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Oxidative stress governs mosquito innate immune signalling to reduce chikungunya virus infection in Aedes-derived cells J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-15 Divya Mehta, Sakshi Chaudhary and Sujatha Sunil
Arboviruses such as chikungunya, dengue and zika viruses cause debilitating diseases in humans. The principal vector species that transmits these viruses is the Aedes mosquito. Lack of substantial knowledge of the vector species hinders the advancement of strategies for controlling the spread of arboviruses. To supplement our information on mosquitoes’ responses to virus infection, we utilized Aedes
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Downregulation of endogenous nectin1 in human keratinocytes by herpes simplex virus 1 glycoprotein D excludes superinfection but does not affect NK cell function J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-12 Joanne Kite, Monica Hill, Natasha Preston, Anzelika Rubina, Simon Kollnberger, Eddie Chung Yern Wang and Gillian Elliott
Many viruses downregulate their cognate receptors, facilitating virus replication and pathogenesis via processes that are not yet fully understood. In the case of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), the receptor binding protein glycoprotein D (gD) has been implicated in downregulation of its receptor nectin1, but current understanding of the process is limited. Some studies suggest that gD on the incoming
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Licorice extract inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro and in vivo J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-12 Wenfei Bai, Qinghe Zhu, Jun Wang, Limin Jiang, Donghua Guo, Chunqiu Li, Xiaoxu Xing and Dongbo Sun
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe diarrhea and even death in piglets, resulting in significant economic losses to the pig industry. Because of the ongoing mutation of PEDV, there might be variations between the vaccine strain and the prevailing strain, causing the vaccine to not offer full protection against different PEDV variant strains. Therefore, it is necessary to develop anti-PEDV
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Forty-nine metagenomic-assembled genomes from an aquatic virome expand Caudoviricetes by 45 potential new families and the newly uncovered Gossevirus of Bamfordvirae J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-06 Yimin Ni, Ting Chu, Shuling Yan and Yongjie Wang
Twenty complete genomes (29–63 kb) and 29 genomes with an estimated completeness of over 90 % (30–90 kb) were identified for novel dsDNA viruses in the Yangshan Harbor metavirome. These newly discovered viruses contribute to the expansion of viral taxonomy by introducing 46 potential new families. Except for one virus, all others belong to the class Caudoviricetes. The exception is a novel member of
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Incidental finding of a human-like tusavirus in a lamb with lip lesions and fatal pneumonia J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Hannah Davies, Akbar Dastjerdi, David Everest, Tobias Floyd, Rachael Collins, Harriet McFadzean, Gábor Reuter and Rudolf Reichel
Tusaviruses in the genus Protoparvovirus of family Parvoviridae were first identified in a diarrhoeic Tunisian child in 2014. Thereafter, high prevalence of a genetically similar virus was demonstrated in faeces from caprine and ovine species in Hungary. Here, we describe an investigation into the cause of scabby lip lesions in a 6 month-old lamb, submitted from a farm experiencing weight loss and
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Structural basis for nuclear import of bat adeno-associated virus capsid protein J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Mikayla Hoad, Justin A. Roby and Jade K. Forwood
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are one of the world’s most promising gene therapy vectors and as a result, are one of the most intensively studied viral vectors. Despite a wealth of research into these vectors, the precise characterisation of AAVs to translocate into the host cell nucleus remains unclear. Recently we identified the nuclear localization signals of an AAV porcine strain and determined
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The plant virus transmissions database J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Dick Peters†, Emilyn E. Matsumura, Paulien van Vredendaal and René A.A. van der Vlugt
Plant viruses are transmitted mechanically or by vegetative propagation, and by vectors such as arthropods, fungi, nematodes, or parasitic plants. Sources to access available information regarding plant virus transmissions are scattered and require extensive literature searches. Here, a recently created plant virus transmission database is described. This was developed to provide access to the modes
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Immunogenicity, safety and duration of protection afforded by chikungunya virus vaccines undergoing human clinical trials J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-29 Shambhavi Rao, Daniel Erku, Suresh Mahalingam and Adam Taylor
Background. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes chikungunya fever and has been responsible for major global epidemics of arthritic disease over the past two decades. Multiple CHIKV vaccine candidates are currently undergoing or have undergone human clinical trials, with one vaccine candidate receiving FDA approval. This scoping review was performed to evaluate the ‘efficacy’, ‘safety’ and ‘duration of
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Kolmioviridae 2024 J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-29 Jens H. Kuhn, Artem Babaian, Laura M. Bergner, Paul Dény, Dieter Glebe, Masayuki Horie, Eugene V. Koonin, Mart Krupovic, Sofia Paraskevopoulou, Marcos de la Peña, Teemu Smura and Jussi Hepojoki
Kolmioviridae is a family for negative-sense RNA viruses with circular, viroid-like genomes of about 1.5–1.7 kb that are maintained in mammals, amphibians, birds, fish, insects and reptiles. Deltaviruses, for instance, can cause severe hepatitis in humans. Kolmiovirids encode delta antigen (DAg) and replicate using host-cell DNA-directed RNA polymerase II and ribozymes encoded in their genome and antigenome
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Newcastle disease virus regulates its replication by instigating oxidative stress-driven Sirtuin 7 production J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Kamal Shokeen and Sachin Kumar
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation inside the cells instigates oxidative stress, activating stress-responsive genes. The viral strategies for promoting stressful conditions and utilizing the induced host proteins to enhance their replication remain elusive. The present work investigates the impact of oxidative stress responses on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) pathogenesis. Here, we show that
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Evolutionary analysis and biological characterization of a novel alphabaculovirus isolated from Mythimna separata J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Tao Dou, Futao Gao, Junhua Zhu, Zihao Wang, Xifa Yang, Youwu Hao, Nan Song, Shiheng An, Xinming Yin and Xiangyang Liu
Baculoviruses are insect-specific pathogens. Novel baculovirus isolates provide new options for the biological control of pests. Therefore, research into the biological characteristics of newly isolated baculoviruses, including accurate classification and nomenclature, is important. In this study, a baculovirus was isolated from Mythimna separata and its complete genome sequence was determined by next-generation
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Latent gammaherpesvirus infection enhances type I IFN response and reduces virus spread in an influenza A virus co-infection model J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-08 Gareth Hardisty, Marlynne Q. Nicol, Darren J. Shaw, Ian D. Bennet, Karen Bryson, Yvonne Ligertwood, Jurgen Schwarze, Philippa M. Beard, John Hopkins and Bernadette M. Dutia
Infections with persistent or latent viruses alter host immune homeostasis and have potential to affect the outcome of concomitant acute viral infections such as influenza A virus (IAV). Gammaherpesviruses establish life-long infections and require an on-going immune response to control reactivation. We have used a murine model of co-infection to investigate the response to IAV infection in mice latently
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Virus-host coevolutionary analyses of an Alphabaculovirus with a wide host range J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Xiaoqin Yang, Xiaowei Peng, Chengfeng Lei, Yuanqin Min, Jia Hu and Xiulian Sun
Baculoviruses are highly host specific, and their host range is usually restricted to a single or a few closely related insect species, except for few virus species, e.g. Alphabaculovirus aucalifonicae and Alphabaculovirus mabrassicae. In this study, two new alphabaculovirus isolates were isolated from the larvae of Mamestra brassicae and Mythimna separata, which were named as Mamestra brassicae multiple
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Filoviridae 2024 J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-02 Nadine Biedenkopf, Alexander Bukreyev, Kartik Chandran, Nicholas Di Paola, Pierre B. H. Formenty, Anthony Griffiths, Adam J. Hume, Elke Mühlberger, Sergey V. Netesov, Gustavo Palacios, Janusz T. Pawęska, Sophie Smither, Ayato Takada, Victoria Wahl and Jens H. Kuhn
Filoviridae is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses with genomes of about 13.1–20.9 kb that infect fish, mammals and reptiles. The filovirid genome is a linear, non-segmented RNA with five canonical open reading frames (ORFs) that encode a nucleoprotein (NP), a polymerase cofactor (VP35), a glycoprotein (GP1,2), a transcriptional activator (VP30) and a large protein (L) containing an RNA-directed
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A conserved methyltransferase active site residue of Zika virus NS5 is required for the restriction of STING activation and interferon expression J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Yuting Li, Zhaoxin Li, Haimei Zou, Peiwen Zhou, Yuhang Huo, Yaohua Fan, Xiaohong Liu, Jianguo Wu, Geng Li and Xiao Wang
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging RNA virus and causes major public health events due to its link to severe neurological complications in foetuses and neonates. The cGAS–STING signalling pathway regulates innate immunity and plays an important role in the invasion of DNA and RNA viruses. This study reveals a distinct mechanism by which ZIKV restricts the cGAS–STING signalling to repress IFN-β expression
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Transmission dynamics and pathogenesis differ between pheasants and partridges infected with clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 and H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Amanda H. Seekings, Yuan Liang, Caroline J. Warren, Charlotte K. Hjulsager, Saumya S. Thomas, Fabian Z. X. Lean, Alejandro Nunez, Paul Skinner, David Selden, Marco Falchieri, Hugh Simmons, Ian H. Brown, Lars E. Larsen, Ashley C. Banyard and Marek J. Slomka
During the UK 2020–2021 epizootic of H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), high mortality occurred during incursions in commercially farmed common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). Two pheasant farms, affected separately by H5N8 and H5N1 subtypes, included adjacently housed red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa), which appeared to be unaffected. Despite extensive ongoing
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Indirect CD4+ T cell protection against persistent MCMV infection by NK cells requires IFNγ J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-25 Wanxiaojie Xie, Kimberley Bruce, Philip G. Stevenson and Helen E. Farrell
Host control of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection of MHCII- salivary gland acinar cells is mediated by CD4+ T cells, but how they protect is unclear. Here, we show CD4+ T cells control MCMV indirectly in the salivary gland, via IFNγ engagement with uninfected, but antigen+ MHCII+ APC and recruitment of NK cells to infected cell foci. This immune mechanism renders direct contact of CD4+ T cells
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Elucidating the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of the highly virulent G2a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-25 Chang Li, Qiong Wu, Haofei Song, Hongyu Lu, Keli Yang, Zewen Liu, Wei Liu, Ting Gao, Fangyan Yuan, Jiajia Zhu, Rui Guo, Yongxiang Tian and Danna Zhou
Since the large-scale outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) in 2010, caused by the genotype 2 (G2) variant of the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), pig farms in China, even those vaccinated with the G2b vaccine, have experienced infections from the G2a variant, leading to significant economic losses. This study successfully isolated the G2a strain DY2020 from positive small intestine
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Enhancement of cellular immunity following needle-free vaccination of mice with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-25 Christopher L. D. McMillan, Danushka K. Wijesundara, Jovin J. Y. Choo, Alberto A. Amarilla, Naphak Modhiran, Germain J. P. Fernando, Alexander A. Khromykh, Daniel Watterson, Paul R. Young and David A. Muller
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for vaccines capable of providing rapid and robust protection. One way to improve vaccine efficacy is delivery via microarray patches, such as the Vaxxas high-density microarray patch (HD-MAP). We have previously demonstrated that delivery of a SARS-CoV-2 protein vaccine candidate, HexaPro, via the HD-MAP induces potent humoral immune responses. Here,
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Sporadic cases of chronic wasting disease in old moose – an epidemiological study J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-24 Petter Hopp, Christer Moe Rolandsen, Sirkka-Liisa Korpenfelt, Jørn Våge, Kaisa Sörén, Erling Johan Solberg, Gustav Averhed, Jyrki Pusenius, Thomas Rosendal, Göran Ericsson, Haakon Christopher Bakka, Atle Mysterud, Dolores Gavier-Widén, Maria Hautaniemi, Erik Ågren, Marja Isomursu, Knut Madslien, Sylvie Lafond Benestad and Maria Nöremark
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases comprise diseases with different levels of contagiousness under natural conditions. The hypothesis has been raised that the chronic wasting disease (CWD) cases detected in Nordic moose (Alces alces) may be less contagious, or not contagious between live animals under field conditions. This study aims to investigate the epidemiology of CWD
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Structural and functional characterization of siadenovirus core protein VII nuclear localization demonstrates the existence of multiple nuclear transport pathways J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-23 Ajani Athukorala, Camilla M. Donnelly, Silvia Pavan, Sepehr Nematollahzadeh, Victoria Atalie Djossou, Babu Nath, Karla J. Helbig, Enzo Di Iorio, Brian P. McSharry, Gualtiero Alvisi, Jade K. Forwood and Subir Sarker
Adenovirus protein VII (pVII) plays a crucial role in the nuclear localization of genomic DNA following viral infection and contains nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequences for the importin (IMP)-mediated nuclear import pathway. However, functional analysis of pVII in adenoviruses to date has failed to fully determine the underlying mechanisms responsible for nuclear import of pVII. Therefore,
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Mapping respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein interactions with the receptor IGF1R and the impact of alanine-scanning mutagenesis on viral infection J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-17 Rachel S. Hayes, Ahmed K. Oraby, Carolina Camargo, David J. Marchant and Selena M. Sagan
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has two main surface glycoproteins, the attachment glycoprotein (G) and the fusion (F) protein, which together mediate viral entry. Attachment is mediated by the RSV-G protein, while the RSV-F protein makes specific contact with the cellular insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). This interaction leads to IGF1R activation and initiates a signalling cascade
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Analysis of the relative frequencies of the multipartite BNYVV genomic RNAs in different plants and tissues J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-10 M. Dall'Ara, Y. Guo, D. Poli, D. Gilmer and C. Ratti
Multipartite virus genomes are composed of two or more segments, each packaged into an independent viral particle. A potential advantage of multipartitism is the regulation of gene expression through changes in the segment copy number. Soil-borne beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is a typical example of multipartism, given its high number of genomic positive-sense RNAs (up to five). Here we analyse
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WIV, a protein domain found in a wide number of arthropod viruses, which probably facilitates infection J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 David G. Karlin
The most powerful approach to detect distant homologues of a protein is based on structure prediction and comparison. Yet this approach is still inapplicable to many viral proteins. Therefore, we applied a powerful sequence-based procedure to identify distant homologues of viral proteins. It relies on three principles: (1) traces of sequence similarity can persist beyond the significance cutoff of
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Cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 pathway regulates infectious bronchitis virus replication in avian macrophages J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Motamed Elsayed Mahmoud, Muhammad Farooq, Ishara M. Isham, Ahmed Ali, Mohamed S.H. Hassan, Heshanthi Herath-Mudiyanselage, Hiruni A. Ranaweera, Shahnas M. Najimudeen and Mohammad Faizal Abdul-Careem
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a significant respiratory pathogen that affects chickens worldwide. As an avian coronavirus, IBV leads to productive infection in chicken macrophages. However, the effects of IBV infection in macrophages on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression are still to be elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the role of IBV infection on the production of COX-2, an enzyme involved
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The phosphorylation of the movement protein TGBp1 regulates the accumulation of the Bamboo mosaic virus J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Wan-Chen Wu, I-Hsuan Chen, Pei-Yu Hou, Lan-Hui Wang, Ching-Hsiu Tsai and Chi-Ping Cheng
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of viral movement proteins plays a crucial role in regulating virus movement. Our study focused on investigating the movement protein TGBp1 of Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), which is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. Specifically, we examined four potential phosphorylation sites (S15, S18, T58, and S247) within the TGBp1 protein. To study the impact of phosphorylation
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Establishment of a novel minigenome system for the identification of drugs targeting Nipah virus replication J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-05 Xianliang Ke, Chang Ye, Renyi Liu, Feng Liu and Quanjiao Chen
Nipah virus (NiV) is a deadly zoonotic pathogen with high potential to cause another pandemic. Owing to biosafety concerns, studies on living NiV must be performed in biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories, which greatly hinders the development of anti-NiV drugs. To overcome this issue, minigenome systems have been developed to study viral replication and screen for antiviral drugs. This study aimed
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Local and systemic replicative fitness for viruses in specialist, generalist, and non-specialist interactions with salmonid hosts J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-05 David J. Páez, Gael Kurath, Rachel L. Powers, Kerry A. Naish and Maureen K. Purcell
Host tissues represent diverse resources or barriers for pathogen replicative fitness. We tested whether viruses in specialist, generalist, and non-specialist interactions replicate differently in local entry tissue (fin), and systemic target tissue (kidney) using infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and three salmonid fish hosts. Virus tissue replication was host specific, but one feature
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CTCF regulates hepatitis B virus cccDNA chromatin topology J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-05 Mihaela Olivia Dobrica, Christy Susan Varghese, James Michael Harris, Jack Ferguson, Andrea Magri, Roland Arnold, Csilla Várnai, Joanna L. Parish and Jane A. McKeating
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a small DNA virus that replicates via an episomal covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that serves as the transcriptional template for viral mRNAs. The host protein, CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), is a key regulator of cellular transcription by maintaining epigenetic boundaries, nucleosome phasing, stabilisation of long-range chromatin loops and directing alternative exon
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Drug screening identified that handelin inhibits feline calicivirus infection by inhibiting HSP70 expression in vitro J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-05 Yuanyuan Yan, Mengfang Yang, Yuzhou Jiao, Lisha Li, Zirui Liu, Jiale Shi, Zhou Shen and Guiqing Peng
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is considered one of the major pathogens of cats worldwide and causes upper respiratory tract disease in all cats. In some cats, infection is by a highly virulent strain of FCV (vs.-FCV), which can cause severe and fatal systemic disease symptoms. At present, few antiviral drugs are approved for clinical treatment against FCV. Therefore, there is an imminent need for effective
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Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses reveal metabolic responses to TGEV infection in porcine intestinal epithelial cells J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Shuoshuo Zhang, Yanan Cao, Chao Xu, Guangzheng Wang, Yanjie Huang, Wenbin Bao and Shuai Zhang
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a coronavirus that infects piglets with severe diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration, and even death, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry. The underlying pathogenesis of TGEV infection and the effects of TGEV infection on host metabolites remain poorly understood. To investigate the critical metabolites and regulatory factors during TGEV infection
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Equine dermatitis outbreak associated with parapoxvirus J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Jenni Virtanen, Katja Hautala, Mira Utriainen, Lara Dutra, Katarina Eskola, Niina Airas, Ruut Uusitalo, Ella Ahvenainen, Teemu Smura, Tarja Sironen, Olli Vapalahti, Ravi Kant, Anna-Maija K. Virtala and Paula M. Kinnunen
Parapoxviruses (PPV) cause skin and mucous membrane lesions in several animal species, and of the five recognized PPVs, at least three are zoonotic. Equine PPV (EqPPV) is the sixth one initially described in humans in the United States and later in a severely sick horse in Finland in 2013–2015. In 2021–2022, a large-scale pustulo-vesicular pastern dermatitis outbreak occurred in horses all over Finland
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Tulasviridae 2023 J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Jens H. Kuhn, Scott Adkins, Katherine Brown, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Michele Digiaro, Holly R. Hughes, Sandra Junglen, Amy J. Lambert, Piet Maes, Marco Marklewitz, Gustavo Palacios, Takahide Sasaya, Yong-Zhen Zhang and Massimo Turina
Tulasviridae is a family of ambisense RNA viruses with genomes of about 12.2 kb that have been found in fungi. The tulasvirid genome is nonsegmented and contains three open reading frames (ORFs) that encode a nucleoprotein (NP), a large (L) protein containing an RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) domain, and a protein of unknown function (X). This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Wupedeviridae 2023 J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Jens H. Kuhn, Scott Adkins, Katherine Brown, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Michele Digiaro, Holly R. Hughes, Sandra Junglen, Amy J. Lambert, Piet Maes, Marco Marklewitz, Gustavo Palacios, Takahide Sasaya, Massimo Turina and Yong-Zhen Zhang
Wupedeviridae is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses with genomes of about 20.5 kb that have been found in myriapods. The wupedevirid genome consists of three monocistronic RNA segments with open reading frames (ORFs) that encode a nucleoprotein (NP), a glycoprotein (GP), and a large (L) protein containing an RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) domain. This is a summary of the International Committee
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Cruliviridae 2023 J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Jens H. Kuhn, Scott Adkins, Katherine Brown, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Michele Digiaro, Holly R. Hughes, Sandra Junglen, Amy J. Lambert, Piet Maes, Marco Marklewitz, Gustavo Palacios, Takahide Sasaya, Massimo Turina and Yong-Zhen Zhang
Cruliviridae is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses with genomes of 10.8–11.5 kb that have been found in crustaceans. The crulivirid genome consists of three RNA segments with ORFs that encode a nucleoprotein (NP), a glycoprotein (GP), a large (L) protein containing an RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) domain, and in some family members, a zinc-finger (Z) protein of unknown function. This is a
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Mypoviridae 2023 J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-19 Jens H. Kuhn, Scott Adkins, Katherine Brown, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Michele Digiaro, Holly R. Hughes, Sandra Junglen, Amy J. Lambert, Piet Maes, Marco Marklewitz, Gustavo Palacios, Takahide Sasaya, Massimo Turina and Yong-Zhen Zhang
Mypoviridae is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses with genomes of about 16.0 kb that have been found in myriapods. The mypovirid genome consists of three monocistronic RNA segments that encode a nucleoprotein (NP), a glycoprotein (GP), and a large (L) protein containing an RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) domain. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Jingchuvirales 2023 J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-19 Jens H. Kuhn, Nolwenn M. Dheilly, Sandra Junglen, Sofia Paraskevopoulou, Mang Shi and Nicholas Di Paola
Jingchuvirales is an order of negative-sense RNA viruses with genomes of 9.1–15.3 kb that have been associated with arachnids, barnacles, crustaceans, insects, fish and reptiles in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. The jingchuviral genome has two to four open reading frames (ORFs) that encode a glycoprotein (GP), a nucleoprotein (NP), a large (L) protein containing an
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Internalization of rabies virus glycoprotein differs between pathogenic and attenuated virus strains J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-08 Ibrahim Almasoud, Frank W. Charlton, Stefan Finke, John N. Barr and Jamel Mankouri
The zoonotic rabies virus (RABV) is a non-segmented negative-sense RNA virus classified within the family Rhabdoviridae, and is the most common aetiological agent responsible for fatal rabies disease. The RABV glycoprotein (G) forms trimeric spikes that protrude from RABV virions and mediate virus attachment, entry and spread, and is a major determinant of RABV pathogenesis. A range of RABV strains
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Leishbuviridae 2023 J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-08 Scott Adkins, Katherine Brown, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Michele Digiaro, Holly R. Hughes, Sandra Junglen, Amy J. Lambert, Piet Maes, Marco Marklewitz, Gustavo Palacios, Takahide Sasaya, Massimo Turina, Yong-Zhen Zhang and Jens H. Kuhn
Leishbuviridae is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses with genomes of about 8.0 kb that have been found in protists. The leishbuvirid genome consists of three monocistronic RNA segments with open reading frames (ORFs) that encode a nucleoprotein (NP), a glycoprotein (GP), and a large (L) protein containing an RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) domain. This is a summary of the International Committee
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Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by interferon alpha can involve multiple anti-viral factors J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-08 Shabab Chowdhury, Katie A. Latham, Andy C. Tran, Christopher J. Carroll, Richard J. Stanton, Michael P. Weekes, Stuart J. D. Neil, Chad M. Swanson and Blair L. Strang
The shortcomings of current direct-acting anti-viral therapy against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has led to interest in host-directed therapy. Here we re-examine the use of interferon proteins to inhibit HCMV replication utilizing both high and low passage strains of HCMV. Pre-treatment of cells with interferon alpha (IFNα) was required for robust and prolonged inhibition of both low and high passage
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A novel tamanavirus (Flaviviridae) of the European common frog (Rana temporaria) from the UK J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-07 Rhys H. Parry, Andrii Slonchak, Lewis J. Campbell, Natalee D. Newton, Humberto J. Debat, Robert J. Gifford and Alexander A. Khromykh
Flavivirids are small, enveloped, positive-sense RNA viruses from the family Flaviviridae with genomes of ~9–13 kb. Metatranscriptomic analyses of metazoan organisms have revealed a diversity of flavivirus-like or flavivirid viral sequences in fish and marine invertebrate groups. However, no flavivirus-like virus has been identified in amphibians. To remedy this, we investigated the virome of the European
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Discoviridae 2023 J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-07 Jens H. Kuhn, Scott Adkins, Katherine Brown, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Michele Digiaro, Holly R. Hughes, Sandra Junglen, Amy J. Lambert, Piet Maes, Marco Marklewitz, Gustavo Palacios, Takahide Sasaya, Yong-Zhen Zhang and Massimo Turina
Discoviridae is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses with genomes of 6.2–9.7 kb that have been associated with fungi and stramenopiles. The discovirid genome consists of three monocistronic RNA segments with open reading frames (ORFs) that encode a nucleoprotein (NP), a nonstructural protein (Ns), and a large (L) protein containing an RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) domain. This is a summary of
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Lack of detection of SARS-CoV-2 in British wildlife 2020–21 and first description of a stoat (Mustela erminea) Minacovirus J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-07 Ternenge Apaa, Amy J. Withers, Laura Mackenzie, Ceri Staley, Nicola Dessi, Adam Blanchard, Malcolm Bennett, Samantha Bremner-Harrison, Elizabeth A. Chadwick, Frank Hailer, Stephen W. R. Harrison, Xavier Lambin, Matthew Loose, Fiona Mathews and Rachael Tarlinton
Repeat spillover of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into new hosts has highlighted the critical role of cross-species transmission of coronaviruses and establishment of new reservoirs of virus in pandemic and epizootic spread of coronaviruses. Species particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 spillover include Mustelidae (mink, ferrets and related animals), cricetid rodents
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Molecular and biological characterization of a partitivirus from Paecilomyces variotii J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-28 Sidra Hassan, Urayama Syun-ichi, Saba Shabeer, Chien-Fu Wu, Hiromitsu Moriyama, Robert H. A. Coutts, Ioly Kotta-Loizou and Atif Jamal
Paeciliomyces variotii is a thermo-tolerant, ubiquitous fungus commonly found in food products, indoor environments, soil and clinical samples. It is a well-known biocontrol agent used against phytopathogenic fungi and its metabolites have many industrial applications. Rare reports of P. variotii-related human infections have been found in the medical literature. In this study, we report for the first
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Actin cytoskeleton remodeling disrupts physical barriers to infection and presents entry receptors to respiratory syncytial virus J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-28 Quinten J. Kieser, Madison J. Granoski, Ryley D. McClelland, Cameron Griffiths, Leanne M. Bilawchuk, Aleksandra Stojic, Farah Elawar, Kyla Jamieson, David Proud and David J. Marchant
RSV is the leading cause of infant hospitalizations and a significant cause of paediatric and geriatric morbidity worldwide. Recently, we reported that insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) was a receptor for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in airway epithelial cells and that activation of IGF1R recruited the coreceptor, nucleolin (NCL), to the cell surface. Cilia and mucus that line the
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Aoguangviridae 2023 J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-27 Yifan Zhou, Yongjie Wang and Mart Krupovic
The family Aoguangviridae includes dsDNA viruses that have been associated with marine archaea. Currently, members of this virus family are known through metagenomics. Virions are predicted to consist of an icosahedral capsid and a helical tail, characteristic of members in the class Caudoviricetes. Aoguangviruses have some of the largest genomes among archaeal viruses and possess most of the components
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Evolution of the coronavirus spike protein in the full-length genome and defective viral genome under diverse selection pressures J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-24 Ching-Hung Lin, Hon-Man-Herman Tam, Cheng-Yao Yang, Feng-Cheng Hsieh, Jiun-Long Wang, Chun-Chun Yang, Hsuan-Wei Hsu, Hao-Ping Liu and Hung-Yi Wu
How coronaviruses evolve by altering the structures of their full-length genome and defective viral genome (DVG) under dynamic selection pressures has not been studied. In this study, we aimed to experimentally identify the dynamic evolutionary patterns of the S protein sequence in the full-length genome and DVG under diverse selection pressures, including persistence, innate immunity and antiviral
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Establishment of pseudorabies virus latency and reactivation model in mice dorsal root ganglia culture J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Lin-Tao Li, Jie Liu, Miao Luo, Jing-Song Liu, Mei-Mei Zhang, Wen-Jing Zhang, Huan-Chun Chen and Zheng-Fei Liu
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) belongs to the alpha herpesvirus family and is responsible for Aujeszky’s disease in pigs. Similar to other alpha herpesviruses, PRV establishes a lifelong latent infection in trigeminal ganglion. These latently infected pigs serve as a reservoir for recurrent infections when reactivation is triggered, making the eradication of PRV a challenging task. However, the molecular
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Bovine papular stomatitis virus as a vaccine vector for cattle J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-17 Gustavo Delhon, Sushil Khatiwada, David Doub, Seth Harris, Sabal Chaulagain, Mostafa El-Gaffary and Daniel L. Rock
Virus vectored vaccines are not available commercially for cattle even though compelling potential applications exist. Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), a highly prevalent parapoxvirus, causes self-limited oral lesions in cattle. Ability of virus to accommodate large amounts of foreign DNA, induce low level of antiviral immunity, and circulate and likely persist in cattle populations, make BPSV
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Persistent paramyxovirus infections: in co-infections the parainfluenza virus type 5 persistent phenotype is dominant over the lytic phenotype J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Richard E. Randall, Dan F. Young, David J. Hughes and Steve Goodbourn
Parainfluenza virus type 5 (PIV5) can either have a persistent or a lytic phenotype in cultured cells. We have previously shown that the phenotype is determined by the phosphorylation status of the phosphoprotein (P). Single amino acid substitutions at critical residues, including a serine-to-phenylalanine substitution at position 157 on P, result in a switch between persistent and lytic phenotypes
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SARS-CoV-2 and the DNA damage response J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Roger J. Grand
The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is characterized by respiratory distress, multiorgan dysfunction and, in some cases, death. The virus is also responsible for post-COVID-19 condition (commonly referred to as ‘long COVID’). SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus with a genome
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The hepatitis E virus ORF1 hypervariable region confers partial cyclophilin dependency J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Frazer J. T. Buchanan, Shucheng Chen, Mark Harris and Morgan R. Herod
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging pathogen responsible for more than 20 million cases of acute hepatitis globally per annum. Healthy individuals typically have a self-limiting infection, but mortality rates in some populations such as pregnant women can reach 30 %. A detailed understanding of the virus lifecycle is lacking, mainly due to limitations in experimental systems. In this regard, the
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Estimating prevalence of Enterovirus D111 in human and non-human primate populations using cross-sectional serology J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Everlyn Kamau, Mael Bessaud, Manasi Majumdar, Javier Martin, Peter Simmonds and Heli Harvala
Enteroviruses primarily affect young children with a varying severity of disease. Recent outbreaks of severe respiratory and neurological disease due to EV-D68 and EV-A71, as well as atypical hand-foot-and-mouth-disease due to CVA6, have brought to light the potency of enteroviruses to emerge as severe human pathogens. Enterovirus D111 (EV-D111) is an enteric pathogen initially detected in Central
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Structure and immunogenicity of the murine astrovirus capsid spike J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Sarah Lanning, Natalie Pedicino, Danielle J. Haley, Samuel Hernandez, Valerie Cortez and Rebecca M. DuBois
Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are small, non-enveloped icosahedral RNA viruses that are a significant cause of diarrhoea in young children. Despite their worldwide prevalence, HAstV pathogenesis studies and vaccine development remain challenging due to the lack of an animal model for HAstV infection. The recent development of a murine astrovirus (MuAstV) infection model in mice provides the opportunity
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Neutralization of African enterovirus A71 genogroups by antibodies to canonical genogroups J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Romain Volle, Lingjie Luo, Richter Razafindratsimandresy, Serge Alain Sadeuh-Mba, Ionela Gouandjika-Valisache, Paul Horwood, Veasna Duong, Philippe Buchy, Marie-Line Joffret, Zhong Huang, Erwin Duizer, Javier Martin, Lisa A. Chakrabarti, Philippe Dussart, Nolwenn Jouvenet, Francis Delpeyroux and Maël Bessaud
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a major public health problem, causing a range of illnesses from hand-foot-and-mouth disease to severe neurological manifestations. EV-A71 strains have been phylogenetically classified into eight genogroups (A to H), based on their capsid-coding genomic region. Genogroups B and C have caused large outbreaks worldwide and represent the two canonical circulating EV-A71 subtypes
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The parapoxvirus Orf virus inhibits dsDNA-mediated type I IFN expression via STING-dependent and STING-independent signalling pathways J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-10-26 Basheer A. AlDaif, Andrew A. Mercer and Stephen B. Fleming
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical in the host defence against viruses. They induce hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) many of which have an antiviral role. Poxviruses induce IFNs via their pathogen-associated molecular patterns, in particular, their genomic DNA. In a majority of cell types, dsDNA is detected by a range of cytoplasmic DNA sensors that mediate type I IFN expression via
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Xinmoviridae 2023 J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-10-26 Stephen Sharpe and Sofia Paraskevopoulou
Xinmoviridae is a family of viruses with negative-sense RNA genomes of 9–14 kilobases. Xinmovirids typically infect beneficial and pest insects but their host range has not yet been investigated systematically and hence may be broader. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family of Xinmoviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/xinmoviridae
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A SLiM-dependent conformational change in baculovirus IE1 controls its focus formation ability J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-10-25 Toshihiro Nagamine and Yasushi Sako
The baculovirus IE1 gene encodes a multifunctional protein that is essential for both DNA replication and RNA transcription of the virus. Prior to viral DNA replication, IE1 promotes early gene transcription when localized in hr-dependent foci. During viral DNA replication, the IE1 foci expand and fuse to generate the virogenic stroma (VS) with IE1 found in the VS reticulum. To explore the IE1 structural
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Tosoviridae 2023 J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-10-24 Yuri I. Wolf, Mart Krupovic, Jens H. Kuhn and Eugene V. Koonin
Tosoviridae is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses with genomes totaling about 12.3 kb that have been found in turtles. The tosovirid genome consists of two segments, each with two open reading frames (ORFs) in ambisense orientation. The small (S) segment encodes a nucleoprotein (NP) and a glycoprotein precursor (GPC); the large (L) segment encodes an L protein containing an RNA-directed RNA polymerase
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Amnoonviridae 2023 J. Gen. Virol. (IF 3.8) Pub Date : 2023-10-24 Eugene V. Koonin, Mart Krupovic, Win Surachetpong, Yuri I. Wolf and Jens H. Kuhn
Amnoonviridae is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses with genomes totalling about 10.3 kb. These viruses have been found in fish. The amnoonvirid genome consists of 10 segments, each with at least 1 open reading frame (ORF). The RNA1–3 ORFs encode the three subunits of the viral polymerase. The RNA4 ORF encodes a nucleoprotein. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses