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Retracing the garden-path: Nonselective rereading and no reanalysis J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-15 Kiel Christianson, Jack Dempsey, Anna Tsiola, Sarah-Elizabeth M. Deshaies, Nayoung Kim
When people read temporarily ambiguous (“garden-path”) sentences, the forward movement of their eyes is often interrupted by regressions. These regressions are usually followed by rereading some portion of the previously read text. proposed the Selective Reanalysis Hypothesis (SRH), which proposed that readers regress to critical choice points in the syntactic phrase marker of garden-paths where misparses
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Relating foveal and parafoveal processing efficiency with word-level parameters in text reading J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-09 Timo T. Heikkilä, Nea Soralinna, Jukka Hyönä
The study examined whether word-level eye-movement patterns in text reading can be predicted by individual differences in foveal and parafoveal word processing efficiency. Individual differences in lexical skills were gauged by presenting words and pseudowords with short exposure times in the fovea (30–60 ms) and at varying eccentricities in the parafovea. Lexical decision was used to index orthographic
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Understanding words in context: A naturalistic EEG study of children’s lexical processing J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Tatyana Levari, Jesse Snedeker
When listening to speech, adults rely on context to anticipate upcoming words. Evidence for this comes from studies demonstrating that the N400, an event-related potential (ERP) that indexes ease of lexical-semantic processing, is influenced by the predictability of a word in context. We know far less about the role of context in children’s speech comprehension. The present study explored lexical processing
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Executive functioning predicts development of reading skill and perceptual span seven years later J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Johannes M. Meixner, Jochen Laubrock
What is the role of executive functions in longitudinally predicting reading success in general and perceptual-span size in particular? We present two new waves of our sequential-cohort longitudinal study of perceptual-span development, including five waves totally spanning grades 1 to 10. Using nonlinear mixed effects growth-curve modeling we here show that executive functioning measured in the early
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Crosslinguistic evidence against interference from extra-sentential distractors J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Daniela Mertzen, Anna Laurinavichyute, Brian W. Dillon, Ralf Engbert, Shravan Vasishth
Cue-based retrieval theories of sentence processing posit that long-distance dependency formation is guided by a cue-based retrieval mechanism: dependents are retrieved via retrieval cues associated with a verb. When retrieval cues match multiple similar items in memory, this leads to cue-based retrieval interference. A landmark study by Van Dyke and McElree tested interference from sentence-external
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Large-scale benchmark yields no evidence that language model surprisal explains syntactic disambiguation difficulty J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Kuan-Jung Huang, Suhas Arehalli, Mari Kugemoto, Christian Muxica, Grusha Prasad, Brian Dillon, Tal Linzen
Prediction has been proposed as an overarching principle that explains human information processing in language and beyond. To what degree can processing difficulty in syntactically complex sentences – one of the major concerns of psycholinguistics – be explained by predictability, as estimated using computational language models, and operationalized as surprisal (negative log probability)? A precise
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Eye-movements during reading and noisy-channel inference making J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Michael G. Cutter, Kevin B. Paterson, Ruth Filik
This novel experiment investigates the relationship between readers’ eye movements and their use of “noisy channel” inferences when reading implausible sentences, and how this might be affected by cognitive aging. Young (18–26 years) and older (65–87 years) adult participants read sentences which were either plausible or implausible. Crucially, readers could assign a plausible interpretation to the
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Acoustic correlates of stress in speech perception J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Petroula Mousikou, Patrycja Strycharczuk, Kathleen Rastle
Stress is an important property of English spoken words. Research conducted over the past 70 years has sought to determine how acoustic cues, including duration, pitch, and intensity influence stress perception; however, the evidence remains conflicting. In the present study, we used a large dataset of 10 speakers’ productions of disyllabic nonwords to investigate how listeners make use of these cues
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What could have been said? Alternatives and variability in pragmatic inferences J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Eszter Ronai, Ming Xiang
A recent influential experimental finding in pragmatics is that of : that different lexical items vary robustly in how likely they are to lead to scalar inference. For instance, hearers are much more likely to strengthen the meaning of to than to infer from . In this paper, we address the question of what underlies scalar diversity and identify two sources of uncertainty: uncertainty associated with
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Parafoveal processing of Chinese four-character idioms and phrases in reading: Evidence for multi-constituent unit hypothesis J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-17 Chuanli Zang, Shuangshuang Wang, Xuejun Bai, Guoli Yan, Simon P. Liversedge
The perceptual span in Chinese reading extends one character to the left and three to the right of the point of fixation. Thus, four-character idioms and phrases often extend rightward beyond these limits during reading. We investigated whether such idioms, frequent phrases and equibiased strings are processed parafoveally as Multi-Constituent Units (MCUs). Using the boundary paradigm in Experiments
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Reprint of: Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-12 R.C. Atkinson, R.M. Shiffrin
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Do changed learning goals explain why metamemory judgments reactively affect memory? J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Baike Li, David R. Shanks, Wenbo Zhao, Xiao Hu, Liang Luo, Chunliang Yang
Measurement of mental processes is the bedrock of cognitive psychology, but the interpretation of such measurements is profoundly undermined by evidence that many mental processes are changed by (are reactive to) the act of being observed and measured. The current article is concerned with one particular type of reactivity, namely changes in memory performance when individuals are asked to concurrently
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How reliable are standard reading time analyses? Hierarchical bootstrap reveals substantial power over-optimism and scale-dependent Type I error inflation J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-28 Zachary J. Burchill, T. Florian Jaeger
We investigate the statistical power and Type I error rate of the two most common approaches to reading time (RT) analyses: assuming normality of residuals and homogeneity of variance in raw or log-transformed RTs. We first show that the assumptions of such analyses—such as -tests, ANOVAs, and linear mixed-effects models—are neither consistently met by raw RTs, nor by log-transformed RTs (or any other
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Storage interference in working memory cannot be removed by attention J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-11 Ruoyu Lu, Zeyu Li, Chenyu Yan, Tengfei Wang, Zhi Li
In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that the storage interference in working memory can be removed by attention. A dual-task paradigm was employed in Experiment 1 and 2, in which participants performed a color memory task and an RSVP letter detection task concurrently. The cognitive load of the RSVP letter detection task and the storage interference caused by the RSVP letter detection
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What latent variable underlies confidence in lineup rejections? J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-12-28 Anne S. Yilmaz, John T. Wixted
When a face is positively identified from a multi-person photo lineup, it is presumably the face that generates the strongest memory signal. In addition, confidence in a positive identification is presumably determined by the strength of the memory signal associated with that face. However, when no face generates a strong enough memory signal to be identified, the entire set of faces in the lineup
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The representation of agreement features in memory is updated during sentence processing: Evidence from verb-reflexive interactions J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-12-23 Maayan Keshev, Aya Meltzer-Asscher.
The formation of linguistic dependencies is subject to memory interference. In this study, we ask whether memory representations are fixed, or whether they can be distorted and updated after their initial encoding. Models of Cue-Based Retrieval assume that memory representations are fixed. However, representational interference and rational inference models assume that memory contents can be edited
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Sources and goals in memory and language: Fragility and robustness in event representation J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 Yiran Chen, John Trueswell, Anna Papafragou
Previous research has demonstrated an asymmetry between Sources and Goals in people’s linguistic and non-linguistic encoding of motion events: when describing events such as a fairy going from a tree to a flower, people mention the Goal (“to a flower”) more often than the Source (“from a tree”); similarly, people are better at detecting Goal than Source changes in memory tests. However, all prior work
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Word length and frequency effects on text reading are highly similar in 12 alphabetic languages J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Victor Kuperman, Sascha Schroeder, Daniil Gnetov
Reading research robustly finds that shorter and more frequent words are recognized faster and skipped more often than longer and less frequent words. An empirical question that has not been tested yet is whether languages within the same writing system would produce similarly strong length and frequency effects or whether typological differences between written languages would cause those effects
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SEAM: An integrated activation-coupled model of sentence processing and eye movements in reading J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-12-19 Maximilian M. Rabe, Dario Paape, Daniela Mertzen, Shravan Vasishth, Ralf Engbert
Models of eye-movement control during reading, developed largely within psychology, usually focus on visual, attentional, lexical, and motor processes but neglect post-lexical language processing; by contrast, models of sentence comprehension processes, developed largely within psycholinguistics, generally focus only on post-lexical language processes. We present a model that combines these two research
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Do readers here what they sea?: Effects of lexicality, predictability, and individual differences on the phonological preview benefit J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-12-08 Sara Milligan, Elizabeth R. Schotter
For decades, researchers have debated whether readers benefit from translating visual word forms into phonological codes. A focus of this debate has been on the earliest moments of processing when a word is perceived in parafoveal vision (i.e., phonological preview benefit). A recent meta-analysis (Vasilev et al., 2019) concluded that the phonological preview benefit may be small and unreliable but
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Lexical choice and word formation in a taboo game paradigm J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-21 Vasilisa Pugacheva, Fritz Günther
We investigate the onomasiological question of which words speakers actually use and produce when trying to convey an intended meaning. This is not limited to selecting the best-fitting available existing word, but also includes word formation, the coinage of novel words. In the first two experiments, we introduce the taboo game paradigm in which participants were instructed to produce a single-word
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Language comprehenders are sensitive to multiple states of semantically similar objects J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Oleksandr V. Horchak, Margarida V. Garrido
The present research shows that language comprehenders are sensitive to multiple states of target and semantically related objects. In Experiments 1 to 2B, participants (total N = 273) read sentences that either implied a minimal change of an object’s state (e.g., “Jane chose a mango”) or a substantial change (e.g., “Jane stepped on a mango”) and then verified whether a subsequently pictured object
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Interaction between the testing and forward testing effects in the case of Cued-Recall: Implications for Theory, individual difference Studies, and application J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-16 Mohan W. Gupta, Steven C. Pan, Timothy C. Rickard
Recall from episodic memory has been shown to enhance both memory for the retrieved information (e.g., relative to a restudy control condition; the testing effect, or TE) and memory for different, subsequently studied materials (the forward testing effect, or FTE). Hence, the TE may be subject to an FTE confound when training in a TE experiment involves either testing prior to restudy or when restudied
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Romanian (subject-like) DPs attract more than bare nouns: Evidence from speeded continuations J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Adina Camelia Bleotu, Brian Dillon
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Reading compound words in Finnish and Chinese: An eye-tracking study J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-28 Jukka Hyönä, Lei Cui, Timo T. Heikkilä, Birgitta Paranko, Yun Gao, Xingzhi Su
Two eye-tracking experiments in alphabetic Finnish and two in logographic Chinese examined the recognition of two-constituent compound words in reading. In Finnish, two-constituent compound words vary greatly in length, whereas in Chinese they are identical in length. According to the visual acuity principle (Bertram & Hyönä, 2003), short Finnish compound words and all two-character Chinese compound
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Effects of delayed testing on decisions to stop learning J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-21 Aleksandra Krogulska, Sarah Allen, Rachel Bailey, Yimei Liu, Simran Saraf, Elizabeth A. Maylor
This study explores whether people’s preference to restrict to-be-learned material is influenced by memory test timing. In Experiments 1a and 2a, participants studied word lists. For control groups, lists were displayed in their entirety, whereas participants in other groups could stop the lists early. We investigated whether participants decided to terminate learning when they expected their free-recall
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Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) influential model overshadowed their contemporary theory of human memory J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-20 John T. Wixted
Although every student of memory knows about the Atkinson-Shiffrin (1968) model, few know that it was advanced as a general-purpose modeling framework, not as the specific theoretical instantiation that appears in textbooks today. Largely missing from the historical record is the broader theoretical perspective proposed by , one that is surprisingly consistent with contemporary views of human memory
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Understanding the complexity of computational models through optimization and sloppy parameter analyses: The case of the Connectionist Dual-Process Model J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-16 Conrad Perry, Rick Evertz, Marco Zorzi, Johannes C. Ziegler
A major strength of computational cognitive models is their capacity to accurately predict empirical data. However, challenges in understanding how complex models work and the risk of overfitting have often been addressed by trading off predictive accuracy with model simplification. Here, we introduce state-of-the-art model analysis techniques to show how a large number of parameters in a cognitive
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What’s in a name? A large-scale computational study on how competition between names affects naming variation J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-31 Eleonora Gualdoni, Thomas Brochhagen, Andreas Mädebach, Gemma Boleda
Different speakers often use different names to refer to the same entity (e.g., “woman” vs. “tennis player” for a given woman playing tennis). We study how visual typicality affects variation in naming behavior. We use a novel computational approach to estimate visual typicality from images, and analyze a large dataset containing naming data for realistic images. In contrast to previous work, we take
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When time shifts the boundaries: Isolating the role of forgetting in children’s changing category representations J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-03 Melina L. Knabe, Christina C. Schonberg, Haley A. Vlach
In studies of children’s categorization, researchers have typically studied how encoding characteristics of exemplars contribute to children’s generalization. However, it is unclear whether children’s internal cognitive processes alone, independent of new information, may also influence their generalization. Thus, we examined the role that one cognitive process, forgetting, plays in shaping children’s
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Are two words recalled or recognised as one? How age-of-acquisition affects memory for compound words J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-04 Mahmoud M. Elsherif, Jonathan C. Catling
The age at which a person acquires knowledge of an item is a strong predictor of item retrieval, hereon defined as the Age of Acquisition (AoA) effect. This effect is such that early-acquired words are processed more quickly and accurately than late-acquired items. One account to explain this effect is the integrated account, where the AoA effect occurs in the early processes of lexical retrieval and
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Corrigendum to “Parallels between self-monitoring for speech errors and identification of the misspoken segments” [J. Mem. Lang. 69(3) (2013) 417-428] J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 S.G. Nooteboom, H. Quené
Abstract not available
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The acquisition of subordinate nouns as pragmatic inference J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-26 June Choe, Anna Papafragou
Word learning is characterized by a bias for mapping meanings at the “basic” level (‘dog’), as opposed to a subordinate level (‘poodle’; Markman, 1986, 1990; Clark, 1987; Waxman et al., 1991, 1997). The fact that learners nevertheless acquire subordinate nouns has been attributed to properties of the referential world across multiple labelling events (e.g., Xu & Tanenbaum, 2007b; Spencer et al., 2011)
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Processing of linguistic focus depends on contrastive alternatives J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-24 Morwenna Hoeks, Maziar Toosarvandani, Amanda Rysling
Readers progressed through a sentence in the Maze task (Forster et al., 2009), deciding at each word between a sensical and a non-sensical continuation. Contexts presented before these sentences manipulated whether words were linguistically focused and whether they were given or new (Experiment 1); focused targets were read more slowly even when they were given, and new targets were read slowly in
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Using known words to learn more words: A distributional model of child vocabulary acquisition J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-28 Andrew Z. Flores, Jessica L. Montag, Jon A. Willits
Why do children learn some words before others? A large body of behavioral research has identified properties of the language environment that facilitate word learning, emphasizing the importance of particularly informative language contexts that build on children’s prior knowledge. However, these findings have not informed research that uses distributional properties of words to predict vocabulary
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Neural inhibition during speech planning contributes to contrastive hyperarticulation J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-17 Michael C. Stern, Jason A. Shaw
Previous work has demonstrated that words are hyperarticulated on dimensions of speech that differentiate them from a minimal pair competitor. This phenomenon has been termed contrastive hyperarticulation (CH). We present a dynamic neural field (DNF) model of voice onset time (VOT) planning that derives CH from an inhibitory influence of the minimal pair competitor during planning. We test some predictions
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Lexical prediction does not rationally adapt to prediction error: ERP evidence from pre-nominal articles J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-10 Elise van Wonderen, Mante S. Nieuwland
People sometimes predict upcoming words during language comprehension, but debate remains on when and to what extent such predictions indeed occur. The rational adaptation hypothesis holds that predictions develop with expected utility: people predict more strongly when predictions are frequently confirmed (low prediction error) rather than disconfirmed. However, supporting evidence is mixed thus far
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Evidence from a within-language comparison in Japanese for orthographic depth theory: Monte Carlo simulations, corpus-based analyses, neural networks, and human experiment J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-07 Keisuke Inohara, Taiji Ueno
The orthographic depth theory assumes that reading “deep” orthographies relies on lexical semantics more than “shallow” orthographies. Although Japanese kanji is a representative “deep” case, some scholars argue that kanji reading does not particularly recruit more lexical semantics than kana (the system of syllabic writing used for Japanese consisting of two forms). To reconcile this inconsistency
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Children and adults use pragmatic principles to interpret non-linguistic symbols J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-06 Alyssa Kampa, Anna Papafragou
A foundational principle of communication is that speakers should offer as much information as required during conversation. Thus, if a speaker offers a statement with limited information (e.g., “I like the candle” when asked about a gift containing a candle and a sweater), the listener often takes the speaker to imply that a more informative statement (“I like the candle and the sweater”) does not
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Perceiving speech during orthographic syllable recognition: Beyond phonemic identity J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-29 Daniel Williams, Adamantios Gafos, Payam Ghaffarvand-Mokari
In the cue-distractor paradigm, individuals observe a spoken distractor syllable while responding to a visual cue referring to a syllable. When the task is to utter the cued syllable, distractors sharing fewer subphonemic properties with the cued syllable (below the level of phonemes) lead to slower reaction times (RTs), indicating representations involved in speech perception and production are closely
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Haven’t I seen you before? Conceptual but not perceptual prior familiarity enhances face recognition memory J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-24 Melisa Akan, Aaron S. Benjamin
Prior familiarity with a face seems to substantively change the way we encode and recognize later instances of that face. We report five experiments that examine the effects of varying levels of prior familiarity and conceptual knowledge on face recognition memory. All experiments employed a 3-phase procedure, in which faces were familiarized in varying ways and to varying extents prior to study and
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Corrigendum to “Prediction involves two stages: Evidence from visual-world eye-tracking” [J. Memory Lang. 122 (2022) 104298] J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-23 Ruth E. Corps, Charlotte Brooke, Martin J. Pickering
Abstract not available
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Conceptualising acoustic and cognitive contributions to divided-attention listening within a data-limit versus resource-limit framework J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-21 Sarah Knight, Lyndon Rakusen, Sven Mattys
An understanding of how listeners divide their attention between two simultaneous talkers requires modelling the interaction between acoustic factors (energetic masking) and cognitive processes (control of auditory attention). The impact of spatial separation between the two talkers on this interaction is unclear, since separation is likely to create both acoustic benefits (release from energetic masking)
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Cross-linguistic differences in gender congruency effects: Evidence from meta-analyses J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-18 Audrey Bürki, Emiel van den Hoven, Niels Schiller, Nikolay Dimitrov
It has been proposed that the order in which words are prepared for production depends on the speaker’s language. When producing the translation equivalent of the small cat, speakers of German or Dutch select the gender-marked determiner at a relatively early stage of production. Speakers of French or Italian postpone the encoding of a determiner or adjective until the phonological form of the noun
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Pragmatic effects on semantic learnability: Insights from evidentiality J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-03 Dionysia Saratsli, Anna Papafragou
Cross-linguistically prevalent semantic distinctions are widely assumed to be easier to learn because they reflect natural concepts. Here we propose an alternative, pragmatic perspective that links both the cross-linguistic prevalence and the learnability of semantic distinctions to communicative pressures. We focus on evidentiality (the encoding of the speaker’s information source). Across languages
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The head constituent plays a key role in the lexical boost in syntactic priming J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-09 Jian Huang, Xiqin Liu, Meiling Lu, Yingying Sun, Suiping Wang, Holly P. Branigan, Martin J. Pickering
Accounts of language production make different predictions about the conditions under which structural priming should be enhanced by lexical repetition (the lexical boost). Repetition of the head verb strongly enhances structural priming of a sentence, but studies of English have found contradictory results regarding the effects of noun repetition. In two experiments, Mandarin participants read a prime
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Do we remember when to better recall what? Repetition benefits are probably not due to explicit temporal context memory J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-05 R. Lane Adams, Peter F. Delaney
A number of temporal context-based theories of the spacing effect assume that temporal context is retrieved during repetitions, allowing better memory on a later test. Since associations in memory are often bidirectional, if we can use temporal context to recall an item, perhaps we can also use the item to explicitly recall its temporal context. If so, explicit memory-for-when during study would be
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A systematic evaluation of factors affecting referring expression choice in passage completion tasks J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Vera Demberg, Ekaterina Kravtchenko, Jia E. Loy
There is a long-standing controversy around the question of whether referent predictability affects pronominalization: while there are good theoretical reasons for this prediction (e.g., Arnold, 2008), the experimental evidence has been rather mixed. We here report on three highly powered studies that manipulate a range of factors that have differed between previous studies, in order to determine more
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Sound-space symbolism: Associating articulatory front and back positions of the tongue with the spatial concepts of forward/front and backward/back J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-02-23 L. Vainio, M. Kilpeläinen, A. Wikström, M. Vainio
The study investigated whether the concepts of forward/front and backward/back are associated with the vocalizations requiring the front/back position of the tongue. In Experiment 1, the participants were visually presented with a forward or backward-directed movement. They were asked to vocalize the front ([i]) or back ([o]) vowel based on whether the stimulus moved forwards or backwards. Vocal responses
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Morphemes as letter chunks: Linguistic information enhances the learning of visual regularities J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-02-17 Jarosław R. Lelonkiewicz, Maria Ktori, Davide Crepaldi
We have previously shown that readers use co-occurrence statistics to learn about the presence and position of affix-like chunks in strings of pseudo-letters (Lelonkiewicz, Ktori & Crepaldi, 2020). These findings were taken as evidence that visual statistical learning might be implicated in morphological processing during visual word recognition. The present study seeks to specify this claim by (a)
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Inhibitory control of the dominant language: Reversed language dominance is the tip of the iceberg J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-01-23 Matthew Goldrick, Tamar H. Gollan
Theories of speech production have proposed that in contexts where multiple languages are produced, bilinguals inhibit the dominant language with the goal of making both languages equally accessible. This process often overshoots this goal, leading to a surprising pattern: better performance in the nondominant vs dominant language, or reversed language dominance effects. However, the reliability of
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Number feature distortion modulates cue-based retrieval in reading J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-01-09 Himanshu Yadav, Garrett Smith, Sebastian Reich, Shravan Vasishth
In sentence comprehension, what are the cognitive constraints that determine number agreement computation? Two broad classes of theoretical proposals are: (i) Representation distortion accounts, which assume that the number feature on the subject noun gets overwritten probabilistically by the number feature on a non-subject noun, leading to a non-veridical memory trace of the subject noun; and (ii)
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Number and syllabification of following consonants influence use of long versus short vowels in English disyllables J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2023-01-05 Rebecca Treiman, Brett Kessler, Kayla Hensley
Spelling-to-sound translation in English is particularly complex for vowels. For example, the pronunciations of ‹a› include the long vowel of ‹paper› and ‹sacred› and the short vowel of ‹cactus› and ‹happy›. We examined the factors that are associated with use of long versus short vowels by conducting analyses of English disyllabic words with single medial consonants and consonant sequences and three
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Weaker than you might imagine: Determining imageability effects on word recognition J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2022-12-30 Agata Dymarska, Louise Connell, Briony Banks
Imageability – the ease of generating a mental image for a word – has been commonly used as a predictor of word recognition but its effects are highly variable across the literature, raising questions about the robustness and stability of the construct. We compared six existing imageability norms in their ability to predict RT and accuracy in lexical decision and word naming across thousands of words
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Retrieval practice and verbal-visuospatial transfer: From memorization to inductive learning J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2022-12-29 Gregory I. Hughes, Ayanna K. Thomas
Retrieval practice, the act of recalling information on a practice test, leads to better long-term memory than non-testing study activities (the testing effect). This effect occurs even when the contexts of the practice and final test differ, suggesting that retrieval practice fosters transferable learning. For example, practice tests involving the recall of targets (A-?) not only enhance performance
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Does referential expectation guide both linguistic and social constraints on pronoun comprehension? J. Mem. Lang. (IF 4.3) Pub Date : 2022-12-23 Valerie J. Langlois, Sandra A. Zerkle, Jennifer E. Arnold
Current models suggest that pronoun comprehension is guided by expectations about who or what will be mentioned (Arnold, 1998; Kehler & Rohde, 2013; Hartshorne et al., 2015; Brocher et al., 2018), which we call referential predictability. Yet there is disagreement about whether these expectations explain all types of discourse biases, and in particular some scholars suggest that the subject bias is