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MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs during transcriptional regulation and latency of HIV and HTLV Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-29 Sergio P. Alpuche-Lazcano, Robert J. Scarborough, Anne Gatignol
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV) have replicative and latent stages of infection. The status of the viruses is dependent on the cells that harbour them and on different events that change the transcriptional and post-transcriptional events. Non-coding (nc)RNAs are key factors in the regulation of retrovirus replication cycles. Notably, micro (mi)RNAs and long
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HERVK-mediated regulation of neighboring genes: implications for breast cancer prognosis Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-22 Boying Liang, Tengyue Yan, Huilin Wei, Die Zhang, Lanxiang Li, Zengjing Liu, Wen Li, Yuluan Zhang, Nili Jiang, Qiuxia Meng, Guiyang Jiang, Yanling Hu, Jing Leng
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are the remnants of ancient retroviral infections integrated into the human genome. Although most HERVs are silenced or rendered inactive by various regulatory mechanisms, they retain the potential to influence the nearby genes. We analyzed the regulatory map of 91 HERV-Ks on neighboring genes in human breast cancer and investigated the impact of HERV-Ks on the
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Endogenous feline leukemia virus long terminal repeat integration site diversity is highly variable in related and unrelated domestic cats Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-12 Elliott S. Chiu, Coby A. McDonald, Roderick B. Gagne, Henry Dunkleberger, Matthew Moxcey, Sue VandeWoude
Endogenous retroviruses (ERV) are indicators of vertebrate evolutionary history and play important roles as homeostatic regulators. ERV long terminal repeat (LTR) elements may act as cis-activating promoters or trans-activating enhancer elements modifying gene transcription distant from LTR insertion sites. We previously documented that endogenous feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-LTR copy number variation
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The chemokine receptor CCR5: multi-faceted hook for HIV-1 Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-23 Natacha Faivre, Christel Verollet, Fabrice Dumas
Chemokines are cytokines whose primary role is cellular activation and stimulation of leukocyte migration. They perform their various functions by interacting with G protein-coupled cell surface receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in the regulation of many biological processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis or organogenesis. They contribute to the maintenance of the homeostasis
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The HIV-1 gag p6: a promising target for therapeutic intervention Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-23 Xiaowei Chen, Xiao Wang
The p6 domain of the Gag precursors (Gag p6) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plays multifunctional roles in the viral life cycle. It utilizes the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) system to facilitate viral budding and release from the plasma membrane through the interactions with the ESCRT-I component tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) and with the ALG-2 interacting
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The KT Jeang retrovirology prize 2023: Thumbi Ndung’u Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-18 Thumbi Ndung’u
Thumbi Ndung’u grew up on a coffee farm in rural Kenya, where he received his primary and high school education at Gathugu Primary School and Nyeri High School. He studied Veterinary Medicine at the University of Nairobi and graduated in 1991, later joining the laboratory led by George Kinoti and Jasper Mumo at the same institute, to work on Schistosoma haematobium vaccine research. The project provided
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Murine leukemia virus (MLV) P50 protein induces cell transformation via transcriptional regulatory function Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-12 Charbel Akkawi, Jerome Feuillard, Felipe Leon Diaz, Khalid Belkhir, Nelly Godefroy, Jean-Marie Peloponese, Marylene Mougel, Sebastien Laine
The murine leukemia virus (MLV) has been a powerful model of pathogenesis for the discovery of genes involved in cancer. Its splice donor (SD’)-associated retroelement (SDARE) is important for infectivity and tumorigenesis, but the mechanism remains poorly characterized. Here, we show for the first time that P50 protein, which is produced from SDARE, acts as an accessory protein that transregulates
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Primate TRIM34 is a broadly-acting, TRIM5-dependent lentiviral restriction factor Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 Joy Twentyman, Anthony Khalifeh, Abby L. Felton, Michael Emerman, Molly Ohainle
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other lentiviruses adapt to new hosts by evolving to evade host-specific innate immune proteins that differ in sequence and often viral recognition between host species. Understanding how these host antiviral proteins, called restriction factors, constrain lentivirus replication and transmission is key to understanding the emergence of pandemic viruses like HIV-1
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Analysis of PERV-C superinfection resistance using HA-tagged viruses Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-21 Merle Flecks, Nicole Fischer, Jacomina Krijnse Locker, Ralf R. Tönjes, Antonia W. Godehardt
Using pigs as organ donors has advanced xenotransplantation to the point that it is almost ready for clinical use. However, there is still a zoonotic risk associated with xenotransplantation, and the potential transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses needs to be surveyed. Despite significant attempts to eliminate this risk, by the selection of PERV-C free pigs with low expression of PERV-A,
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Transmitted/founder SHIV.D replicates in the brain, causes neuropathogenesis, and persists on combination antiretroviral therapy in rhesus macaques Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Rachel M. Podgorski, Jake A. Robinson, Mandy D. Smith, Suvadip Mallick, Huaqing Zhao, Ronald S. Veazey, Dennis L. Kolson, Katharine J. Bar, Tricia H. Burdo
A biologically relevant non-human primate (NHP) model of HIV persistence in the central nervous system (CNS) is necessary. Most current NHP/SIV models of HIV infection fail to recapitulate viral persistence in the CNS without encephalitis or fail to employ viruses that authentically represent the ongoing HIV-1 pandemic. Here, we demonstrate viral replication in the brain and neuropathogenesis after
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Correction to: DNA topoisomerase 1 represses HIV-1 promoter activity through its interaction with a guanine quadruplex present in the LTR sequence Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-11 María José Lista, AnneCaroline Jousset, Mingpan Cheng, Violaine SaintAndré, Elouan Perrot, Melissa Rodrigues, Carmelo Di Primo, Danielle Gadelle, Elenia Toccafondi, Emmanuel Segeral, Clarisse BerliozTorrent, Stéphane Emiliani, JeanLouis Mergny, Marc Lavigne
Following publication of the original article [1], we have been informed that Fig. 6 has been superimposed on itself during Production and after author proofing, therefore rendering it illegible. Figure 6 has now been replaced. Lista, et al. Retrovirology. 2023;20:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-023-00625-8. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Download references Authors and Affiliations
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A complex network of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators involved in bovine leukemia virus transcriptional regulation Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-02 Estelle Plant, Maxime Bellefroid, Carine Van Lint
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, a disease characterized by the neoplastic proliferation of B cells in cattle. While most European countries have introduced efficient eradication programs, BLV is still present worldwide and no treatment is available. A major feature of BLV infection is the viral latency, which enables the escape from the host immune
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DNA topoisomerase 1 represses HIV-1 promoter activity through its interaction with a guanine quadruplex present in the LTR sequence Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-30 María José Lista, Anne-Caroline Jousset, Mingpan Cheng, Violaine Saint-André, Elouan Perrot, Melissa Rodrigues, Carmelo Di Primo, Danielle Gadelle, Elenia Toccafondi, Emmanuel Segeral, Clarisse Berlioz-Torrent, Stéphane Emiliani, Jean-Louis Mergny, Marc Lavigne
Once integrated in the genome of infected cells, HIV-1 provirus is transcribed by the cellular transcription machinery. This process is regulated by both viral and cellular factors, which are necessary for an efficient viral replication as well as for the setting up of viral latency, leading to a repressed transcription of the integrated provirus. In this study, we examined the role of two parameters
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Conformational antigenic heterogeneity as a cause of the persistent fraction in HIV-1 neutralization Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-27 Philippe Colin, Rajesh P. Ringe, Anila Yasmeen, Gabriel Ozorowski, Thomas J. Ketas, Wen-Hsin Lee, Andrew B. Ward, John P. Moore, P. J. Klasse
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) protect against HIV-1 acquisition in animal models and show promise in treatment of infection. They act by binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), thereby blocking its receptor interactions and fusogenic function. The potency of neutralization is largely determined by affinity. Less well explained is the persistent fraction, the plateau of remaining infectivity
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Reduced CCR5 expression among Uganda HIV controllers Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-25 Brian Nyiro, Sharon Bright Amanya, Alice Bayiyana, Francis Wasswa, Eva Nabulime, Alex Kayongo, Immaculate Nankya, Gerald Mboowa, David Patrick Kateete, Obondo James Sande
Several mechanisms including reduced CCR5 expression, protective HLA, viral restriction factors, broadly neutralizing antibodies, and more efficient T-cell responses, have been reported to account for HIV control among HIV controllers. However, no one mechanism universally accounts for HIV control among all controllers. In this study we determined whether reduced CCR5 expression accounts for HIV control
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Intestinal endothelial cells increase HIV infection and latency in resting and activated CD4 + T cells, particularly affecting CCR6 + CD4 + T cells Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-18 Jessica Eddy, Fisher Pham, Rachel Chee, Esther Park, Nathan Dapprich, Stacy L. DeRuiter, Anding Shen
With suppressive antiretroviral therapy, HIV infection is well-managed in most patients. However, eradication and cure are still beyond reach due to latent viral reservoirs in CD4 + T cells, particularly in lymphoid tissue environments including the gut associated lymphatic tissues. In HIV patients, there is extensive depletion of T helper cells, particularly T helper 17 cells from the intestinal mucosal
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Origin and functional role of antisense transcription in endogenous and exogenous retroviruses Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-16 Fabio Romerio
Most proteins expressed by endogenous and exogenous retroviruses are encoded in the sense (positive) strand of the genome and are under the control of regulatory elements within the 5’ long terminal repeat (LTR). A number of retroviral genomes also encode genes in the antisense (negative) strand and their expression is under the control of negative sense promoters within the 3’ LTR. In the case of
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Attenuation of reverse transcriptase facilitates SAMHD1 restriction of HIV-1 in cycling cells Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-01 Ming-Han C. Tsai, Sarah J. Caswell, Elizabeth R. Morris, Melanie C. Mann, Simon Pennell, Geoff Kelly, Harriet C. T. Groom, Ian A. Taylor, Kate N. Bishop
SAMHD1 is a deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase that restricts replication of HIV-1 in differentiated leucocytes. HIV-1 is not restricted in cycling cells and it has been proposed that this is due to phosphorylation of SAMHD1 at T592 in these cells inactivating the enzymatic activity. To distinguish between theories for how SAMHD1 restricts HIV-1 in differentiated but not cycling cells, we analysed
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Biomolecular condensates: insights into early and late steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-07 Francesca Di Nunzio, Vladimir N. Uversky, Andrew J. Mouland
A rapidly evolving understanding of phase separation in the biological and physical sciences has led to the redefining of virus-engineered replication compartments in many viruses with RNA genomes. Condensation of viral, host and genomic and subgenomic RNAs can take place to evade the innate immunity response and to help viral replication. Divergent viruses prompt liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS)
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HIV-1 subtype C Nef-mediated SERINC5 down-regulation significantly contributes to overall Nef activity Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-31 Delon Naicker, Nelson Sonela, Steven W. Jin, Takalani Mulaudzi, Doty Ojwach, Tarylee Reddy, Mark A. Brockman, Zabrina L. Brumme, Thumbi Ndung’u, Jaclyn K. Mann
Nef performs multiple cellular activities that enhance HIV-1 pathogenesis. The role of Nef-mediated down-regulation of the host restriction factor SERINC5 in HIV-1 pathogenesis is not well-defined. We aimed to investigate if SERINC5 down-regulation activity contributes to HIV-1 subtype C disease progression, to assess the relative contribution of this activity to overall Nef function, and to identify
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HIV-1 infection of renal epithelial cells: 30 years of evidence from transgenic animal models, human studies and in vitro experiments Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-16 Maria Blasi, Mary Klotman
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased life expectancy in people with HIV-1 (PWH), acute and chronic kidney disease remain common in this population and are associated with poor outcomes. A broad spectrum of kidney disorders can be observed in PWH, some of which are directly related to intrarenal HIV infection and gene expression. HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) was the most common
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HIV infection of non-classical cells in the brain Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-01-13 Wahl, Angela, Al-Harthi, Lena
HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND) affect up to 50% of people living with HIV (PLWH), even in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). HIV-DNA can be detected in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of approximately half of aviremic ART-suppressed PLWH and its presence is associated with poorer neurocognitive performance. HIV DNA + and HIV RNA + cells have also been observed in postmortem
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An endogenous lentivirus in the germline of a rodent Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-12-20 Kambol, Roziah, Gatseva, Anna, Gifford, Robert J.
Lentiviruses (genus Lentivirus) are complex retroviruses that infect a broad range of mammals, including humans. Unlike many other retrovirus genera, lentiviruses have only rarely been incorporated into the mammalian germline. However, a small number of endogenous retrovirus (ERV) lineages have been identified, and these rare genomic “fossils” can provide crucial insights into the long-term history
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A detailed analysis of F-MuLV- and SFFV-infected cells in Friend virus-infected mice reveals the contribution of both F-MuLV- and SFFV-infected cells to the interleukin-10 host response Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-12-16 Podschwadt, Philip, Malyshkina, Anna, Windmann, Sonja, Werner, Tanja, Hansen, Wiebke, Bayer, Wibke
Friend virus (FV) is a complex of the Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) and the replication-defective, pathogenic spleen focus forming virus (SFFV). In the past, we used a fluorescently labeled F-MuLV to analyze FV target cells. To build on these findings, we have now created a double-labeled FV that contains a Katushka-labeled F-MuLV and an mTagBFP-labeled SFFV, which we have used to study the
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A large population sample of African HIV genomes from the 1980s reveals a reduction in subtype D over time associated with propensity for CXCR4 tropism Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-12-13 Grant, Heather E., Roy, Sunando, Williams, Rachel, Tutill, Helena, Ferns, Bridget, Cane, Patricia A., Carswell, J. Wilson, Ssemwanga, Deogratius, Kaleebu, Pontiano, Breuer, Judith, Leigh Brown, Andrew J.
We present 109 near full-length HIV genomes amplified from blood serum samples obtained during early 1986 from across Uganda, which to our knowledge is the earliest and largest population sample from the initial phase of the HIV epidemic in Africa. Consensus sequences were made from paired-end Illumina reads with a target-capture approach to amplify HIV material following poor success with standard
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Pericyte infection by HIV-1: a fatal attraction Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-12-07 Naranjo, Oandy, Torices, Silvia, Clifford, Paul R., Daftari, Manav T., Osborne, Olivia M., Fattakhov, Nikolai, Toborek, Michal
While HIV-1 is primarily an infection of CD4 + T cells, there is an emerging interest towards understanding how infection of other cell types can contribute to HIV-associated comorbidities. For HIV-1 to cross from the blood stream into tissues, the virus must come in direct contact with the vascular endothelium, including pericytes that envelope vascular endothelial cells. Pericytes are multifunctional
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Modulation of human endogenous retroviruses and cytokines expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from autistic children and their parents Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-11-30 Cipriani, Chiara, Giudice, Martina, Petrone, Vita, Fanelli, Marialaura, Minutolo, Antonella, Miele, Martino T., Toschi, Nicola, Maracchioni, Christian, Siracusano, Martina, Benvenuto, Arianna, Coniglio, Antonella, Curatolo, Paolo, Mazzone, Luigi, Sandro, Grelli, Garaci, Enrico, Sinibaldi-Vallebona, Paola, Matteucci, Claudia, Balestrieri, Emanuela
Putative pathogenic effects mediated by human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in neurological and psychiatric disorders in humans have been extensively described. HERVs may alter the development of the brain by means of several mechanisms, including modulation of gene expression, alteration of DNA stability, and activation of immune system. We recently demonstrated that autistic children and their
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The envelope proteins from SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV potently reduce the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-11-19 Henke, Wyatt, Waisner, Hope, Arachchige, Sachith Polpitiya, Kalamvoki, Maria, Stephens, Edward
Viroporins are virally encoded ion channels involved in virus assembly and release. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and influenza A virus encode for viroporins. The human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 encodes for at least two viroporins, a small 75 amino acid transmembrane protein known as the envelope (E) protein and a larger 275 amino acid protein known as Orf3a. Here, we compared the replication
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Visualization of clonal expansion after massive depletion of cells carrying the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) integration sites during the course of disease progression in a BLV naturally-infected cow: a case report Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-11-03 Saito, Susumu, Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi, Yamanaka, Meripet Polat, Mizutani, Tetsuya, Takeshima, Shin-nosuke, Aida, Yoko
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infects cattle, integrates into host DNA as a provirus, and induces malignant B-cell lymphoma. Previous studies have addressed the impact of proviral integration of BLV on BLV-induced leukemogenesis. However, no studies have monitored sequential changes in integration sites in which naturally infected BLV individuals progress from the premalignant stage to the terminal disease
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HUSH-mediated HIV silencing is independent of TASOR phosphorylation on threonine 819 Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-10-29 Vauthier, Virginie, Lasserre, Angélique, Morel, Marina, Versapuech, Margaux, Berlioz-Torrent, Clarisse, Zamborlini, Alessia, Margottin-Goguet, Florence, Matkovic, Roy
TASOR, a component of the HUSH repressor epigenetic complex, and SAMHD1, a cellular triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase), are both anti-HIV proteins antagonized by HIV-2/SIVsmm Viral protein X. As a result, the same viral protein is able to relieve two different blocks along the viral life cell cycle, one at the level of reverse transcription, by degrading SAMHD1, the other one at the level of proviral expression
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A clinical review of HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-10-22 Zhao, Alexa Vyain, Crutchley, Rustin D., Guduru, Rakesh Chowdary, Ton, Kathy, Lam, Tammie, Min, Amy Cheng
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) have improved the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are currently four approved for use in treatment-naïve individuals living with HIV; these include first generation raltegravir, elvitegravir, and second generation dolutegravir and bictegravir. The most recent INSTI, cabotegravir, is approved for (1) treatment of HIV infection in adults
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Replication-competent HIV-1 in human alveolar macrophages and monocytes despite nucleotide pools with elevated dUTP Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-09-16 Cui, Junru, Meshesha, Mesfin, Churgulia, Natela, Merlo, Christian, Fuchs, Edward, Breakey, Jennifer, Jones, Joyce, Stivers, James T.
Although CD4+ memory T cells are considered the primary latent reservoir for HIV-1, replication competent HIV has been detected in tissue macrophages in both animal and human studies. During in vitro HIV infection, the depleted nucleotide pool and high dUTP levels in monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) leads to proviruses with high levels of dUMP, which has been implicated in viral restriction or reduced
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The KT Jeang Retrovirology prize 2022: Florence Margottin-Goguet Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-09-06
Florence Margottin-Goguet studied cellular and molecular biology at the University Pierre and Marie Curie in Paris. As a PhD student, she worked from 1989 to 1993 in the laboratory directed by André Sentenac in Saclay, near Paris. Sentenac's lab was internationally recognized in the field of transcription research using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. Specifically, the laboratory
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The key amino acid sites 199–205, 269, 319, 321 and 324 of ALV-K env contribute to the weaker replication capacity of ALV-K than ALV-A Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-08-24 Chen, Jian, Li, Jinqun, Dong, Xinyi, Liao, Ming, Cao, Weisheng
Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is an infectious retrovirus, that mainly causes various forms of tumours, immunosuppression, a decreased egg production rate and slow weight gain in poultry. ALV consists of 11 subgroups, A–K, among which ALV-K is an emerging subgroup that has become prevalent in the past 10 years. Most ALV-K isolates showed weak replication ability and pathogenicity. In this study, the weak
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Opposing roles of CLK SR kinases in controlling HIV-1 gene expression and latency Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-08-19 Dahal, Subha, Clayton, Kiera, Been, Terek, Fernet-Brochu, Raphaële, Ocando, Alonso Villasmil, Balachandran, Ahalya, Poirier, Mikaël, Maldonado, Rebecca Kaddis, Shkreta, Lulzim, Boligan, Kayluz Frias, Guvenc, Furkan, Rahman, Fariha, Branch, Donald, Bell, Brendan, Chabot, Benoit, Gray-Owen, Scott D., Parent, Leslie J., Cochrane, Alan
The generation of over 69 spliced HIV-1 mRNAs from one primary transcript by alternative RNA splicing emphasizes the central role that RNA processing plays in HIV-1 replication. Control is mediated in part through the action of host SR proteins whose activity is regulated by multiple SR kinases (CLK1-4, SRPKs). Both shRNA depletion and small molecule inhibitors of host SR kinases were used in T cell
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CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to create nonhuman primate models for studying stem cell therapies for HIV infection Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-08-10 Schmidt, Jenna Kropp, Reynolds, Matthew R., Golos, Thaddeus G., Slukvin, Igor I.
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are well-established basic and translational research models for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and pathophysiology, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, and assisted reproductive technologies. Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technologies present opportunities to refine NHP HIV models for investigating genetic factors that affect HIV replication
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Two lymphoid cell lines potently silence unintegrated HIV-1 DNAs Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-09 Geis, Franziska K., Kelenis, Demetra P., Goff, Stephen P.
Mammalian cells mount a variety of defense mechanisms against invading viruses to prevent or reduce infection. One such defense is the transcriptional silencing of incoming viral DNA, including the silencing of unintegrated retroviral DNA in most cells. Here, we report that the lymphoid cell lines K562 and Jurkat cells reveal a dramatically higher efficiency of silencing of viral expression from unintegrated
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Innate immune regulation in HIV latency models Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-08 Olson, Rebecca M., Gornalusse, Germán, Whitmore, Leanne S., Newhouse, Dan, Tisoncik-Go, Jennifer, Smith, Elise, Ochsenbauer, Christina, Hladik, Florian, Gale, Michael
Innate immunity and type 1 interferon (IFN) defenses are critical for early control of HIV infection within CD4 + T cells. Despite these defenses, some acutely infected cells silence viral transcription to become latently infected and form the HIV reservoir in vivo. Latently infected cells persist through antiretroviral therapy (ART) and are a major barrier to HIV cure. Here, we evaluated innate immunity
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Interview with a Retrovirologist: Wibke Bayer in conversation with Hung Fan Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-04 Fan, Hung, Bayer, Wibke
“Retrovirology is pleased to share the next installment in “Interview with a Retrovirologist”, in which two scientists discuss their careers, with the goal of highlighting leaders and rising stars, celebrating diversity and inspiring the next generation of scientists. Our latest pair of scientists is Dr. Hung Fan of the University of California, Irvine, and Dr. Wibke Bayer, from the University Duisburg-Essen
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Defective HIV-1 genomes and their potential impact on HIV pathogenesis Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-28 Kuniholm, Jeffrey, Coote, Carolyn, Henderson, Andrew J.
Defective HIV-1 proviruses represent a population of viral genomes that are selected for by immune pressures, and clonally expanded to dominate the persistent HIV-1 proviral genome landscape. There are examples of RNA and protein expression from these compromised genomes which are generated by a variety of mechanisms. Despite the evidence that these proviruses are transcribed and translated, their
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Repression of HIV-1 reactivation mediated by CRISPR/dCas9-KRAB in lymphoid and myeloid cell models Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-22 da Costa, Lendel Correia, Bomfim, Larissa Maciel, Dittz, Uilla Victoria Torres, Velozo, Camila de Almeida, da Cunha, Rodrigo Delvecchio, Tanuri, Amilcar
Despite antiretroviral treatment efficacy, it does not lead to the complete eradication of HIV infection. Consequently, reactivation of the virus from latently infected cell reservoirs is a major challenge toward cure efforts. Two strategies targeting viral latency are currently under investigation: the “shock and kill” and the “block and lock.” The “Block and Lock” methodology aims to control HIV-1
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Comprehensive identification and characterization of the HERV-K (HML-9) group in the human genome Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-08 Jia, Lei, Liu, Mengying, Yang, Caiqin, Li, Hanping, Liu, Yongjian, Han, Jingwan, Zhai, Xiuli, Wang, Xiaolin, Li, Tianyi, Li, Jingyun, Zhang, Bohan, Yu, Changyuan, Li, Lin
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) result from ancestral infections caused by exogenous retroviruses that became incorporated into the germline DNA and evolutionarily fixed in the human genome. HERVs can be transmitted vertically in a Mendelian fashion and be stably maintained in the human genome, of which they are estimated to comprise approximately 8%. HERV-K (HML1-10) transcription has been confirmed
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Anti-inflammatory effects of recreational marijuana in virally suppressed youth with HIV-1 are reversed by use of tobacco products in combination with marijuana Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-31 Yin, Li, Dinasarapu, Ashok R., Borkar, Samiksha A., Chang, Kai-Fen, De Paris, Kristina, Kim-Chang, Julie J., Sleasman, John W., Goodenow, Maureen M.
Marijuana’s putative anti-inflammatory properties may benefit HIV-associated comorbidities. How recreational marijuana use affects gene expression in peripheral blood cells (PBC) among youth with HIV-1 (YWH) is unknown. YWH with defined substance use (n = 54) receiving similar antiretroviral therapy (ART) were assigned to one of four analysis groups: YWH with detectable plasma HIV-1 (> 50 RNA copies/ml)
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P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1/CD162) is incorporated into clinical HIV-1 isolates and can mediate virus capture and subsequent transfer to permissive cells Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-21 Burnie, Jonathan, Persaud, Arvin Tejnarine, Thaya, Laxshaginee, Liu, Qingbo, Miao, Huiyi, Grabinsky, Stephen, Norouzi, Vanessa, Lusso, Paolo, Tang, Vera A., Guzzo, Christina
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1/CD162) has been studied extensively for its role in mediating leukocyte rolling through interactions with its cognate receptor, P-selectin. Recently, PSGL-1 was identified as a novel HIV-1 host restriction factor, particularly when expressed at high levels in the HIV envelope. Importantly, while the potent antiviral activity of PSGL-1 has been clearly demonstrated
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Simon Litvak (1942–2022) Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-19 López-Lastra, Marcelo, Parissi, Vincent, Darlix, Jean-Luc
A talented Chilean-French biochemist, mentor to many brilliant students, with a unique scientific character, a friend who developed a strong collaborative research and teaching program between Chile and France. Simon Litvak (Fig. 1) was born in the Chilean Coastal city and harbor of Valparaiso in 1942. Fig. 1 Simon Litvak a talented Chilean–French biochemistFull size image His initial focus was on
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No evidence of bovine leukemia virus proviral DNA and antibodies in human specimens from Japan Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-18 Yamanaka, Meripet Polat, Saito, Susumu, Hara, Yukiko, Matsuura, Ryosuke, Takeshima, Shin-nosuke, Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi, Matsumoto, Yasunobu, Furuta, Rika A., Takei, Masami, Aida, Yoko
The potential risk and association of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) with human remains controversial as it has been reported to be both positive and negative in human breast cancer and blood samples. Therefore, establishing the presence of BLV in comprehensive human clinical samples in different geographical locations is essential. In this study, we examined the presence of BLV proviral DNA in human
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Immunoescape of HIV-1 in Env-EL9 CD8 + T cell response restricted by HLA-B*14:02 in a Non progressor who lost twenty-seven years of HIV-1 control Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-03-26 Moyano, Ana, Blanch-Lombarte, Oscar, Tarancon-Diez, Laura, Pedreño-Lopez, Nuria, Arenas, Miguel, Alvaro, Tamara, Casado, Concepción, Olivares, Isabel, Vera, Mar, Rodriguez, Carmen, del Romero, Jorge, López-Galíndez, Cecilio, Ruiz-Mateos, Ezequiel, Prado, Julia G., Pernas, María
Long-Term Non-Progressors (LTNPs) are untreated Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals able to control disease progression for prolonged periods. However, the LTNPs status is temporary, as viral load increases followed by decreases in CD4 + T-cell counts. Control of HIV-1 infection in LTNPs viremic controllers, have been associated with effective immunodominant HIV-1 Gag-CD8 + T-cell
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Correction to: A novel Betaretrovirus discovered in cattle with neurological disease and encephalitis Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-02-07 Hierweger, Melanie M., Koch, Michel C., Kauer, Ronja V., Bagó, Zoltán, Oevermann, Anna, Bertoni, Giuseppe, Seuberlich, Torsten
Following publication of the original article [1], it was reported that the text did not contain reference to the NCBI GenBank entries of the proviral genome sequences determined in this study. The ‘Availability of data and materials’ declaration should include the statement "Proviral genome sequences are available from GenBank (accession numbers KU720628 [case 1], OM339153 [case 2], OM339154 [case
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YTHDC1 regulates distinct post-integration steps of HIV-1 replication and is important for viral infectivity Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-31 N’Da Konan, Sarah, Ségéral, Emmanuel, Bejjani, Fabienne, Bendoumou, Maryam, Ait Said, Mélissa, Gallois-Montbrun, Sarah, Emiliani, Stéphane
The recent discovery of the role of m6A methylation in the regulation of HIV-1 replication unveiled a novel layer of regulation for HIV gene expression. This epitranscriptomic modification of HIV-1 RNAs is under the dynamic control of specific writers and erasers. In addition, cytoplasmic readers of the m6A mark are recruited to the modified viral RNAs and regulate HIV-1 replication. Yet, little is
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Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2) genetic variants influence expression levels and disease outcome in HIV-1 chronically infected patients Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-26 Mlimi, Hlelolwenkosi, Naidoo, Kewreshini K., Mabuka, Jenniffer, Ndung’u, Thumbi, Madlala, Paradise
Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2) also known as Tetherin (CD317/HM1.24), is a host restriction factor that blocks the release of HIV-1 virions from infected cells. Previous studies reported that BST-2 genetic variants or single nucleotide polymorphims (SNPs) have a preventative role during HIV-1 infection. However, the influence of BST-2 SNPs on expression levels remains unknown. In this study
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HIV-2/SIV Vpx antagonises NF-κB activation by targeting p65 Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-24 Fink, Douglas L., Cai, James, Whelan, Matthew V. X., Monit, Christopher, Maluquer de Motes, Carlos, Towers, Greg J., Sumner, Rebecca P.
The NF-κB family of transcription factors and associated signalling pathways are abundant and ubiquitous in human immune responses. Activation of NF-κB transcription factors by viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as viral RNA and DNA, is fundamental to anti-viral innate immune defences and pro-inflammatory cytokine production that steers adaptive immune responses. Diverse non-viral stimuli
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Reduced and highly diverse peripheral HIV-1 reservoir in virally suppressed patients infected with non-B HIV-1 strains in Uganda Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-15 Joussef-Piña, Samira, Nankya, Immaculate, Nalukwago, Sophie, Baseke, Joy, Rwambuya, Sandra, Winner, Dane, Kyeyune, Fred, Chervenak, Keith, Thiel, Bonnie, Asaad, Robert, Dobrowolski, Curtis, Luttge, Benjamin, Lawley, Blair, Kityo, Cissy M., Boom, W. Henry, Karn, Jonathan, Quiñones-Mateu, Miguel E.
Our understanding of the peripheral human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir is strongly biased towards subtype B HIV-1 strains, with only limited information available from patients infected with non-B HIV-1 subtypes, which are the predominant viruses seen in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) in Africa and Asia. In this study, blood samples were obtained from well-suppressed ART-experienced
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Rotten to the core: antivirals targeting the HIV-1 capsid core Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2021-12-22 McFadden, William M., Snyder, Alexa A., Kirby, Karen A., Tedbury, Philip R., Raj, Monika, Wang, Zhengqiang, Sarafianos, Stefan G.
The capsid core of HIV-1 is a large macromolecular assembly that surrounds the viral genome and is an essential component of the infectious virus. In addition to its multiple roles throughout the viral life cycle, the capsid interacts with multiple host factors. Owing to its indispensable nature, the HIV-1 capsid has been the target of numerous antiretrovirals, though most capsid-targeting molecules
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A novel Betaretrovirus discovered in cattle with neurological disease and encephalitis Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2021-12-20 Hierweger, Melanie M., Koch, Michel C., Kauer, Ronja V., Bagó, Zoltán, Oevermann, Anna, Bertoni, Giuseppe, Seuberlich, Torsten
The majority of emerging infectious diseases in humans are of animal origin, and many of them are caused by neuropathogenic viruses. Many cases of neurological disease and encephalitis in livestock remain etiologically unresolved, posing a constant threat to animal and human health. Thus, continuous extension of our knowledge of the repertoire of viruses prone to infect the central nervous system (CNS)
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Editing out HIV: application of gene editing technology to achieve functional cure Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2021-12-18 Xun, Jingna, Zhang, Xinyu, Guo, Shuyan, Lu, Hongzhou, Chen, Jun
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) successfully suppresses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and improves the quality of life of patients living with HIV. However, current HAART does not eradicate HIV infection because an HIV reservoir is established in latently infected cells and is not recognized by the immune system. The successful curative treatment of the Berlin and London
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Trim28 acts as restriction factor of prototype foamy virus replication by modulating H3K9me3 marks and destabilizing the viral transactivator Tas Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Yuan, Peipei, Yan, Jun, Wang, Shuang, Guo, Yang, Xi, Xueyan, Han, Song, Yin, Jun, Peng, Biwen, He, Xiaohua, Bodem, Jochen, Liu, Wanhong
Prototype foamy virus (PFV) is nonpathogenic complex retroviruses that express a transcriptional transactivator Tas, which is essential for the activity of viral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter and internal promoter (IP). Tripartite motif-containing protein 28 (Trim28) is well known as a scaffold protein normally enriched in gene promoter region to repress transcription. We sought to determine
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HIV-1 integrase binding to genomic RNA 5′-UTR induces local structural changes in vitro and in virio Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2021-11-22 Liu, Shuohui, Koneru, Pratibha C., Li, Wen, Pathirage, Chathuri, Engelman, Alan N., Kvaratskhelia, Mamuka, Musier-Forsyth, Karin
During HIV-1 maturation, Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins are proteolytically cleaved and the capsid protein polymerizes to form the honeycomb capsid lattice. HIV-1 integrase (IN) binds the viral genomic RNA (gRNA) and impairment of IN-gRNA binding leads to mis-localization of the nucleocapsid protein (NC)-condensed viral ribonucleoprotein complex outside the capsid core. IN and NC were previously demonstrated
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An ancient retroviral RNA element hidden in mammalian genomes and its involvement in co-opted retroviral gene regulation Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2021-11-10 Kitao, Koichi, Nakagawa, So, Miyazawa, Takayuki
Retroviruses utilize multiple unique RNA elements to control RNA processing and translation. However, it is unclear what functional RNA elements are present in endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Gene co-option from ERVs sometimes entails the conservation of viral cis-elements required for gene expression, which might reveal the RNA regulation in ERVs. Here, we characterized an RNA element found in ERVs
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Diverse antiviral IgG effector activities are predicted by unique biophysical antibody features Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-30 Cheng, Hao D., Dowell, Karen G., Bailey-Kellogg, Chris, Goods, Brittany A., Love, J. Christopher, Ferrari, Guido, Alter, Galit, Gach, Johannes, Forthal, Donald N., Lewis, George K., Greene, Kelli, Gao, Hongmei, Montefiori, David C., Ackerman, Margaret E.
The critical role of antibody Fc-mediated effector functions in immune defense has been widely reported in various viral infections. These effector functions confer cellular responses through engagement with innate immune cells. The precise mechanism(s) by which immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc domain and cognate receptors may afford protection are poorly understood, however, in the context of HIV/SHIV infections
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Integration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in infected human cells by retrotransposons: an unlikely hypothesis and old viral relationships Retrovirology (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-29 Grandi, Nicole, Tramontano, Enzo, Berkhout, Ben
Zhang et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci 118:e2105968118, 2021) recently reported that SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be retrotranscribed and integrated into the DNA of human cells by the L1 retrotransposon machinery. This phenomenon could cause persistence of viral sequences in patients and may explain the prolonged PCR-positivity of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, even long after the phase of active virus replication