Abstract—One of the components of the cytoskeleton is microtubules (MT), a complex intracellular system, damage to which may cause disturbances that lead to the development of pathological processes in the cell. This gives rise to the study of tubulin, the main MT protein, in schizophrenia. To assess the relative amount of tubulin, its specific property to bind colchicine at an equimolar ratio was

Abstract—We studied the content of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in serum and lacrimal fluid in 105 patients with depression (unipolar depression, 37 and bipolar depression, 68). The stimulated lacrimal fluid was taken from one randomly selected eye with a pipette dispenser. The concentrations of BDNF and CNTF were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent

Abstract—We studied the effect of prenatal stress on the activity of glutathione-bound enzymes in the subcellular fractions of neurons and neuroglia of rat neocortex. The results of the study showed that prenatal stress causes changes in the activity of these enzymes in both neurons and neocortical neuroglia. These changes differ in the subcellular fractions of the studied cell populations. In the

Abstract—We studied the capability to learn in a passive avoidance task and the rate of its extinction in male rats whose fathers were subjected to stress during the period of spermatogenesis using the “stress–restress” paradigm (a model of post-traumatic stress disorder). In the brain of trained and untrained rats, we studied the expression of genes encoding insulin-like growth factor II and H19,

Abstract Our aim was to determine the levels of arginine decarboxylase (ADC), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and agmatine, ornithine, nitric oxide (NO) and arginase activity in the acute and subacute phases of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), by revealing the possible role of these levels in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis that are postulated to begin after AIS. 35 patients diagnosed with AIS and 35

Abstract—The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates the functioning of the body in accordance with circadian rhythms thanks to the pacemaker neurons present in it and afferents modulating these neurons. One of the afferents is represented by nerve fibers containing only the first enzyme for the synthesis of catecholamines, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In ontogeny, the concentration of these fibers (amount

Abstract—We have analyzed the influence of acetylcholine and GABAergic inhibitory transmission on the functioning of parallel topically organized cortico-basal ganglia–thalamo-cortical neural loops including prefrontal and sensory neocortical areas and the hippocampo-basal ganglia–thalamo–hippocampal loop. Abnormal changes in the acetylcholine concentration as well as in the efficiency of excitation

Abstract—The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates functions in accordance with circadian rhythms thanks to the pacemaker neurons present in it and afferents modulating their activity. One type of afferent is nerve fibers containing only tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and secreting (L-dihydroxyphenylalanine) L-DOPA. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that L-DOPA comes from TH-containing fibers

Abstract—In an experimental model of Parkinson’s disease, the dopamine content in the striatum, the density of TH+ neurons in the substantia nigra, and the motor activity of mice were studied after the administration of afobazole, which interacts with Sigma-1 and MT1 receptors and regulatory sites of MAO-A and quinone reductase 2 (NQO2, MT3 receptor), and its main metabolite M-11, which selectively

Abstract—Serotonin receptors of subtype 1А (5-HT1A) are involved in the regulation of aggressive behavior. New data show that 5-HT1A receptors are capable of heterodimerization and antagonistic interaction with type 7 serotonin receptors (5-HT7); hence, it is important to study the involvement of 5-НТ7 receptors in aggressive behavior. Specifically, it is necessary to study the patterns of co-expression

Abstract—We studied the effect of novel domestic derivatives of 3-oxypyridine and succinic acid (emoxypine, reamberin, and mexidol) on the activity of monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) and the level of biogenic amines (serotonin and dopamine) in the hypothalamus during the first two weeks of alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. During the first 14 days of alloxan-induced diabetes in rats, the levels

Abstract Despite the importance of microglial cells in chronic pain, the mechanisms of microglial engagement remain controversial. In this study, we examined the changes in immune-related factors in the mesenteric lymph node and spinal cord over time as a treatment regimen for paclitaxel-induced neuropathy (2 mg/kg/day for 5 days). Our data showed that expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines

Abstract—Lately the investigation of non-coding RNAs that play an important role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression, along with the methylation of DNA and modification of histones, has begun. MicroRNAs of 19–24 nucleotides in length are the most studied class. Currently over 5000 various microRNAs have been identified in the human epigenome, and that number is constantly increasing. MicroRNAs

Abstract Long-term exposure to stressful conditions is associated with neurochemical changes in the cerebral structures, which ultimately result in mood disorders including, but not limited to, depression and anxiety. Finding an effective way to deal with these conditions has always been of interest to researchers. The goal of this review was to discuss the biochemical pathways and mechanisms rest

Abstract Epilepsy is a disease characterized by recurrent and unprovoked seizures. Cognitive deficiency and anxiety are important comorbidities of the chronic epilepsy. Studies on epilepsy using human and animal models have shown that aerobic exercise (AX) induces beneficial structural and functional changes and reduce the intensity of seizures. The present study seeks to evaluate effects of an AX

Abstract—In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the development of anxiety symptoms correlates with an increase in the content of noradrenaline and dopamine and a decrease in the content of serotonin in the limbic structures of the brain. Unfortunately, the character of changes in the level of monoamines in the brain stem structures such as the pons Varolii is not known, although it is damaged in

Abstract—The immunotoxin 192IgG-saporin is a powerful tool for inducing the selective death of cholinergic neurons in the basal nuclei. In this study, we investigated the effect of intracerebroventricular immunotoxin administration on the state of microglia in tissues adjacent to the ventricle (striatum and parietal cortex) and remotely located but receiving innervation from the medial septal region

Abstract—We used the radioligand binding method to study the neuroreceptor profile in the brain structures of subpopulations of outbred CD-1 mice that differ in stability of attention to environmental objects in the enriched closed plus maze test. In the prefrontal cortex of the subpopulation of mice with low attention to new objects, the density (Bmax, fmol/mg of protein) of D2-dopamine receptors

Abstract Although selective pruning of subsets of branches is a key step for axonal remodeling, the underlying mechanisms have not fully elucidated. We have reported that the retraction rate of axonal arbor is higher in the terminals, where less kinesin is sorted, and inhibiting actin turnover by treatment with latrunculin A prevented retraction in such terminals. In the present study, we investigated

Abstract Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the main component of senile plaques, one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer,s disease. Is been shown that Aβ25–35 decreased neuronal viability while it increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and albumin (BSA) prevented ROS production and neuronal death in a dose-and time-dependent manner. One of the major sources of ROS is mitochondrion, and is believed that Mitochondrial

Abstract The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and hippocampus are part of the limbic fear–anxiety circuit and have also been implicated in the stress response. The BLA is rich in the expression of α1-adrenoceptors. We hypothesized that α1-adrenoceptors in BLA, may modulate stress-induced anxiety-like behavioral responses and hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron spine density. α1-Adrenoceptors agonist, phenylephrine

Abstract—Stress during pregnancy can cause the structural and functional changes in the fetal brain, which subsequently lead to the formation of various neuropsychiatric diseases, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, schizophrenia, autism, and others. Among the stress factors that can lead to disorders of fetal development, prenatal hypoxic stress is especially important

Abstract—The analgesic and neuroprotective activity of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) was studied in a model of rat chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. We characterized the morphological and chemical state of the distal sciatic nerve segment and the activity of GFAP-positive astroglia and SP-ergic nerve fibers on the 7th and 28th day after the operation. It was found that DHA improves

Abstract Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) is a synthetic nitrile that produces permanent behavioral syndrome characterized by repetitive head movements, circling and back walking in rodents. Other synthetic nitriles of industrial importance such as crotonitrile and allylnitrile are also able to produce similar motor deficits in experimental animals. Among these nitriles, IDPN has been recognized as a prototype

Abstract—We studied quantitative changes in the components of GABAergic system in Sprague–Dawley rats using an ultrasound model of a depression-like state induced by chronic action of randomly alternating ultrasonic frequencies of 20–45 kHz. We measured expression of the GABRA1, GABRA2, GABRA3, and GABRB2 genes coding the α1, α2, α3, and β2 subunits of GABAA-receptors, respectively, in the hippocampus

Abstract—In the past 15 years, it has been shown that dopamine (DA) is synthesized in the brain not only by dopaminergic neurons but also by non-dopaminergic neurons expressing one of the complementary enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (hereinafter, decarboxylase). Moreover, L-DOPA, an intermediate product of DA synthesis, is transported from neurons containing tyrosine

Abstract The marked heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorders is a challenge for research into biomarkers of these disorders. The present study aimed to assess the association of the thioredoxin (TRX) system and vasopressin with autism in children. Thirty-five autistic children were recruited with thirty-one healthy controls children matched for age and gender. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), vasopressin

Abstract Three strains of laboratory rats (Lewis, Wistar and Sprague–Dawley) commonly used for the study of movement disorders differ in gait traits. Sialic acid containing glycosphingolipids, called gangliosides, are abundant in the nervous system, where they affect numerous neurochemical events. Cerebellum plays the key role in the integration of body movements. This study investigated glycosphingolipid

Abstract—The pre-fibrillar oligomeric structures of the α-synuclein protein formed during misfolding play an important role in the molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and other age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases. We studied the effect of toxic α-synuclein oligomers administered intranasally for 14 days on the motor activity, learning, memory, and anxiety of adult (6-month-old) male

Abstract— The purpose of the study was to identify patterns of changes in the levels of antibodies (ABs) against nervous tissue regulatory proteins during the post-contact period in patients with varying degrees of neurointoxication from metallic mercury vapor. We studied dependent samples collected in a 5 year period from men with first, second or third degree chronic mercury intoxication (CMI). By

Abstract—Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins. Their main function in the nervous system is water transport. Furthermore, some of them are capable of transporting glycerol, urea, and certain gases; they also take part in glial scar formation, astrocyte migration, and neurotransmission. Some data suggest that aquaporins are involved in the pathogenesis of brain edema and tumors, autoimmune processes

Abstract—Morphine is known to induce a long-term hyperlocomotor response due to increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens via the activation of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. It has been demonstrated that the low-affinity antagonist of NMDA receptors hemantane can alleviate ethanol-induced stimulation of behavior due to its effect on the dopamine- and noradrenergic systems

Abstract—In the early 2000s, it was shown that dopamine is synthesized not only by dopaminergic neurons that possess the necessary set of enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAD), but also by non-dopaminergic (monoenzymatic) neurons containing one of the enzymes. In this case, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), which is synthesized in neurons containing tyrosine

Abstract—We studied the effect of chronic neuropathic pain on the state of microglia and neurogenesis in the hippocampus in old mice. Neuropathic pain was induced by imposing three ligatures on the sciatic nerve of the right hind limb of animals. Testing behavior showed the presence of impaired working memory and locomotor activity in animals with neuropathic pain both in 1 week and 3 weeks after surgery

Abstract—The role of astroglia cells is more complex than the idea that they are an elastic frame that provides structural and metabolic support in the brain. The data of cyto-biochemical and physiological analysis demonstrate that astrocytes are integral elements of neural networks. Astrocytes can affect synaptic processes due to release or modulation of the activity of neurotransmitters. Here, we

Abstract—Elevated levels of glucocorticoids in the perinatal period of ontogeny may provoke further development of neuropathology, whose mechanisms can involve apoptosis of brain cells caused by impaired expression of neurotrophins, including the practically unstudied neurotrophic factor 3 (NT3). In order to clarify this issue, we explored the effect of glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) on the NT3

Abstract— Exosomes are small (30–100 nm) vesicles of the endocytic membrane that may be found in the endosome system of multivesicular organs and are released after fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Exosomes function as carriers for specific loads and are stable in biological fluids; hence, exosomes are considered as potential biomarkers of different diseases. The degree of

Abstract—The brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF, which regulates neurogenesis and brain plasticity, mediates the neuroprotective action of the mood stabilizer lithium, which is commonly used in psychiatry. However, it remains unclear whether lithium affects BDNF levels in neonatal brain structures that differ in the maturity levels during ontogeny. Here, we studied the acute effects of lithium

Abstract—We studied lipid peroxidation and measured the products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) together with the indices of the antioxidant system (AOS) in the blood of patients with epilepsy of various severities in the South Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan. We examined 95 epileptic patients, including 35 patients with 3 seizure attacks per year, 30 patients with up to 12 seizure attacks per year, and

Abstract—It is hypothesized that the basis of nightmares in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is modification of synaptic transmission in neural circuits that contain one of the following structures: the visual cortex, prefrontal cortex (PfC), basolateral amygdala (BLA), hippocampus, connected with them nuclei of the thalamus and basal ganglia (BG). The emergence of dreams is promoted by the induction

Abstract—We studied the activity and some physicochemical parameters of LDH in the rat brain under normal and hypothermic conditions. It was found that during hypothermia the activity of LDH in the rat brain increases, while this increase is less pronounced in an enzyme preparation purified from ballast proteins. A study of LDH self-fluorescence showed a decrease in the intensity of total fluorescence

Abstract—Oxidative stress (OS) plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is accompanied by the development of free radical reactions of lipid peroxidation. The growth of highly reactive products of oxidative metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) leads to dysfunction and the subsequent death of dopaminergic neurons and contributes to the emergence and progression

Abstract Loranthus micranthus (LM) is used in the treatment of diabetes and mental disorders in Nigerian folklore medicine. We studied the short-term memory behavior as well as the activity of acetylcholinesterase, antioxidant status and glycolytic flux in cerebrum and cerebellum of diabetic rats treated with LM extract. Histopathological evaluation was used to assess the level of damage on brain tissue

Abstract—Development of the technology of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) opened new opportunities for studies of the mechanisms of pathogenesis and effective treatment of acute and chronic forms of cerebral pathologies. Here, we review current literature data on the use of the iPSC technology for in vitro modeling of Alzheimer’s disease, search for new pharmacological drugs for its treatment

Abstract—We studied the effect of a 2-week administration of cycloprolylglycine peptide (CPG) (1 and 2 mg/kg/day, i.p.) on the binding characteristics of serotonin 5-HT2A-, NMDA-, metabotropic glutamate mGluII-, GABAA- and GABAB-receptors in the brain of inbred BALB/c mice in vitro and ex vivo. It was found that CPG at doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg/day reduces the density of 5-HT2A receptors in the striatum

Abstract—We studied the effects of original Russian 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives (emoxypine, reamberin, and mexidol) on the dynamics of activity of monoamine oxidases (МАО-А and МАО-B) and correlated them to the levels of biogenic amines (serotonin and dopamine) in the brain cortex during the first 2 weeks of alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. An injection of 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives

Abstract—The purpose of this investigation was to study the neurobiological effects of several interplanetary flight factors: hypogravity, which was modeled in a ground-based experiment using the conventional gravitational unloading technique, a 7-day anti-orthostatic hanging (AOH), and synchronous with it long-term gamma irradiation and high-energy protons. We analyzed the animal behavior in a number

Abstract—This review summarizes the current understanding of the regulatory role of melatonin in the formation of the nervous system in the antenatal and early postnatal period of body development. We discuss questions concerning the involvement of melatonin and the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus, which are the central oscillator of biorhythms, in the synchronization of the functions of

Abstract—Creatine kinase (CK) and its substrates creatine (Cr) and creatine phosphate (CrP) form the Cr–CrP–CK system, which, along with its buffer and transport roles in the energy metabolism of the cell, also performs the function of maintenance of the stability of mitochondrial membranes, which together determines the neuroprotective role of Cr. Considering the anti-apoptotic and antioxidant properties

Abstract In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the study of the communication between cells in the nervous system with extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, under physiological and pathological conditions. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles ranging in size from 50 to 200 nm, which are secreted by most cell types and provide communication between cells by transporting proteins

Abstract Deregulation of brain Ca2+ homeostasis is linked with oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegeneration, loss of synaptic plasticity, and cholinergic deficits. Earlier chronic administration of calcium channel blockers (L-type CCBs) has afforded relief in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) symptoms. Azelnidipine (AZL) is a long duration L-type Ca2+ channel blocker recently included in anti-hypertensive

Abstract—We studied the effects of the potential antiepileptic agent GIZh-298 and a comparison drug, topiramate, on the concentration of monoamines and their metabolites in the frontal cortex, hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, striatum, and hippocampus in the rat brain after generalized tonic–clonic seizure caused by electroshock (MES). We found that GIZh-298 (60 mg/kg, i.p.) exhibits a pronounced anticonvulsant