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The structural line between prion and “prion-like”: Insights from prion protein and tau Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-15 Calina Glynn, Jose A. Rodriguez, Bradley T. Hyman
The concept of ‘prion-like’ behavior has emerged in the study of diseases involving protein misfolding where fibrillar structures, called amyloids, self-propagate and induce disease in a fashion similar to prions. From a biological standpoint, in order to be considered ‘prion-like,’ a protein must traverse cells and tissues and further propagate via a templated conformational change. Since 2017, cryo-electron
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The generative neural microdynamics of cognitive processing Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-29 D, a, n, i, e, l, , C, ., , M, c, N, a, m, e, e
The entorhinal cortex and hippocampus form a recurrent network that informs many cognitive processes, including memory, planning, navigation, and imagination. Neural recordings from these regions reveal spatially organized population codes corresponding to external environments and abstract spaces. Aligning the former cognitive functionalities with the latter neural phenomena is a central challenge
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Epigenetic mechanisms in depression: Implications for pathogenesis and treatment Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Hong-Sheng Chen, Fang Wang, Jian-Guo Chen
The risk of depression is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. It has been suggested that epigenetic mechanisms may mediate the risk of depression following exposure to adverse life events. Epigenetics encompasses stable alterations in gene expression that are controlled through transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, or post-translational processes, including DNA modifications
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Leveraging dendritic properties to advance machine learning and neuro-inspired computing Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-22 Michalis Pagkalos, Roman Makarov, Panayiota Poirazi
The brain is a remarkably capable and efficient system. It can process and store huge amounts of noisy and unstructured information, using minimal energy. In contrast, current artificial intelligence (AI) systems require vast resources for training while still struggling to compete in tasks that are trivial for biological agents. Thus, brain-inspired engineering has emerged as a promising new avenue
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Integrating across behaviors and timescales to understand the neural control of movement Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-14 Jimmie M. Gmaz, Jason A. Keller, Joshua T. Dudman, Juan A. Gallego
The nervous system evolved to enable navigation throughout the environment in the pursuit of resources. Evolutionarily newer structures allowed increasingly complex adaptations but necessarily added redundancy. A dominant view of movement neuroscientists is that there is a one-to-one mapping between brain region and function. However, recent experimental data is hard to reconcile with the most conservative
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Data-driven multiscale computational models of cortical and subcortical regions Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 S, r, i, k, a, n, t, h, , R, a, m, a, s, w, a, m, y
Data-driven computational models of neurons, synapses, microcircuits, and mesocircuits have become essential tools in modern brain research. The goal of these multiscale models is to integrate and synthesize information from different levels of brain organization, from cellular properties, dendritic excitability, and synaptic dynamics to microcircuits, mesocircuits, and ultimately behavior. This article
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Computational modeling of neuron–glia signaling interactions to unravel cellular and neural circuit functioning Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-03 M, a, r, j, a, -, L, e, e, n, a, , L, i, n, n, e
Glial cells have been shown to be vital for various brain functions, including homeostasis, information processing, and cognition. Over the past 30 years, various signaling interactions between neuronal and glial cells have been shown to underlie these functions. This review summarizes the interactions, particularly between neurons and astrocytes, which are types of glial cells. Some of the interactions
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Local regulation of striatal dopamine: A diversity of circuit mechanisms for a diversity of behavioral functions? Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-03 Elizabeth N. Holly, Jamie Galanaugh, Marc V. Fuccillo
Striatal dopamine governs a wide range of behavioral functions, yet local dopamine concentrations can be dissociated from somatic activity. Here, we discuss how dopamine's diverse roles in behavior may be driven by local circuit mechanisms shaping dopamine release. We first look at historical and recent work demonstrating that striatal circuits interact with dopaminergic terminals to either initiate
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Cell biology of Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms of synaptic, lysosomal, and mitochondrial dysfunction Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Sarah M. Brooker, Grace E. Naylor, Dimitri Krainc
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a growing cause of disability worldwide and there is a critical need for the development of disease-modifying therapies to slow or stop disease progression. Recent advances in characterizing the genetics of PD have expanded our understanding of the cell biology of this disorder. Mitochondrial oxidative stress, defects in synaptic function, and impaired lysosomal activity
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Astrocytic crosstalk with brain and immune cells in healthy and diseased conditions Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-29 Se Young Lee, Won-Suk Chung
Astrocytes interact with various cell types, including neurons, vascular cells, microglia, and peripheral immune cells. These interactions are crucial for regulating normal brain functions as well as modulating neuroinflammation in pathological conditions. Recent transcriptomic and proteomic studies have identified critical molecules involved in astrocytic crosstalk with other cells, shedding light
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Diverse axonal morphologies of individual callosal projection neurons reveal new insights into brain connectivity Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-24 Suranjana Pal, Jonathan W.C. Lim, Linda J. Richards
In the mature brain, functionally distinct areas connect to specific targets, mediating network activity required for function. New insights are still occurring regarding how specific connectivity occurs in the developing brain. Decades of work have revealed important insights into the molecular and genetic mechanisms regulating cell type specification in the brain. This work classified long-range
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Editorial overview: Motor circuits in action Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-11 Dawn Blitz, Sten Grillner
Abstract not available
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Cells, pathways, and models in dyskinesia research Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-06 M. Angela Cenci, Arvind Kumar
L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) is the most common form of hyperkinetic movement disorder resulting from altered information processing in the cortico-basal ganglia network. We here review recent advances clarifying the altered interplay between striatal output pathways in this movement disorder. We also review studies revealing structural and synaptic changes to the striatal microcircuitry and altered
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Editorial overview: Computational neuroscience as a bridge between artificial intelligence, modeling and data Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-06 Pietro Verzelli, Tatjana Tchumatchenko, Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski
Abstract not available
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Unsupervised learning of mid-level visual representations Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-27 Giulio Matteucci, Eugenio Piasini, Davide Zoccolan
Recently, a confluence between trends in neuroscience and machine learning has brought a renewed focus on unsupervised learning, where sensory processing systems learn to exploit the statistical structure of their inputs in the absence of explicit training targets or rewards. Sophisticated experimental approaches have enabled the investigation of the influence of sensory experience on neural self-organization
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From cellular to fear memory: An epigenetic toolbox to remember Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Davide Martino Coda, Johannes Gräff
Throughout development, the neuronal epigenome is highly sensitive to external stimuli, yet capable of safeguarding cellular memory for a lifetime. In the adult brain, memories of fearful experiences are rapidly instantiated, yet can last for decades, but the mechanisms underlying such longevity remain unknown. Here, we showcase how fear memory formation and storage – traditionally thought to exclusively
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The epigenome under pressure: On regulatory adaptation to chronic stress in the brain Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 Rodrigo G. Arzate-Mejia, Nancy V.N. Carullo, Isabelle M. Mansuy
Chronic stress (CS) can have long-lasting consequences on behavior and cognition, that are associated with stable changes in gene expression in the brain. Recent work has examined the role of the epigenome in the effects of CS on the brain. This review summarizes experimental evidence in rodents showing that CS can alter the epigenome and the expression of epigenetic modifiers in brain cells, and critically
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Descending control of motor sequences in Drosophila Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-13 Julie H. Simpson
The descending neurons connecting the fly's brain to its ventral nerve cord respond to sensory stimuli and evoke motor programs of varying complexity. Anatomical characterization of the descending neurons and their synaptic connections suggests how these circuits organize movements, while optogenetic manipulation of their activity reveals what behaviors they can induce. Monitoring their responses to
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Sensory alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-13 Leland L. Fleming, Nathaniel G. Harnett, Kerry J. Ressler
PTSD is characterized by difficulties in accurately evaluating the threat value of sensory stimuli. While the role of canonical fear and threat neural circuitry in this ability has been well studied, recent lines of evidence suggest a need to include more emphasis on sensory processing in the conceptualization of PTSD symptomology. Specifically, studies have demonstrated a strong association between
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Neurobiology of schizophrenia Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-12 Vikaas S. Sohal
Abstract not available
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Editorial overview: Metabolic underpinnings of normal and diseased neural function Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-11 Russell H. Swerdlow, Inna Slutsky
Abstract not available
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Network attractors and nonlinear dynamics of neural computation Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-08 Peter Ashwin, Muhammed Fadera, Claire Postlethwaite
The importance of understanding the nonlinear dynamics of neural systems, and the relation to cognitive systems more generally, has been recognised for a long time. Approaches that analyse neural systems in terms of attractors of autonomous networks can be successful in explaining system behaviours in the input-free case. Nonetheless, a computational system usually needs inputs from its environment
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Grounding neuroscience in behavioral changes using artificial neural networks Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-05 Grace W. Lindsay
Connecting neural activity to function is a common aim in neuroscience. How to define and conceptualize function, however, can vary. Here I focus on grounding this goal in the specific question of how a given change in behavior is produced by a change in neural circuits or activity. Artificial neural network models offer a particularly fruitful format for tackling such questions because they use neural
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Impacts of sex differences on optogenetic, chemogenetic, and calcium-imaging tools Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Valentina I. Cea Salazar, Melvin Perez, A.J. Robison, Brian C. Trainor
Technical innovation in neuroscience introduced powerful tools for measuring and manipulating neuronal activity via optical, chemogenetic, and calcium-imaging tools. These tools were initially tested primarily in male animals but are now increasingly being used in females as well. In this review, we consider how these tools may work differently in males and females. For example, we review sex differences
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Arkypallidal neurons in basal ganglia circuits: Unveiling novel pallidostriatal loops? Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-27 Lise Guilhemsang, Nicolas P. Mallet
Just over a decade ago, a novel GABAergic input originating from a subpopulation of external globus pallidus neurons known as Arkypallidal and projecting exclusively to the striatum was unveiled. At the single-cell level, these pallidostriatal Arkypallidal projections represent one of the largest extrinsic sources of GABA known to innervate the dorsal striatum. This discovery has sparked new questions
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Mechanisms of NMDA receptor regulation Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-20 Laetitia Mony, Pierre Paoletti
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels widely expressed in the central nervous system that play key role in brain development and plasticity. On the downside, NMDAR dysfunction, be it hyperactivity or hypofunction, is harmful to neuronal function and has emerged as a common theme in various neuropsychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, intellectual
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Redefining stroke rehabilitation: Mobilizing the embodied goal-oriented brain Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-17 Paul F.M.J. Verschure, Francisco Páscoa dos Santos, Vivek Sharma
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Fast Hebbian plasticity and working memory Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-18 Anders Lansner, Florian Fiebig, Pawel Herman
Theories and models of working memory (WM) were at least since the mid-1990s dominated by the persistent activity hypothesis. The past decade has seen rising concerns about the shortcomings of sustained activity as the mechanism for short-term maintenance of WM information in the light of accumulating experimental evidence for so-called activity-silent WM and the fundamental difficulty in explaining
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Dendrites and efficiency: Optimizing performance and resource utilization Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-17 Roman Makarov, Michalis Pagkalos, Panayiota Poirazi
The brain is a highly efficient system that has evolved to optimize performance under limited resources. In this review, we highlight recent theoretical and experimental studies that support the view that dendrites make information processing and storage in the brain more efficient. This is achieved through the dynamic modulation of integration versus segregation of inputs and activity within a neuron
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Cell type specificity for circuit output in the midbrain dopaminergic system Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Sandra Blaess, Sabine Krabbe
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons are a relatively small group of neurons in the mammalian brain controlling a wide range of behaviors. In recent years, increasingly sophisticated tracing, imaging, transcriptomic, and machine learning approaches have provided substantial insights into the anatomical, molecular, and functional heterogeneity of dopaminergic neurons. Despite this wealth of new knowledge,
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Understanding molecular signaling cascades in neural disease using multi-resolution models Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Nisha Ann Viswan, Upinder Singh Bhalla
If the genome defines the program for the operations of a cell, signaling networks execute it. These cascades of chemical, cell-biological, structural, and trafficking events span milliseconds (e.g., synaptic release) to potentially a lifetime (e.g., stabilization of dendritic spines). In principle almost every aspect of neuronal function, particularly at the synapse, depends on signaling. Thus dysfunction
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Cellular and molecular basis of drug addiction: The role of neuronal ensembles in addiction Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Xing Liu, Feifei Wang, Qiumin Le, Lan Ma
Addiction has been conceptualized as a disease of learning and memory. Learned associations between environmental cues and unconditioned rewards induced by drug administration, which play a critical role in addiction, have been shown to be encoded in sparsely distributed populations of neurons called neuronal ensembles. This review aims to highlight how synaptic remodeling and alterations in signaling
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Human reaching control in dynamic environments Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Hari T. Kalidindi, Frédéric Crevecoeur
Closed-loop models of movement control have attracted growing interest in how the nervous system transforms sensory information into motor commands, and several brain structures have been identified as neural substrates for these computational operations. Recently, several studies have focused on how these models need to be updated when environmental parameters change. Current evidence suggests that
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Structural insights into gating mechanism and allosteric regulation of NMDA receptors Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Enjiang Wu, Jilin Zhang, Jiwei Zhang, Shujia Zhu
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) belong to the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) superfamily and act as coincidence detectors that are crucial to neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. They typically assemble as heterotetramers of two obligatory GluN1 subunits and two alternative GluN2 (from 2A to 2D) and/or GluN3 (3A and 3B) subunits. These alternative subunits mainly determine
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Diversity of neuropeptidergic modulation in decapod crustacean cardiac and feeding systems Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-02 Patsy S. Dickinson, Daniel J. Powell
All nervous systems are multiply modulated by polypeptides. However, a bulk of transmitter and modulation research has historically focused on small molecule transmitters released at synaptic sites. The stomatogastric nervous system (controls digestive movements of the foregut) and cardiac nervous system of decapod crustaceans have long been used to understand the processes that underlie neuromodulation
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The coordination of chewing Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-31 Dominic Falardeau, Sophia Dubois, Arlette Kolta
Feeding behavior involves a complex organization of neural circuitry and interconnected pathways between the cortex, the brainstem, and muscles. Elevated synchronicity is required starting from the moment the animal brings the food to its mouth, chews, and initiates subsequent swallowing. Moreover, orofacial sensory and motor systems are coordinated in a way to optimize movement patterns as a result
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Making time and space for calcium control of neuron activity Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-31 Joanna Jędrzejewska-Szmek, Daniel B. Dorman, Kim T. Blackwell
Calcium directly controls or indirectly regulates numerous functions that are critical for neuronal network activity. Intracellular calcium concentration is tightly regulated by numerous molecular mechanisms because spatial domains and temporal dynamics (not just peak amplitude) are critical for calcium control of synaptic plasticity and ion channel activation, which in turn determine neuron spiking
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Distributed dopaminergic signaling in the basal ganglia and its relationship to motor disability in Parkinson's disease Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-30 Shenyu Zhai, Qiaoling Cui, DeNard V. Simmons, D. James Surmeier
The degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that innervate the basal ganglia is responsible for the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been thought that loss of dopaminergic signaling in one basal ganglia region – the striatum – was solely responsible for the network pathophysiology causing PD motor symptoms. While our understanding of dopamine (DA)'s role in modulating
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From cell types to population dynamics: Making hippocampal manifolds physiologically interpretable Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-26 Julio Esparza, Enrique R. Sebastián, Liset M. de la Prida
The study of the hippocampal code is gaining momentum. While the physiological approach targets the contribution of individual cells as determined by genetic, biophysical and circuit factors, the field pushes for a population dynamic approach that considers the representation of behavioural variables by a large number of neurons. In this alternative framework, neuronal activity is projected into low-dimensional
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A goal pointer for a cognitive map in the orbitofrontal cortex Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-28 Raunak Basu, Hiroshi T. Ito
Knowing where you are and where you go is a prerequisite for planning a goal-directed journey. The discovery of spatially tuned neurons in the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortices provides a mechanism by which the brain pinpoints an animal’s own position in an environment. By contrast, how the brain encodes a remote navigational goal remained largely obscure until recently. In this review, we discuss
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Bipolar disorder Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-27 Madeline R. Scott, Colleen A. McClung
This review focuses on recent advances made towards understanding the neurobiology of bipolar disorder (BD), a chronic neuropsychiatric illness characterized by altered mood and energy states. The past few years have seen the completion of the largest genetic studies by far, which have emphasized the polygenic nature of BD as well as it’s connection to other psychiatric illnesses. Furthermore, the
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Neurons with names: Descending control and sensorimotor processing in insect motor control Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-19 Ansgar Büschges, E. Axel Gorostiza
Technical and methodological advances in recent years have brought new ways to tackle major classical questions in insect motor control. Particularly, significant advancements were achieved in comprehending brain descending control by characterizing descending neurons, their targets in the ventral nerve cord (VNC), and how local networks there integrate sensory information. While physiological experiments
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Computational role of sleep in memory reorganization Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-14 Kensuke Yoshida, Taro Toyoizumi
Sleep is considered to play an essential role in memory reorganization. Despite its importance, classical theoretical models did not focus on some sleep characteristics. Here, we review recent theoretical approaches investigating their roles in learning and discuss the possibility that non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep selectively consolidates memory, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep reorganizes
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Nicotine addiction: More than just dopamine Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-11 Kristen Kim, Marina R. Picciotto
Despite decades of research and anti-tobacco messaging, nicotine addiction remains an important public health problem leading to hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. While fundamental studies have identified molecular, circuit-level and behavioral mechanisms important for nicotine reinforcement and withdrawal, recent studies have identified additional pathways that are important for both nicotine
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Transient oscillations as computations for cognition: Analysis, modeling and function Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-06 Robert Schmidt, Jonas Rose, Vignesh Muralidharan
Our view of neural oscillations is currently changing. The dominant picture of sustained oscillations is now often replaced by transient oscillations occurring in bursts. This phenomenon seems to be quite comprehensive, as it has been reported for different oscillation frequencies, including the theta, beta, and gamma bands, as well as cortical and subcortical regions in a variety of cognitive tasks
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Dopamine control of downstream motor centers Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-27 Dimitri Ryczko, Réjean Dubuc
The role of dopamine in the control of movement is traditionally associated with ascending projections to the basal ganglia. However, more recently descending dopaminergic pathways projecting to downstream brainstem motor circuits were discovered. In lampreys, salamanders, and rodents, these include projections to the downstream Mesencephalic Locomotor Region (MLR), a brainstem region controlling locomotion
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Neurobiological mechanisms underlying psychostimulant use Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-28 Rianne R. Campbell, Mary Kay Lobo
Rates of individuals struggling with psychostimulant use disorder (PSUD), defined as chronic use of psychostimulants despite negative consequences, are growing rapidly over the last few decades. However, there are no current pharmacotherapeutics to aid individuals in maintaining drug abstinence. Identifying the underlying neurobiological mechanisms that promote persistent craving and taking of psychostimulants
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Low- and high-level coordination of orofacial motor actions Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 David Kleinfeld, Martin Deschênes, Michael N. Economo, Michaël Elbaz, David Golomb, Song-Mao Liao, Daniel H. O'Connor, Fan Wang
Orofacial motor actions are movements that, in rodents, involve whisking of the vibrissa, deflection of the nose, licking and lapping with the tongue, and consumption through chewing. These actions, along with bobbing and turning of the head, coordinate to subserve exploration while not conflicting with life-supporting actions such as breathing and swallowing. Orofacial and head movements are comprised
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From lazy to rich to exclusive task representations in neural networks and neural codes Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Matthew Farrell, Stefano Recanatesi, Eric Shea-Brown
Neural circuits—both in the brain and in “artificial” neural network models—learn to solve a remarkable variety of tasks, and there is a great current opportunity to use neural networks as models for brain function. Key to this endeavor is the ability to characterize the representations formed by both artificial and biological brains. Here, we investigate this potential through the lens of recently
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The basal ganglia are a target for sensorimotor domains in posterior parietal, premotor, and motor cortex in primates Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-19 Jon Kaas, Iwona Stepniewska
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Signatures of task learning in neural representations Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-12 Harsha Gurnani, N Alex Cayco Gajic
While neural plasticity has long been studied as the basis of learning, the growth of large-scale neural recording techniques provides a unique opportunity to study how learning-induced activity changes are coordinated across neurons within the same circuit. These distributed changes can be understood through an evolution of the geometry of neural manifolds and latent dynamics underlying new computations
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Expanding the function of oligodendrocytes to brain energy metabolism Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-12 Klaus-Armin Nave, Ebrahim Asadollahi, Andrew Sasmita
Oligodendrocytes are best known for wrapping myelin, a unique specialization that enables energy-efficient and fast axonal impulse propagation in white matter tracts and fibers of the cortical circuitry. However, myelinating oligodendrocytes have additional metabolic functions that are only gradually understood, including the regulated release of pyruvate/lactate and extracellular vesicles, both of
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Corticostriatal pathways for bilateral sensorimotor functions Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-09 Ruy Gómez-Ocádiz, Gilad Silberberg
Corticostriatal pathways are essential for a multitude of motor, sensory, cognitive, and affective functions. They are mediated by cortical pyramidal neurons, roughly divided into two projection classes: the pyramidal tract (PT) and the intratelencephalic tract (IT). These pathways have been the focus of numerous studies in recent years, revealing their distinct structural and functional properties
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Energetically efficient learning in neuronal networks Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-04 Aaron Pache, Mark C.W. van Rossum
Human and animal experiments have shown that acquiring and storing information can require substantial amounts of metabolic energy. However, computational models of neural plasticity only seldom take this cost into account, and might thereby miss an important constraint on biological learning. This review explores various ways to reduce energy requirements for learning in neural networks. By comparing
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Design of mechanosensory feedback during undulatory locomotion to enhance speed and stability Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-02 Claire Wyart, Martin Carbo-Tano
Undulatory locomotion relies on the propagation of a wave of excitation in the spinal cord leading to consequential activation of segmental skeletal muscles along the body. Although this process relies on self-generated oscillations of motor circuits in the spinal cord, mechanosensory feedback is crucial to entrain the underlying oscillatory activity and thereby, to enhance movement power and speed
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The organization of spinal neurons: Insights from single cell sequencing Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-30 R. Brian Roome, Ariel J. Levine
To understand how the spinal cord enacts complex sensorimotor functions, researchers have studied, classified, and functionally probed it’s many neuronal populations for over a century. Recent developments in single-cell RNA-sequencing can characterize the gene expression signatures of the entire set of spinal neuron types and can simultaneously provide an unbiased view of their relationships to each
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Nonlinear slow-timescale mechanisms in synaptic plasticity Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-30 Cian O'Donnell
Learning and memory rely on synapses changing their strengths in response to neural activity. However, there is a substantial gap between the timescales of neural electrical dynamics (1–100 ms) and organism behaviour during learning (seconds—minutes). What mechanisms bridge this timescale gap? What are the implications for theories of brain learning? Here I first cover experimental evidence for slow-timescale
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Multilevel visuomotor control of locomotion in Drosophila Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-29 Tomás L. Cruz, M. Eugenia Chiappe
Vision is critical for the control of locomotion, but the underlying neural mechanisms by which visuomotor circuits contribute to the movement of the body through space are yet not well understood. Locomotion engages multiple control systems, forming distinct interacting “control levels” driven by the activity of distributed and overlapping circuits. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the
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Organization of vestibular circuits for postural control in zebrafish Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (IF 5.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-25 Zhikai Liu, Martha W. Bagnall
Most animals begin controlling their posture, or orientation with respect to gravity, at an early stage in life. Posture is vital for locomotor function. Even animals like fish, which are capable of swimming upside-down, must actively control their orientation to coordinate behaviors such as capturing prey near the water's surface. Here we review recent research from multiple laboratories investigating