Abstract—Regulatory peptides have modulatory and integrative functions defining communication between different systems of the body. This review summarizes and systematizes the data on drugs created on the basis of peptide regulators. The therapeutic profiles of a wide range of oligopeptides are considered in various body systems: nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, immune, endocrine, etc. The data

Abstract— Inflammation plays a substantial role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a cost-effective and simple indicator of inflammation, which it is widely used as a proxy of systemic inflammation. In this retrospective study, we investigated the relationship between NLR and early-onset schizophrenia. Hematologic parameters and Positive and Negative

Abstract To understand what happens in the serum after methamphetamine (MA) administration, nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics was performed to investigate the characteristic metabolite profile in the serum of rats with MA-induced conditioned place preference. The results showed that tyrosine concentration was significantly higher in the MA-induced group (1.68 × 10–5 ppm) than in the control

Abstract—Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus occurs throughout the life of mammals, including humans. A common view is that integration of newborn neurons provides a high level of plasticity in the hippocampal neuronal network. This is important for cognitive brain function, memory formation, and emotions. Neurogenesis is supported by the pool of stem cells located in the subgranular

Abstract—Regulation of adaptive mechanisms in the central nervous system in cerebrovascular disorders and during the development of pathological processes is an urgent problems in neurobiology and medicine. Kinases, enzymes that perform a wide range of functions in the central nervous system, are of great interest as molecular targets and possible therapeutic agents in various neurodegenerative processes

Abstract—We analyzed possible mechanisms of the influence of the supramammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus (SMN) on the activity of granule cells of the dentate gyrus and pyramidal neurons of the CA2 field of the hippocampus. We used known data on the functional organization of excitatory and inhibitory interactions in the neural network, which includes the SMN, hippocampus, septum, and entorhinal

Abstract—The technology for producing human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the possibility of directed differentiation into specialized cells of all body tissues have opened unique opportunities for studying the molecular genetic basis of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases in vitro and effective screening for compounds with neuroprotective activity. The aim of this work was

Abstract—The aim of the study was to identify changes in serum concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in workers exposed to metallic mercury vapors and in patients with chronic mercury intoxication (CMI), depending on the level of depression. We found unidirectional changes in the cytokine profile in workers with moderate and severe depression chronically exposed to vapors of metallic

Abstract—Intracerebral microdialysis in Sprague-Dawley rats showed that a conditioned sound signal (CS+) previously reinforced by unavoidable electrocutaneous stimulation (fear conditioning test) is accompanied by an increased level of extracellular serotonin in the medial prefrontal cortex and provokes freezing behavior (fear index). A differential sound signal (CS–) not associated with pain stimulation

Abstract—Trace amines are similar in structure to catecholamines and serotonin of the central nervous system but are present at much lower concentrations. Trace amines such as tyramine, tryptamine, octopamine, and β-phenylethylamine, bind to highly specific receptors that have low affinity for catecholamines and serotonin. Several types of trace amine receptors have been identified. Trace amine-associated

Abstract—In order to investigate the joint influence of C1473G polymorphism in the gene encoding the key enzyme for serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis in brain – tryptophan hydroxylase-2, and the distal fragment (103,9-112,4 Мbp) of chromosome 13, including 5-HT1A serotonin receptor gene from catalepsy-prone CBA strain, on the brain 5-HT system, new recombinant mice strain B6-1473GG.CBA-CD13Mit76С (1473GG-76C)

Abstract—Post-stroke depression (PD) is a complex multifactorial disease that affects over 30% of stroke survivors. Despite the high prevalence of the disease, important aspects of its classification, etiology, and pathogenesis are still not fully understood, which is complicated even further by significant difficulties in diagnostics and prevention. Subjective depression rating scales and physical

Abstract—Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is based on clinical examination of patient’s cognitive state. In 2018, the A/T/N system was developed, which expanded a spectrum of biomarkers recommended for AD diagnostics. However, the high price and low availability of the suggested methods, including lumbar puncture or positron-emission tomography, limit their use in daily clinical practice. An active

Abstract—In this study, we evaluated the prospect of induction of the transporter protein glycoprotein-P (Pgp) in the blood–brain barrier for the prevention of development of Parkinson’s syndrome caused by the administration of the neurotoxin rotenone. The study was performed with 48 male rats. The first group of animals was injected subcutaneously with sunflower oil (1 mL/kg) for 28 days; the second

Abstract—Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were used to study the content of the regulatory alpha subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1α), and the mRNA content of the HIF1-regulated genes lactate dehydrogenase A (ldha) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd) in the hippocampus of 1-day old rat pups whose mothers were subjected to three sessions of severe damaging hypoxia on days

Abstract—The pharmacological effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intranasal (i.n.) administration of the peptides selank (300 µg/kg/day), noopept (1 mg/kg/day), and semax (0.6 mg/kg/day), which are known to possess anxiolytic and nootropic properties, were compared by studying the elevated-plus-maze (EPM) behavior of inbred BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, and studying their effects on NMDA- and mGluII-

Abstract—We studied the dynamics of changes in the content of neuron specific enolase (NSE, EC 4.2.1.11) in the hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum and blood serum of rats at 5th, 10th, and 30th days of postnatal development. It was shown that during the first month of life the content of NSE increases several-fold in all the structures studied, both after hypoxia and in the animals not exposed to hypoxia

Abstract—We studied the effect of the peptide drug pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) at doses of 50, 100, and 200 ng/kg on the training of rats in the Morris maze and the maintenance of the acquired skill after the development of experimental diabetes. We also studied the changes in the subunit composition of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus in these experimental models. In the Morris water maze, spatial learning

Abstract Immunohistochemistry methods are widely used in modern microscopic studies. The advantage of immunoelectron microscopy is the possibility of localization of functional proteins in the ultrastructures of the cell. However, different tissues and antigens react differently to the traditionally used fixatives. Selection of optimal conditions for the preparation of immunologically labeled samples

Abstract—Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that represent an important mode of intercellular communication. It is thought that exosomes can carry biologically active molecules associated with the progressive spreading of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive death of motor neurons. Angiogenin is likely to be important in th

Abstract A few organic synthetic drugs, such as donepezil, rivastigmine and tacrine, are used for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) can provide palliative treatment without generally affecting the progression of the disease, however, sometimes at the cost of severe side effects. Flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides are the potential natural compounds from plants and foods for the treatment of

Abstract—The involvement of corticosteroid brain receptors in the antidepressant-like effects of moderate hypobaric hypoxia was studied in a rat model of depression (the learned helplessness paradigm) using immunohistochemistry. The formation of a depressive-like state is accompanied by a significant deficiency in glucocorticoid receptors in the brain which is most pronounced in the dentate gyrus of

Abstract—Localizing lesions in the brain of rodents after administration of neurotoxic 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA) is important for understanding the mechanisms of progression of parkinsonism. The present study provides the results of behavioral tests, immunohistochemistry, and measurements of dopamine (DA) level in different areas of the striatum 25 days after unilateral intranigral injection of 6-OHDA

Abstract—Recently, it has become apparent that the interaction between the serotonin (5-HT) system and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) system plays an important role in the regulation of behavior, and in various physiological and neuroplasticity processes. Moreover, there is data indicating the involvement of the 5-HT1A receptor, a key regulator of the central serotonergic system, in the

Abstract—The aim of the study was to establish the effect of experimental chronic circulatory failure on the levels of biogenic monoamines, their precursors, and their metabolites in rat brain structures. Thirteen weeks after experimental narrowing of the abdominal aorta to 1 or 0.7 mm, the levels of biogenic monoamines, their precursors, metabolites, kynurenine, and kynurenic acid were measured by

Abstract—One of the components of the cytoskeleton is microtubules (MT), a complex intracellular system, damage to which may cause disturbances that lead to the development of pathological processes in the cell. This gives rise to the study of tubulin, the main MT protein, in schizophrenia. To assess the relative amount of tubulin, its specific property to bind colchicine at an equimolar ratio was

Abstract—We studied the content of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in serum and lacrimal fluid in 105 patients with depression (unipolar depression, 37 and bipolar depression, 68). The stimulated lacrimal fluid was taken from one randomly selected eye with a pipette dispenser. The concentrations of BDNF and CNTF were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent

Abstract—We studied the effect of prenatal stress on the activity of glutathione-bound enzymes in the subcellular fractions of neurons and neuroglia of rat neocortex. The results of the study showed that prenatal stress causes changes in the activity of these enzymes in both neurons and neocortical neuroglia. These changes differ in the subcellular fractions of the studied cell populations. In the

Abstract—We studied the capability to learn in a passive avoidance task and the rate of its extinction in male rats whose fathers were subjected to stress during the period of spermatogenesis using the “stress–restress” paradigm (a model of post-traumatic stress disorder). In the brain of trained and untrained rats, we studied the expression of genes encoding insulin-like growth factor II and H19,

AbstractOur aim was to determine the levels of arginine decarboxylase (ADC), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and agmatine, ornithine, nitric oxide (NO) and arginase activity in the acute and subacute phases of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), by revealing the possible role of these levels in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis that are postulated to begin after AIS. 35 patients diagnosed with AIS and 35 controls

Abstract—The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates the functioning of the body in accordance with circadian rhythms thanks to the pacemaker neurons present in it and afferents modulating these neurons. One of the afferents is represented by nerve fibers containing only the first enzyme for the synthesis of catecholamines, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In ontogeny, the concentration of these fibers (amount

Abstract—We have analyzed the influence of acetylcholine and GABAergic inhibitory transmission on the functioning of parallel topically organized cortico-basal ganglia–thalamo-cortical neural loops including prefrontal and sensory neocortical areas and the hippocampo-basal ganglia–thalamo–hippocampal loop. Abnormal changes in the acetylcholine concentration as well as in the efficiency of excitation

Abstract—The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates functions in accordance with circadian rhythms thanks to the pacemaker neurons present in it and afferents modulating their activity. One type of afferent is nerve fibers containing only tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and secreting (L-dihydroxyphenylalanine) L-DOPA. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that L-DOPA comes from TH-containing fibers

Abstract—In an experimental model of Parkinson’s disease, the dopamine content in the striatum, the density of TH+ neurons in the substantia nigra, and the motor activity of mice were studied after the administration of afobazole, which interacts with Sigma-1 and MT1 receptors and regulatory sites of MAO-A and quinone reductase 2 (NQO2, MT3 receptor), and its main metabolite M-11, which selectively

Abstract—Serotonin receptors of subtype 1А (5-HT1A) are involved in the regulation of aggressive behavior. New data show that 5-HT1A receptors are capable of heterodimerization and antagonistic interaction with type 7 serotonin receptors (5-HT7); hence, it is important to study the involvement of 5-НТ7 receptors in aggressive behavior. Specifically, it is necessary to study the patterns of co-expression

Abstract—We studied the effect of novel domestic derivatives of 3-oxypyridine and succinic acid (emoxypine, reamberin, and mexidol) on the activity of monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) and the level of biogenic amines (serotonin and dopamine) in the hypothalamus during the first two weeks of alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. During the first 14 days of alloxan-induced diabetes in rats, the levels

AbstractDespite the importance of microglial cells in chronic pain, the mechanisms of microglial engagement remain controversial. In this study, we examined the changes in immune-related factors in the mesenteric lymph node and spinal cord over time as a treatment regimen for paclitaxel-induced neuropathy (2 mg/kg/day for 5 days). Our data showed that expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines

Abstract—Lately the investigation of non-coding RNAs that play an important role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression, along with the methylation of DNA and modification of histones, has begun. MicroRNAs of 19–24 nucleotides in length are the most studied class. Currently over 5000 various microRNAs have been identified in the human epigenome, and that number is constantly increasing. MicroRNAs

AbstractLong-term exposure to stressful conditions is associated with neurochemical changes in the cerebral structures, which ultimately result in mood disorders including, but not limited to, depression and anxiety. Finding an effective way to deal with these conditions has always been of interest to researchers. The goal of this review was to discuss the biochemical pathways and mechanisms restraint/immobilization

AbstractEpilepsy is a disease characterized by recurrent and unprovoked seizures. Cognitive deficiency and anxiety are important comorbidities of the chronic epilepsy. Studies on epilepsy using human and animal models have shown that aerobic exercise (AX) induces beneficial structural and functional changes and reduce the intensity of seizures. The present study seeks to evaluate effects of an AX program

Abstract—In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the development of anxiety symptoms correlates with an increase in the content of noradrenaline and dopamine and a decrease in the content of serotonin in the limbic structures of the brain. Unfortunately, the character of changes in the level of monoamines in the brain stem structures such as the pons Varolii is not known, although it is damaged in

AbstractIminodipropionitrile (IDPN) is a synthetic nitrile that produces permanent behavioral syndrome characterized by repetitive head movements, circling and back walking in rodents. Other synthetic nitriles of industrial importance such as crotonitrile and allylnitrile are also able to produce similar motor deficits in experimental animals. Among these nitriles, IDPN has been recognized as a prototype

Abstract—The immunotoxin 192IgG-saporin is a powerful tool for inducing the selective death of cholinergic neurons in the basal nuclei. In this study, we investigated the effect of intracerebroventricular immunotoxin administration on the state of microglia in tissues adjacent to the ventricle (striatum and parietal cortex) and remotely located but receiving innervation from the medial septal region

Abstract—We used the radioligand binding method to study the neuroreceptor profile in the brain structures of subpopulations of outbred CD-1 mice that differ in stability of attention to environmental objects in the enriched closed plus maze test. In the prefrontal cortex of the subpopulation of mice with low attention to new objects, the density (Bmax, fmol/mg of protein) of D2-dopamine receptors

AbstractAlthough selective pruning of subsets of branches is a key step for axonal remodeling, the underlying mechanisms have not fully elucidated. We have reported that the retraction rate of axonal arbor is higher in the terminals, where less kinesin is sorted, and inhibiting actin turnover by treatment with latrunculin A prevented retraction in such terminals. In the present study, we investigated

AbstractAmyloid-β (Aβ) is the main component of senile plaques, one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer,s disease. Is been shown that Aβ25–35 decreased neuronal viability while it increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and albumin (BSA) prevented ROS production and neuronal death in a dose-and time-dependent manner. One of the major sources of ROS is mitochondrion, and is believed that Mitochondrial

AbstractThe basolateral amygdala (BLA) and hippocampus are part of the limbic fear–anxiety circuit and have also been implicated in the stress response. The BLA is rich in the expression of α1-adrenoceptors. We hypothesized that α1-adrenoceptors in BLA, may modulate stress-induced anxiety-like behavioral responses and hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron spine density. α1-Adrenoceptors agonist, phenylephrine

Abstract—Stress during pregnancy can cause the structural and functional changes in the fetal brain, which subsequently lead to the formation of various neuropsychiatric diseases, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, schizophrenia, autism, and others. Among the stress factors that can lead to disorders of fetal development, prenatal hypoxic stress is especially important

Abstract—The analgesic and neuroprotective activity of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) was studied in a model of rat chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. We characterized the morphological and chemical state of the distal sciatic nerve segment and the activity of GFAP-positive astroglia and SP-ergic nerve fibers on the 7th and 28th day after the operation. It was found that DHA improves

Abstract—We studied quantitative changes in the components of GABAergic system in Sprague–Dawley rats using an ultrasound model of a depression-like state induced by chronic action of randomly alternating ultrasonic frequencies of 20–45 kHz. We measured expression of the GABRA1, GABRA2, GABRA3, and GABRB2 genes coding the α1, α2, α3, and β2 subunits of GABAA-receptors, respectively, in the hippocampus

Abstract—In the past 15 years, it has been shown that dopamine (DA) is synthesized in the brain not only by dopaminergic neurons but also by non-dopaminergic neurons expressing one of the complementary enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (hereinafter, decarboxylase). Moreover, L-DOPA, an intermediate product of DA synthesis, is transported from neurons containing tyrosine

AbstractThe marked heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorders is a challenge for research into biomarkers of these disorders. The present study aimed to assess the association of the thioredoxin (TRX) system and vasopressin with autism in children. Thirty-five autistic children were recruited with thirty-one healthy controls children matched for age and gender. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), vasopressin

AbstractThree strains of laboratory rats (Lewis, Wistar and Sprague–Dawley) commonly used for the study of movement disorders differ in gait traits. Sialic acid containing glycosphingolipids, called gangliosides, are abundant in the nervous system, where they affect numerous neurochemical events. Cerebellum plays the key role in the integration of body movements. This study investigated glycosphingolipid

Abstract—The pre-fibrillar oligomeric structures of the α-synuclein protein formed during misfolding play an important role in the molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and other age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases. We studied the effect of toxic α-synuclein oligomers administered intranasally for 14 days on the motor activity, learning, memory, and anxiety of adult (6-month-old) male

Abstract—The purpose of the study was to identify patterns of changes in the levels of antibodies (ABs) against nervous tissue regulatory proteins during the post-contact period in patients with varying degrees of neurointoxication from metallic mercury vapor. We studied dependent samples collected in a 5 year period from men with first, second or third degree chronic mercury intoxication (CMI). By

Abstract—Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins. Their main function in the nervous system is water transport. Furthermore, some of them are capable of transporting glycerol, urea, and certain gases; they also take part in glial scar formation, astrocyte migration, and neurotransmission. Some data suggest that aquaporins are involved in the pathogenesis of brain edema and tumors, autoimmune processes

Abstract—Morphine is known to induce a long-term hyperlocomotor response due to increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens via the activation of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. It has been demonstrated that the low-affinity antagonist of NMDA receptors hemantane can alleviate ethanol-induced stimulation of behavior due to its effect on the dopamine- and noradrenergic systems

Abstract—It is hypothesized that the basis of nightmares in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is modification of synaptic transmission in neural circuits that contain one of the following structures: the visual cortex, prefrontal cortex (PfC), basolateral amygdala (BLA), hippocampus, connected with them nuclei of the thalamus and basal ganglia (BG). The emergence of dreams is promoted by the induction

Abstract—We studied lipid peroxidation and measured the products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) together with the indices of the antioxidant system (AOS) in the blood of patients with epilepsy of various severities in the South Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan. We examined 95 epileptic patients, including 35 patients with 3 seizure attacks per year, 30 patients with up to 12 seizure attacks per year, and