates host monocytes/macrophages to ensure its survival. However, knowledge regarding the host‐parasite interactions underpinning the disease remains limited. As disease progression is associated with polarization of monocytes/macrophages towards M2, which is regulated by cytokines IL‐4/IL‐13 and IL‐10, this study evaluated

Schistosomiasis is the most important helminth disease in the world from a public health perspective. S mansoni and S japonicum account for the majority of global intestinal schistosomiasis cases, and the pathogenesis is widely assumed to be fundamentally similar. However, the majority of research on schistosomiasis has been carried out on S mansoni and comparisons between the two species are rarely

Gene drive is the process of copying of an endonuclease‐containing cassette that leads to increased frequency of inheritance of the desired traits in a targeted population. CRISPR/Cas9 technology is advancing genetic manipulation of insects in the field of gene drive experiments. The CRISPR/Cas9 drive could be engineered for genetic manipulation of parasites and/or vectors for disease control. A number

This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity and humoral and cellular immune response of three heterologous vaccines against Leishmania infantum , yet containing synthetic peptides from Leishmania major in the experimental model in hamsters.

Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium spp. can cause devastating pathological effects in humans and livestock, and in particular to young or immunocompromised individuals. The current treatment plans for these enteric parasites are limited due to long drug courses, severe side effects or simply a lack of efficacy. The study of the early interactions between the parasites and the site of infection in

Merozoite surface protein 8 (MSP‐8) of Plasmodium parasites plays an important role in erythrocyte invasion and is a potential malaria vaccine candidate.

Fasciola hepatica causes economically important disease in livestock worldwide. The relevance of this parasitic infection extends beyond its direct consequences due to its immunoregulatory properties.

A 24‐year‐old patient presented with a 4‐month‐long high‐spiking fever, characteristic rash, sore throat and arthralgias. Bone marrow biopsy examination demonstrated visceral leishmaniasis with the presence of typical Leishman‐Donovan bodies. During the treatment for visceral leishmaniasis with the sodium stibogluconate, he died suddenly. According to the symptoms, we infer that the patient catch the

Identification of a 29 kDa heat stress protein in filarial parasite Setaria cervi and evaluation of its diagnostic potential against lymphatic filariasis.

Gill health is one of the main health challenges for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) mariculture worldwide, and amoebic gill disease (AGD), caused by the marine ectoprotozoan Neoparamoeba perurans , is currently one of the most significant diseases in terms of prevalence and economic impact. This review describes the host response of Atlantic salmon to the disease, focusing on the pathological changes

The salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Lsal ) is an ectoparasitic copepod that exerts immunomodulatory and physiological effects on its host Atlantic salmon. Over 30 years of research on louse biology, control, host responses and the host‐parasite relationship has provided a plethora of information on the intricacies of host resistance and parasite adaptation. Atlantic salmon exhibit temporal and

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD), caused by the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, is one of the most serious parasitic diseases of salmonids in which outbreaks cause severe economic constraints for the aquaculture industry and declines of wild species throughout Europe and North America. Given that rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ) is one of the most widely farmed freshwater fish and an

The possibility of manipulating the immune response in lambs to the gastrointestinal nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis to reduce production losses associated with infection was investigated. In a series of four experiments, attempts to immunize sheep via the mucosal route to modify the immune response and induce mucosal tolerance are outlined. Initially, a proof of concept study was conducted

The objective of this study was to determine the association of TNF‐α −308 G/A, IFN‐γ +874 T/A, IL‐12B + 1188 A/C, IL‐10 −1082 G/A and IL‐4 −590 C/T polymorphisms with susceptibility to CL.

We evaluate whether the serum and aqueous humour (AH) level of IgG anti‐Hsp70.1 antibodies improved the biological diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis.

The objective of this study was to identify and characterize cell populations within ovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) associated with Haemonchus contortus (Hc) larval morbidity and impairment in vitro.

Skin lesions in nonulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) caused by Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi are characterized by a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis, which is composed mainly of lymphocytes, followed by macrophages, few plasma cells and epithelioid granulomas with mild tissue parasitism. Previous studies have shown that the main population of lymphocytes present in the dermal

Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis, one of the most common worldwide gastrointestinal diseases. For rational development of a Giardia vaccine, increasing our understanding of the host‐Giardia interaction is crucial. In this study, we analysed the immunogenicity and antigenicity of two G lamblia strain variants [GS and GS‐5G8 (+)], which express different levels of the variant‐specific

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by parasites belonging to genus Leishmania (L.) is classified as a category I disease by the TDR/WHO. The understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease was built from the findings of available experimental models. Among all available models, the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is the most suitable model for the experimental representation of VL. In this

E6020 is a synthetic agonist of Toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR4). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of E6020‐SE on Trypanosoma cruzi‐specific immune responses and its ability to confer protection against acute lethal infection in mice. Forty female BALB/c were infected with 500 trypomastigotes of T cruzi H1 strain, divided into four groups (n = 10) and treated at 7‐

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania infantum, is a systemic parasitic disease and presents a global health problem which can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated. Dogs are the main hosts and provide reservoirs for the transmission of the disease to humans.

To investigate the immunoglobulin (Ig) G response after being fed upon by Cimex lectularius L.

The mammalian immune system has evolved to protect our body from a wide variety of dangers. Fending off pathogens is a major function, and under most circumstances, it does so efficiently and effectively. However, parasitic pathogens have developed effective means to dampen and abuse the immune system in order to establish themselves within a host. Macrophages, the all‐rounder cell of the immune system

Helminth infection represents a major health problem causing approximately 5 million disability‐adjusted life years worldwide. Concerns that repeated anti‐helminthic treatment may lead to drug resistance render it important that vaccines are developed but will require increased understanding of the immune‐mediated cellular and antibody responses to helminth infection. IL‐4 or antibody‐activated murine

Leishmaniasis is a neglected infectious disease with clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic or mild symptoms to chronic infection and eventual death. The mechanisms of disease susceptibility and pathology have been extensively studied, but there are no steadfast rules regarding leishmaniasis. A Th1 response is usually associated with infection control, while a predominant Th2 response is

Human malarial infection occurs after an infectious Anopheles mosquito bites. Following the initial liver‐stage infection, parasites transform into merozoites, infecting red blood cells (RBCs). Repeated RBC infection then occurs during the blood‐stage infection, while patients experience various malarial symptoms. Protective immune responses are elicited by this systemic infection, but excessive responses

The present study aimed to evaluate the pathology of the exophthalmia and the host‐immune response in naturally Theileria annulata‐infected calves. The newborn calves detected positive for theileriosis were grouped into calves with theileriosis and absence of exophthalmia (n = 30), and calves with theileriosis and the presence of exophthalmia (n = 13). Sixteen healthy calves, free from any haemoprotozoal

Helminthic infection and the parallel host immune reactions are the results of a protracted dynamic co‐interaction between the host and worms. An assessment of the effect of Toxocara canis infection on arthritis in rats stimulated by Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) was the main purpose of the investigation. An arthritis model was established by the administration of 0.1 mL FCA in the palmar surface

Interleukin‐13 (IL‐13) is a Th2‐associated cytokine that typically induces gut contractility and mucus secretion to eliminate helminth parasites from the digestive tract. Little evidence exists of IL‐13's direct effect on Haemonchus contortus larvae (L3) and thus was the objective of this study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics of B cells in human tegumentary leismaniasis (TL) analysing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), most prevalent form and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), aggressive form characterized by the destruction of the oral‐nasal‐pharyngeal cavities.

Industrial growth has increased the exposure to endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) in all organisms. Bisphenol A (BPA), an EDC, has been demonstrated to be involved in the susceptibility to parasite infections. However, few studies have analysed this connection in more depth. The aim of this study was to determine whether early BPA exposure in female mice affects the systemic immune response and

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani mainly influencing the population of tropical and subtropical regions across the globe. The arsenal of drugs available is limited, and prolonged use of such drugs makes parasite to become resistant. Therefore, it is very imperative to develop a safe, cost‐effective and inexpensive vaccine against VL. Although in recent

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) represents one of the most challenging infectious diseases worldwide. The reason that once infected, patient develops immunity against Leishmania parasite has paved way to develop prophylactic vaccines against disease, but only some of these have moved ahead for clinical trials. Herein, the study to explore novel and potential vaccine candidates was extended to pathogenic

Leishmania donovani (a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis) poses a serious health threat to the human population which is fatal if left untreated. The life cycle of Leishmania alternates between vertebrate host and Phlebotomine fly as intermediate ones. Due to the difficulties linked to vector (sandfly) control and the lack of an effective vaccine, the control of leishmaniasis relies mostly

Leishmaniasis is an important infectious disease that develops because of escaping parasite from the host immune system or preventing host macrophages apoptosis. Recently, the development of transgenic methods and the manipulation of the parasite genome has provided many advantages. So, in this study, the effect of the transgenic Leishmania infantum expressing mLLO‐BAX‐SMAC proteins was examined in

Investigating the anti‐angiogenic effect of bevacizumab on chronic schistosomiasis mansoni in a trial to hinder the Schistosome‐induced angiogenesis and porto‐systemic shunting complications.

Co‐inhibitory receptors play a major role in controlling the Th1 response during blood‐stage malaria. Whilst PD‐1 is viewed as the dominant co‐inhibitory receptor restricting T cell responses, the roles of other such receptors in coordinating Th1 cell activity during malaria are poorly understood.