Objective In the event of neural injury, the homologous contralateral brain areas may play a compensatory role to avoid or limit the functional loss. However, this dynamic strategy of functional redistribution is not clearly established, especially in the pathophysiological context of diffuse low-grade glioma. Our aim here was to assess the extent to which unilateral tumor infiltration of the insula

Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia and retinal degeneration. Increasing loss of visual function complicates the use of clinical scales to track the progression of motor symptoms, hampering our ability to develop accurate biomarkers of disease progression, and thus test the efficacy of potential treatments. We aimed to identify

Real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) left amygdala (LA) training is a promising intervention for major depressive disorder (MDD). We have previously proposed that rtfMRI-nf LA training may reverse depression-associated regional impairments in neuroplasticity and restore information flow within emotion-regulating neural circuits. Inflammatory cytokines as well as the neuroactive metabolites of an

Despite an expanding literature on brain alterations in patients with longstanding epilepsy, few neuroimaging studies investigate patients with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy (NDfE). Understanding brain network impairments at diagnosis is necessary to elucidate whether or not brain abnormalities are principally due to the chronicity of the disorder and to develop prognostic markers of treatment outcome

Apathy is recognized as a prevalent behavioral symptom of amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI). In aMCI, apathy is associated with an increased risk and increases the risk of progression to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Previous DTI study in aMCI showed that apathy has been associated with white matter alterations in the cingulum, middle and inferior longitudinal fasciculus, fornix, and uncinate fasciculus

Objective Progressive myelopathy causes severe handicap in men with adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), an X-linked disorder due to ABCD1 pathogenic variants. At present, treatments are symptomatic but disease-modifying therapies are under evaluation. Given the small effect size of clinical scales in AMN, biomarkers with higher effect size are needed. Here we used high-resolution magnetic resonance techniques

Dystonia is a disorder of sensorimotor integration associated with abnormal oscillatory activity within the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical networks. Event-related changes in spectral EEG activity reflect cortical processing but are sparsely investigated in relation to sensorimotor processing in dystonia. This study investigates modulation of sensorimotor cortex EEG activity in response to a proprioceptive

Schizophrenia is characterized by marked communication dysfunctions encompassing potential impairments in the processing of social-abstract and non-social-concrete information, especially in everyday situations where multiple modalities are present in the form of speech and gesture. To date, the neurobiological basis of these deficits remains elusive. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Objective Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are a common cause of apparently non-lesional drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Visual detection of subtle FCDs on MRI is clinically important and often challenging. In this study, we implement a set of 3D local image filters adapted from computer vision applications to characterize the appearance of normal cortex surrounding the gray-white junction. We create

Resting-state functional connectivity changes in the default mode network (DMN) of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have been linked to rumination. The DMN is divided into three subsystems: a midline Core, a dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) subsystem, and a medial temporal lobe (MTL) subsystem. We examined resting-state functional connectivity within and between DMN subsystems in

Background Preserved integrity of the corticospinal tract (CST) is a marker of good upper-limb behavior and recovery following stroke. However, there is less understanding of neural mechanisms that might help facilitate upper-limb motor recovery in stroke survivors with extensive CST damage. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate resting state functional connectivity in chronic stroke

Background More than 80% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients experience symptoms of fatigue. MS-related fatigue is only partly explained by structural (lesions and atrophy) and functional (brain activation and conventional static functional connectivity) brain properties. Objectives To investigate the relationship of dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) with fatigue in MS patients and to compare dFC

Background Greater brain atrophy is associated with disability progression (DP) in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). However, methodological challenges limit its routine clinical use. Objective To determine the feasibility of atrophy measures as markers of DP in PwMS scanned across different MRI field strengths. Methods A total of 980 PwMS were scanned on either 1.5 T or 3.0 T MRI scanners.

Objective Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder whereby deficiencies in phenylalanine metabolism cause progressive neurological dysfunction. Managing PKU is challenging, with disease monitoring focussed on short-term phenylalanine control rather than measures of neuronal damage. Conventional imaging lacks sensitivity, however diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI), a new MRI method may

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often involves dysfunction in general motor control and motor coordination, in addition to core symptoms. However, the neural mechanisms underlying motor dysfunction in ASD are poorly understood. To elucidate this issue, we focused on brain oscillations and their coupling in the primary motor cortex (M1). We recorded magnetoencephalography in 18 children with autism spectrum

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an increasingly popular tool for stroke rehabilitation. Consequently, researchers have started to explore the use of TMS in pediatric stroke. However, the application of TMS in a developing brain with pathologies comes with a unique set of challenges. The effect of TMS-induced electric fields has not been explored in children with stroke lesions. Here, we

We recently reported increased mind wandering (MW) frequency in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) relative to controls during high demands on sustained attention, reflecting deficient context regulation of MW. Studies on community samples previously linked context regulation of MW with attenuation in brain sensory processes, reflecting perceptual decoupling, and attentional

Autism Spectrum Disorders are characterized by a persisting triad of impairments of social interaction, language as well as inflexible, stereotyped and ritualistic behaviors. Increasingly, scientific evidence suggests a neurobiological basis of these emotional, social and cognitive deficits in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. The aim of this randomized controlled brain self-regulation intervention

Mutations in the granulin gene (GRN) cause familial frontotemporal dementia. Understanding the structural brain changes in presymptomatic GRN carriers would enforce the use of neuroimaging biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring. We studied 100 presymptomatic GRN mutation carriers and 94 noncarriers from the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia initiative (GENFI), with MRI structural images. We analyzed

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a major cause of intracerebral hemorrhage and neurological decline in the elderly. CAA results in focal brain lesions, but the influence on global brain functioning needs further investigation. Here we study functional brain connectivity in patients with Dutch type hereditary CAA using resting state functional MRI. Twenty-four DNA-proven Dutch CAA mutation carriers

Background MRI assessment in multiple sclerosis (MS) focuses on the presence of typical white matter (WM) lesions. Neurodegeneration characterised by brain atrophy is recognised in the research field as an important prognostic factor. It is not routinely reported clinically, in part due to difficulty in achieving reproducible measurements. Automated MRI quantification of WM lesions and brain volume

Background As disease progression remains poorly understood in multiple sclerosis (MS), we aim to investigate the sequence in which different disease milestones occur using a novel data-driven approach. Methods We analysed a cohort of 295 relapse-onset MS patients and 96 healthy controls, and considered 28 features, capturing information on T2-lesion load, regional brain and spinal cord volumes, resting-state

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a phenotypically and etiologically heterogeneous developmental disorder typically diagnosed around 4 years of age. The development of biomarkers to help in earlier, presymptomatic diagnosis could facilitate earlier identification and therefore earlier intervention and may lead to better outcomes, as well as providing information to help better understand the underlying

Research on neurophysiological impairments associated with binge drinking (BD), an excessive but episodic alcohol use pattern, has significantly increased over the last decade. This work is the first to systematically review –following PRISMA guidelines- the empirical evidence regarding the effects of BD on neural activity –assessed by electroencephalography- of adolescents and young adults. A systematic

Introduction Stroke and Alzheimer disease share risk factors and often co-occur, and both have been reported to have a higher prevalence in African Americans as compared to non-Hispanic whites. However, their interaction has not been established. The objective of this study was to determine if preclinical Alzheimer disease is a risk factor for stroke and post-stroke dementia and whether racial differences

Background and rationale Thalamus atrophy has been linked to cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis (MS) using various segmentation methods. We investigated the consistency of the association between thalamus volume and cognition in MS for two common automated segmentation approaches, as well as fully manual outlining. Methods Standardized neuropsychological assessment and 3-Tesla 3D-T1-weighted brain

Objectives Injury to major white matter pathways during language-area associated glioma surgery often leads to permanent loss of neurological function. The aim was to establish standardized tractography of language pathways as a predictor of language outcome in clinical neurosurgery. Methods We prospectively analyzed 50 surgical cases of patients with left perisylvian, diffuse gliomas. Standardized

To determine the extent of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) network abnormalities associated with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), we performed graph theoretical analysis of [11C]ABP688 PET binding potentials (BPND), which allows for quantification of mGluR5 availability. Undirected graphs were constructed for the entire cortex in 17 FCD patients and 33 healthy controls using inter-regional

Patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (PDOC) are often unable to communicate their state of consciousness. Determining the latter is essential for the patient's care and prospects of recovery. Auditory stimulation in combination with neural recordings is a promising technique towards an objective assessment of conscious awareness. Here, we investigated the potential of complex, acoustic

Background To identify preterm infants at risk for neurodevelopment impairment that might benefit from early neurorehabilitation, early prognostic biomarkers of future outcomes are needed. Objective To determine whether synthetic MRI is sensitive to age-related changes in regional tissue relaxation times in the brain of preterm born neonates when scanned at term equivalent age (TEA, 37–42 weeks), and

Adolescence is a critical period of heightened stress sensitivity and elevated vulnerability for developing mental illness, suggesting a possible association between stress exposure and the etiology of psychiatric disorders. In adults, aberrant neurobiological responses to acute stress relate to anxiety symptoms, yet less is known about the neural stress response in adolescents and how it relates to

Memory impairment in motor neuron disease (MND) is still an underrecognized feature and has traditionally been attributed to executive dysfunction. Here, we investigate the rate of memory impairment in a longitudinal cohort of MND patients, its relationship to other cognitive functions and the underlying neuroanatomical correlates. 142 patients with MND and 99 healthy controls (HC) underwent comprehensive

Background and purpose Cognitive impairment is a common consequence of stroke, and the rewiring of the surviving brain circuits might contribute to cognitive recovery. Studies investigating how the functional connectivity of networks change across time and whether their remapping relates to cognitive recovery in stroke patients are scarce. We aimed to investigate whether resting-state functional connectivity

Ischemic stroke leads to a reduction or complete loss of blood supply causing injury to brain tissue, which ultimately leads to behavioral impairment. Optical techniques are widely used to study the structural and functional changes that result as a consequence of ischemic stroke both in the acute and chronic phases of stroke recovery. It is currently a challenge to accurately estimate the spatial

Age at implantation is considered to be a major factor, influencing outcomes after pediatric cochlear implantation. In the absence of acoustic input, it has been proposed that cross-modal reorganization can be detrimental for adaptation to the new electrical input provided by a cochlear implant. Here, through a retrospective study, we aimed to investigate differences in cerebral blood flow (CBF) at

Background and objective Reserve is defined as the ability to maintain cognitive functions relatively well at a given level of pathology. Early life experiences such as education are associated with lower dementia risk in general. However, whether more years of education guards against the impact of brain alterations also in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has not been shown in a large patient collective

Introduction During the last decade, a multitude of novel quantitative and semiquantitative MRI techniques have provided new information about the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. Yet, selection of the most relevant contrasts for a given pathology remains challenging. In this work, we developed and validated a method, Gated-Attention MEchanism Ranking of multi-contrast MRI in brain pathology

Introduction Cognitive complaints are common shortly after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) but may persist up to years. Age-related cognitive decline can worsen these symptoms. However, effects of age on mTBI sequelae have scarcely been investigated. Methods Fifty-four mTBI patients (median age: 35 years, range 19–64 years, 67% male) and twenty age- and sex-matched healthy controls were studied

Background Cognitive decline has been found to be associated with gray matter atrophy and disruption of functional neural networks in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in structural and functional imaging (fMRI) studies. Most previous studies have used single test scores of cognitive performance among monocentric cohorts. However, cognitive domain composite scores could be more reliable than single test scores

Introduction Cognitive reserve can be defined as a property of the brain that enables an individual to sustain cognitive performance in spite of age-related neural changes. This study uses brain imaging to identify which cognitive reserve mechanisms protect against the detrimental effect of hippocampal atrophy on associative memory. Methods The study included 108 older adults from the Quebec Consortium

This prospective cohort study, “Prospective Imaging Study of Ageing: Genes, Brain and Behaviour” (PISA) seeks to characterise the phenotype and natural history of healthy adult Australians at high future risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In particular, we are recruiting midlife and older Australians with high and low genetic risk of dementia to discover biological markers of early neuropathology, identify

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures magnetic fields generated by synchronised neural current flow and provides direct inference on brain electrophysiology and connectivity, with high spatial and temporal resolution. The movement-related beta decrease (MRBD) and the post-movement beta rebound (PMBR) are well-characterised effects in magnetoencephalography (MEG), with the latter having been shown to

Individuals with gender incongruence (GI) experience serious distress due to incongruence between their gender identity and birth-assigned sex. Sociological, cultural, interpersonal, and biological factors are likely contributory, and for some individuals medical treatment such as cross-sex hormone therapy and gender-affirming surgery can be helpful. Cross-sex hormone therapy can be effective for reducing

A growing body of research has suggested that people with schizophrenia (SZ) exhibit altered patterns of functional and anatomical brain connectivity. For example, many previous resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) studies have shown that, compared to healthy controls (HC), people with SZ demonstrate hyperconnectivity between subregions of the thalamus and sensory cortices, as well as hypoconnectivity

Background and Purpose Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a progressive, inflammatory, neuro-degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by a wide range of histopathological features including vascular abnormalities. In this study, an ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) contrast agent, Ferumoxytol, was administered to induce an increase in susceptibility for both arteries

Chronic low back pain (LBP) is a very common health problem worldwide and a major cause of disability. Yet, the lack of quantifiable metrics on which to base clinical decisions leads to imprecise treatments, unnecessary surgery and reduced patient outcomes. Although, the focus of LBP has largely focused on the spine, the literature demonstrates a robust reorganization of the human brain in the setting

Background Relative to full-term infants, very preterm infants exhibit disrupted white matter (WM) maturation and problems related to development, including motor, cognitive, social-emotional, and receptive and expressive language processing. Objective The present study aimed to determine whether regional abnormalities in the WM microstructure of very preterm infants, as defined relative to those of

The ability to recognize faces and facial expressions is a common human talent. It has, however, been suggested to be impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The goal of this study was to compare the processing of facial identity and emotion between individuals with ASD and neurotypicals (NTs). Behavioural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 46 young adults

Background Motor outcomes after subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) for Parkinson disease (PD) vary considerably among patients and strongly depend on stimulation location. The objective of this retrospective study was to map the regions of optimal STN DBS for PD using an atlas-independent, fully individualized (N-of-1) tissue activation modeling approach and to assess the relationship between

Background Conduct disorder (CD) is characterized by severe aggressive and antisocial behavior. Initial evidence suggests neural deficits and aberrant eye gaze pattern during emotion processing in CD; both concepts, however, have not yet been studied simultaneously. The present study assessed the functional brain correlates of emotional face processing with and without consideration of concurrent eye

Mindfulness-based approaches show promise to improve emotional health in youth and may help treat and prevent adolescent depression and anxiety. However, there is a fundamental gap in understanding the neural reorganization that takes place as a result of such interventions. The Training for Awareness, Resilience, and Action (TARA) program, initially developed for depressed adolescents, uses a framework

Binge drinking and age at first full drink (AFD) of alcohol prior to 21 years (AFD < 21) have been linked to neuroanatomical differences in cortical and subcortical grey matter (GM) volume, cortical thickness, and surface area. Despite the importance of understanding network-level relationships, structural covariation patterns among these morphological measures have yet to be examined in relation to

The neurophysiology of face processing has been studied extensively in the context of social impairments associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the existing studies have concentrated mainly on univariate analyses of responses to upright faces, and, less frequently, inverted faces. The small number of existing studies on neurophysiological responses to inverted face in ASD have used univariate

Diffusion imaging is very useful for the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, but it has limitations in tracking disease progression as mean diffusivity changes non-linearly across the disease course. We previously showed that mean diffusivity changes across the disease course follow a quasi J-shaped curve, characterized by decreased values in earlier phases and increasing values later